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1.2 Classification– The Variety of Living Organisms
Objectives
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• Can you describe the common features shared
by organisms within the following main
groups: plants, animals, fungi, bacteria,
protoctists and viruses?
• What does the term ‘pathogen’ mean?
• Understand that pathogens may be fungi,
bacteria, protoctists or viruses.
3. Copyright © 2015 Henry Exham
1.2 Classification– The Variety of Living Organisms
Classification
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• All living organisms can be classified into
groups based on certain criteria.
• One of the simplest forms of classification is to
split all living things into 5 Kingdoms.
• Animals, plants, fungi, protoctists and
bacteria.
• We will also look at viruses which are non-
living and therefore classified separately.
4. Copyright © 2015 Henry Exham
1.2 Classification– The Variety of Living Organisms
Classification
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5. Copyright © 2015 Henry Exham
1.2 Classification– The Variety of Living Organisms
Plants
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• They are multicellular.
• Cells contain chloroplasts.
• Carry out photosynthesis and therefore make
their own food (autotrophic).
• Have cellulose cell walls.
• Store sugar as starch.
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1.2 Classification– The Variety of Living Organisms
Animals
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• They are multicellular.
• Get their nutrition from feeding on other
organisms (heterotrophic).
• They are capable of movement.
• Store sugar as glycogen.
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1.2 Classification– The Variety of Living Organisms
Fungi
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• Can be multicellular or unicellular.
• Cell wall made of CHITIN.
• Made of a network of fibres called a
MYCELIUM of HYPHAE.
• Feed by SAPROPHYTIC nutrition using
EXTRACELLULAR enzymes.
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1.2 Classification– The Variety of Living Organisms
Protoctists
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• A strange collection of simple organisms that
do not fit into the other groups therefore
often known as the ‘dustbin’ kingdom.
• Mostly single celled.
• E.g. protozoa like amoeba or Algae.
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1.2 Classification– The Variety of Living Organisms
Bacteria (Prokaryotes)
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• Small single celled organisms.
• Three basic shapes: spheres, rods and spirals.
• Cell wall made of polysaccharides and proteins
(peptidoglycan).
• Some have a capsule or slime layer.
• Has no nucleus.
• Some species have flagella.
• Some contain plasmids (loops of DNA) which we
can use in genetic engineering.
10. Copyright © 2015 Henry Exham
1.2 Classification– The Variety of Living Organisms
Bacteria (Prokaryotes)
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A typical bacteria
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1.2 Classification– The Variety of Living Organisms
Viruses
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• All are parasites.
• Much smaller than bacteria cells.
• Not made of cells, and do not carry out any of
the normal ‘characteristics’ of living
organisms.
• Made of genetic material surrounded by a
protein coat.
• All natural viruses cause disease.
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1.2 Classification– The Variety of Living Organisms
Pathogens
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13. Copyright © 2015 Henry Exham
1.2 Classification– The Variety of Living Organisms
Pathogens
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• It could be a virus e.g. influenza.
• It could be a fungus e.g. athlete’s foot
• It could be a bacteria e.g. cholera
• It could be a protoctists e.g. malaria
• These pathogens can often be passed from person to
person.
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