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What You See is Where You Go: Testing a Gaze-Driven Power Wheel-
               chair for Individuals with Severe Multiple Disabilities
                 Erik Wästlund                                                 Kay Sponseller                                     Ola Pettersson
           Department of Psychology                                       Adult Habilitation Center                              Embint, Sweden
       Karlstad University, 65188, Sweden                              Landstinget i Värmland, Sweden                      ola.pettersson@embint.com
                erikwast@kau.se                                            kay.sponseller@liv.se




Abstract                                                                                           interaction, communication and concentration. The ability to
                                                                                                   move and explore independently is motivating and also facili-
Individuals with severe multiple disabilities have little or no                                    tates learning.
opportunity to express their own wishes, make choices and
move independently. Because of this, the objective of this work                                    Individuals with severe cognitive impairments who use such
has been to develop a prototype for a gaze-driven device to ma-                                    systems often slowly develop an awareness of their own ability
noeuvre powered wheelchairs or other moving platforms.                                             to explore their surroundings and, as a result, their ability to
                                                                                                   communicate with people around them. Many individuals de-
The prototype has the same capabilities as a normal powered                                        velop the skills necessary to accomplish increasingly complex
wheelchair, with two exceptions. Firstly, the prototype is con-                                    tasks, such as an understanding and ability to control the direc-
trolled by eye movements instead of by a normal joystick. Sec-                                     tion of a wheelchair with greater degrees of independence. Last
ondly, the prototype is equipped with a sensor that stops all mo-                                  but not least, the individual’s behaviour during interaction with
tion when the machine approaches an obstacle.                                                      the system enables family and staff to gather invaluable informa-
                                                                                                   tion about the individual’s skills, interests and personality.
The prototype has been evaluated in a preliminary clinical test
with two users. Both users clearly communicated that they ap-                                      In the absence of any such system for the intended user group,
preciated and had mastered the ability to control a powered                                        the objective of this work has been to develop a prototype for a
wheelchair with their eye movements.                                                               gaze-driven device to manoeuvre powered wheelchairs or other
                                                                                                   moving platforms. Powered wheelchairs are expensive, so the
CR Categories: H.5.2 [User Interfaces]: Input devices and                                          intention is to create a system that can be adapted and fitted to
strategies (e.g., mouse, touchscreen); J.3 [Life and Medical Sci-                                  the user’s current equipment. When fully developed, the system
ences]: Health                                                                                     will function like an intelligent robot that can be adapted for
                                                                                                   different levels of support according to the cognitive level, mo-
Keywords: eyes-only interaction, smart wheelchair                                                  tor control and perceptual skills and difficulties of the intended
                                                                                                   user. Individuals with severe multiple disabilities will be able to
                                                                                                   use the built-in robot function to safely steer an electric wheel-
1       Introduction                                                                               chair in a controlled indoor environment with their eye move-
                                                                                                   ments only. This will enable them to move independently and
Individuals with severe multiple disabilities (physical, cognitive,                                use their actions to make and display their own wishes and
communicative and perceptual impairments) have little or no                                        choices.
opportunity to express their own wishes, make choices or move
independently. This applies to individuals with severe develop-                                    According to [Simpson 2008], there is a large and growing po-
mental disabilities as well as those with severe acquired brain                                    tential group that could benefit from a smart wheelchair. Our
injuries and other neurological impairments. Furthermore, it is                                    work is initially directed towards the smaller group of individu-
usually quite difficult to adequately evaluate the cognitive ca-                                   als that have severe combined disabilities based on the personal
pacity of individuals who have extremely limited voluntarily                                       experience of the group’s needs and its potential for develop-
control of their own movement and communication.                                                   ment. If a safe, robust system can be developed for this group it
                                                                                                   could then be adapted for a larger user group.
Clinical experience with existing systems has shown that using
systems with simple on-off functionality in order to move freely
                                                                                                   2     Related Work
and safely in a secure environment leads to many positive de-
velopments [Nilsson & Nyberg 2003]. This occurs in several
different areas, such as body and environment awareness, social                                    A powered wheelchair is one that is equipped with an electric
Copyright © 2010 by the Association for Computing Machinery, Inc.
                                                                                                   motor. The wheelchair is usually controlled with a joystick, but
Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or              other input devices can be used if the user lacks either coordina-
classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed              tion or the use of their hands or fingers. A number of devices are
for commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the             discussed in [Tuisku et al. 2008], including button control, head
first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be
honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on
                                                                                                   control, breath control and speech control. While a powered
servers, or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee.             wheelchair eliminates many of the manual strength problems
Request permissions from Permissions Dept, ACM Inc., fax +1 (212) 869-0481 or e-mail               inherent in an unpowered wheelchair, the steering mechanism
permissions@acm.org.
ETRA 2010, Austin, TX, March 22 – 24, 2010.
© 2010 ACM 978-1-60558-994-7/10/0003 $10.00

                                                                                             133
still requires an upright posture and some upper-body mobility               The computer system chosen for users to control the electric
and strength [Simpson 2005].                                                 wheelchair in the user tests presented here is the MyTobii P10.
                                                                             The MyTobii P10 is an eye-controlled communication device
Individuals with severe multiple disabilities, the target group,             with a screen, an eye-control device and a computer integrated
are not able to move independently with a traditional powered                in one unit that can be easily mounted on a powered wheelchair.
wheelchair. This work has proposed a gaze-driven approach to                 The An earlier pilot test was conducted, with the assistance of
control the wheelchair. Eye tracking, or gaze-driven control, has            two university students, which showed that this eye tracking
been applied in many research studies. For example, [Peters and              system works well with individuals with severe multiple dis-
Itti 2006] evaluated new methods for predicting the gaze direc-              abilities. In order to be able to steer and control the powered
tion of individuals playing computer games. Several researchers,             wheelchair with eye movements, an image of the room is shown
such as [Li et al. 2006] and [Topal et al. 2008], have focused on            on the computer screen. This image is provided by a small web
the technology behind the eye tracking devices but only a few                camera. In essence, therefore, the GUI comprises a live image of
have focused on eye tracking for wheelchair manoeuvring.                     the surroundings in front of the chair, upon which steering ar-
[Barea et al. 2003] has shown that electro-oculography can be                rows are superimposed. When the user focuses on one of the
used to determine where a user is looking by attaching a number              arrows, a signal that corresponds to a joystick command is sent
of electrodes to the face in order to measure the eye lobe orienta-          to the powered wheelchair. The superimposed image with direc-
tion. It has also been shown that outdoor tracking poses a special           tional arrows provides an intuitive and easily understandable
problem as direct sunlight makes tracking more difficult [Canz-              means of steering the wheelchair or platform. It should also be
ler & Kraiss]. [Tall et al. 2009] describes three design approach-           noted that the amount of details in the GUI (and thus options to
es for gaze control were the user controls the wheelchair by: 1)             control the chair) can be adapted to the needs and capabilities of
gazing directly at the physical target point, 2) gazing at on-               the user. The GUI is shown in Figure 1. In comparison to the
screen buttons which activates the controls of the chair, and 3)             three design approaches proposed by [Tall et al. 2009] we have
by gazing at target points on an image of the front view.                    added a fourth approach by combining approach two and three
                                                                             i.e. on-screen buttons superimposed on a front view image.
A smart wheelchair is a powered wheelchair that has additional
functionality [Simpson 2004]. Examples of such functions in-                 The software associated with the steering user interface also
clude obstacle detection, line following, wall following, docking            collects and interprets range data from the sonar and moderates
and door passage. Although a few commercially available sys-                 the signal sent to the wheelchair. In order to create a safe prod-
tems have a line following function for powered wheelchairs,                 uct with redundant capacity, these functions should probably be
most have both technical and practical limitations. They are                 separated in the future.
often designed for a specific manufacturer, which limits the
variety of wheelchairs and adaptations that are possible. Fur-
thermore, current research on smart wheelchairs typically takes
place in a university-affiliated robotics lab with a focus on intel-
ligent robotics (see for example [Demeester et al. 2003], [Uchi-
yama et al. 2005], or [Uchiyama et al. 2008]). As a result, it is
important to note that the foundation of this project is the work
to habilitate the intended target group that is carried out by one
of the authors on a daily basis.

3       Technical Description

A first phase prototype for a gaze-driven smart wheelchair has
been developed. The following requirements were identified in
order to meet the needs of the target group:

    •   The system can be used with a standard powered wheel-                            Figure 1. The GUI in its forward state
        chair or other moving platform
    •   The user can steer the powered chair solely by looking at
        the monitor                                                          According to the first requirement specification, the system
                                                                             should be integrated with a normal powered wheelchair or mov-
    •   The system stops the powered wheelchair when it ap-                  ing platform. Because joystick contacts are common on standard
        proaches an obstacle                                                 powered wheelchairs and platforms, they were utilised as the
    •   The system is easy for an attendant to understand and con-           contact between the computer system and the moving platform.
        trol                                                                 For both practical and safety reasons, it must also be possible for
                                                                             the wheelchair to be easily controlled by an attendant, which is
    •   The system can be controlled directly by an attendant.               why an additional manual joystick is integrated into the system.
                                                                             A switch is used to alternate between eye-movement control and
3.1      Components                                                          joystick control.

The system contains the following components: a graphical user               The prototype was tested with a Permobil C500, which is a ro-
interface (GUI) which runs on an eye-tracking enabled com-                   bust and modern powered wheelchair, and an AKKA-platta,
puter, a mobile platform, a web camera and sonar.                            which is a simpler platform for indoor use upon which the user’s
                                                                             manual wheelchair is placed. The MyTobii P10 was connected
                                                                             to the joy-stick ports of the Permobil and AKKA-platta via a



                                                                       134
relay box and in essence our software mimicked the functional-             prototype. One example was that J’s limited head control made
ity of very basic joy-sticks.                                              it necessary to adapt the size of the user interface (superimposed
                                                                           control arrows). Another example is the independent control of
4     Evaluation                                                           her seating position.

The first phase prototype was tested with two individuals, both            4.2      User test 2
of whom have severe multiple impairments and are totally de-
pendent on others for assistance with all position changes and             M, a woman with cerebral palsy and learning disabilities, was
mobility. One of the individuals has a traumatic brain injury that         motivated and able to control and drive short distances in all
she acquired in adulthood, while the other has had cerebral palsy          directions. The strong influence of involuntary movements and
since birth. The individuals’ control of voluntary movement is             reflex activity meant that more adaptations were needed for the
extremely limited, energy demanding and non-functional with                calibration for eye tracking. This case also showed the need for
the exception of differing degrees of control of head movements.           further adaptations of the user interface. M’s gaze often wan-
Both participants have limited communication skills but were               dered, which activated the P10’s inherent menu options and this
able to understand instructions and willingly agreed to partici-           proved distracting and tiring. M had previously tested two sys-
pate (formal acceptance was given by their legal guardians).               tems for independent mobility, neither of which were motivating
                                                                           for her. A simple line following system proved too limited in
The objective of the two user tests was to evaluate gaze-                  terms of freedom of movement and became boring. Despite the
controlled steering and obstacle detection. During both tests the          different adaptations, joystick control required too much energy
tested system comprised of the prototype (software, sonar and              and concentration to be functional.
camera), and the MyTobii P10 system. In user test 1, the Per-
mobil C500 was used and during user test 2 the AKKA-platta
(moving platform) and the participant’s personal manual wheel-
chair was used.

4.1     User test 1

J, a woman with a severe acquired brain injury, clearly under-
stood and mastered the calibration necessary for eye tracking
and control of the wheelchair. J has not been able to change
position or move independently since her injury three years ago.
Nevertheless, she is dependent on frequent position changes to
avoid pain and increased spasticity.




                                                                               Figure 3. M sitting in her personal manual wheelchair, posi-
                                                                                      tioned on the mobile platform ‘AKKA-plattan’


                                                                           5       Results

                                                                           The first test was promising with both participants clearly com-
                                                                           municating that they had understood and mastered control of a
                                                                           powered wheelchair or platform with their eye movements. The
                                                                           system’s functionality has therefore been validated with the
             Figure 2. J driving the Permobil C500                         target group. The user tests offered valuable feedback from the
                                                                           users for improvements to the system. In addition to the fact that
                                                                           the system must be more robust, the following needs for im-
                                                                           provement have been identified:
J clearly chose not to follow instructions during the test but in-
stead drove the chair where she wished. This possibility was                   •   The wheelchair should react immediately when one of the
both very amusing and rewarding for her. The test also illus-                      user interface arrows is activated
trated the need for improvements in several functions of the



                                                                     135
•   It must be possible to adjust the wheelchair’s acceleration         Paul Drews (Eds.):Conference on Mechatronics & Robotics
        and speed more exactly                                              2004 ,(3), 871-876.
    •   More variations of the graphical user interface must be             DEMEESTER, E., NUTTIN, M., VANHOOYDONCK, D., AND VAN
        developed for more flexible adaptations to varying indi-            BRUSSEL, H. 2003. Fine Motion Planning for Shared Wheelchair
        vidual needs                                                        Control: Requirements and Preliminary Experiments. In Pro-
    •   It must be possible to hide and lock the computer system            ceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Robotics,
        menus during end user activities                                    Coimbra.
    •   The system should include the functionality to control all          LI, D., BABCOCK, J., AND PARKHURST, D.J. 2006. openEyes: A
        powered wheelchair functions (backrest, foot rest, chair-           Low-Cost Head-Mounted Eye-Tracking Solution. In Proceed-
        lift, etc.) through eye movements.                                  ings of the 2006 Symposium on Eye tracking Research & Appli-
                                                                            cations, San Diego, 95–100.
6       Conclusions and Future Work
                                                                            NILSSON, L. & NYBERG, P. 2003. Driving to learn. A new con-
This paper has shown that gaze-driven powered wheelchairs                   cept for training children with profound cognitive disabilities in
enable the target group of individuals to move independently. A             a powered wheelchair. The American Journal of Occupational
first phase prototype has been constructed and clinically tested            Therapy, 57, 229–233.
and evaluated by two individuals. Both tests were performed
indoors, neglecting issues such as sunlight and bumpy terrain.              PETERS, R.J. AND ITTI, L. 2006. Computational Mechanisms for
                                                                            Gaze Direction in Interactive Visual Environments. In Proceed-
The results of the user tests show that a user interface combining          ings of the 2006 Symposium on Eye tracking Research & Appli-
on-screen buttons with a front view image was clearly under-                cations, San Diego, 27–32.
stood by our test users. The superimposed controls presumes to
provide a clearer, stronger functional signal to the intended user          SIMPSON, R.C. 2004. The Smart Weelchair Component System.
group with cognitive and perceptual impairments It should be                Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 41, 3B,
noted that we have not tested if this approach is easier to under-          429–442.
stand then utilising the whole screen for direct gaze mapping.
However, given the proximity of the screen to the users and their           SIMPSON, R.C. 2005. Smart Wheelchairs: A literature Review.
limited possibility of voluntary head movement it might be diffi-           Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 42, 4,
cult for the users to avert the gaze from the screen in order to            423–438.
stop the chair from moving.
                                                                            SIMPSON, R.C., LOPRESTI, E.F., COOPER, R.A. 2008. How many
Future work will further develop the prototype. The system must             people would benefit from a smart wheelchair? Journal of Re-
execute all of its tasks more robustly and safely but further de-           habilitation Research and Development 45, 1, 53–72.
velopments of additional functions are also planned. A robust
prototype with additional functionality in the form of wall fol-            TALL, M., ALAPETITE, A., SAN AGUSTIN, J., SKOVSGAARD, H. H.,
lowing and obstacle avoidance will be used in more comprehen-               HANSEN, J. P., HANSEN, D. W., AND MØLLENBACH, E. 2009.
sive clinical tests in order to validate the system.                        Gaze-controlled driving. In Proceedings of the 27th Internation-
                                                                            al Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Compu-
Long-term goals include the integration of intelligent navigation.          ting Systems, 4387-4392.
For example, a user can choose a specific place to which he or
she wishes to move to by focusing on a picture of the actual                TOPAL, C., GEREK, Ö., AND DOGAN, A. 2008. A Head-Mounted
room and the system will automatically navigate the wheelchair              Sensor-Based Eye Tracking Device: Eye Touch System. In Pro-
to the destination. In this case the system must be able to recog-          ceedings of the 2008 Symposium on Eye tracking Research &
nise the wheelchair’s position in a given environment. This                 Applications, Savannah, 87–90.
functionality will make it possible to adapt the system to the
user’s needs according to their cognitive skills in order to                TUISKU, O., BATES, R., STEPANKOVA, O., FEJTOVA, M., NOVAK,
achieve optimal independence and mobility.                                  P. ISTANCE, H., CORNO, F., AND MAJARANTA, P. 2008. D2.6 A
                                                                            survey of existing ‘de-facto’ standards and systems of gaze
                                                                            based mobility control. Communication by Gaze Interaction
Acknowledgements                                                            (COGAIN), IST-2003-511598: Deliverable 2.6. Available at
                                                                            http://www.cogain.org/results/reports/COGAIN-D2.6.pdf.
Funding for the project has been provided by Stiftelsen Promo-
bilia, VIVAN and Innovationsbron.                                           UCHIYAMA, H., DELIGIANNIDIS, L., POTTER, W.D., WIMPEY, B.J.,
                                                                            BARNHARD, D., DENG, R., AND RADHAKRISHNAN, S. 2005. A
References                                                                  Semi Autonomous Wheelchair with HelpStar. In Proceedings of
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BAREA, R., BOQUETE, L., MAZO, M. LÓPEZ, E., AND BERGASA,
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                                                                            ceptual Navigation for Semi-Autonomous Wheelchair Opera-
CANZLER, U. & KRAISS, K.-F. (2004). Person-Adaptive Facial                  tions. In Proceedings of the International Concference on Artifi-
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                                                                      136

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Wastlund What You See Is Where You Go Testing A Gaze Driven Power Wheelchair For Individuals With Severe Multiple Disabilities

  • 1. What You See is Where You Go: Testing a Gaze-Driven Power Wheel- chair for Individuals with Severe Multiple Disabilities Erik Wästlund Kay Sponseller Ola Pettersson Department of Psychology Adult Habilitation Center Embint, Sweden Karlstad University, 65188, Sweden Landstinget i Värmland, Sweden ola.pettersson@embint.com erikwast@kau.se kay.sponseller@liv.se Abstract interaction, communication and concentration. The ability to move and explore independently is motivating and also facili- Individuals with severe multiple disabilities have little or no tates learning. opportunity to express their own wishes, make choices and move independently. Because of this, the objective of this work Individuals with severe cognitive impairments who use such has been to develop a prototype for a gaze-driven device to ma- systems often slowly develop an awareness of their own ability noeuvre powered wheelchairs or other moving platforms. to explore their surroundings and, as a result, their ability to communicate with people around them. Many individuals de- The prototype has the same capabilities as a normal powered velop the skills necessary to accomplish increasingly complex wheelchair, with two exceptions. Firstly, the prototype is con- tasks, such as an understanding and ability to control the direc- trolled by eye movements instead of by a normal joystick. Sec- tion of a wheelchair with greater degrees of independence. Last ondly, the prototype is equipped with a sensor that stops all mo- but not least, the individual’s behaviour during interaction with tion when the machine approaches an obstacle. the system enables family and staff to gather invaluable informa- tion about the individual’s skills, interests and personality. The prototype has been evaluated in a preliminary clinical test with two users. Both users clearly communicated that they ap- In the absence of any such system for the intended user group, preciated and had mastered the ability to control a powered the objective of this work has been to develop a prototype for a wheelchair with their eye movements. gaze-driven device to manoeuvre powered wheelchairs or other moving platforms. Powered wheelchairs are expensive, so the CR Categories: H.5.2 [User Interfaces]: Input devices and intention is to create a system that can be adapted and fitted to strategies (e.g., mouse, touchscreen); J.3 [Life and Medical Sci- the user’s current equipment. When fully developed, the system ences]: Health will function like an intelligent robot that can be adapted for different levels of support according to the cognitive level, mo- Keywords: eyes-only interaction, smart wheelchair tor control and perceptual skills and difficulties of the intended user. Individuals with severe multiple disabilities will be able to use the built-in robot function to safely steer an electric wheel- 1 Introduction chair in a controlled indoor environment with their eye move- ments only. This will enable them to move independently and Individuals with severe multiple disabilities (physical, cognitive, use their actions to make and display their own wishes and communicative and perceptual impairments) have little or no choices. opportunity to express their own wishes, make choices or move independently. This applies to individuals with severe develop- According to [Simpson 2008], there is a large and growing po- mental disabilities as well as those with severe acquired brain tential group that could benefit from a smart wheelchair. Our injuries and other neurological impairments. Furthermore, it is work is initially directed towards the smaller group of individu- usually quite difficult to adequately evaluate the cognitive ca- als that have severe combined disabilities based on the personal pacity of individuals who have extremely limited voluntarily experience of the group’s needs and its potential for develop- control of their own movement and communication. ment. If a safe, robust system can be developed for this group it could then be adapted for a larger user group. Clinical experience with existing systems has shown that using systems with simple on-off functionality in order to move freely 2 Related Work and safely in a secure environment leads to many positive de- velopments [Nilsson & Nyberg 2003]. This occurs in several different areas, such as body and environment awareness, social A powered wheelchair is one that is equipped with an electric Copyright © 2010 by the Association for Computing Machinery, Inc. motor. The wheelchair is usually controlled with a joystick, but Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or other input devices can be used if the user lacks either coordina- classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed tion or the use of their hands or fingers. A number of devices are for commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the discussed in [Tuisku et al. 2008], including button control, head first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on control, breath control and speech control. While a powered servers, or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. wheelchair eliminates many of the manual strength problems Request permissions from Permissions Dept, ACM Inc., fax +1 (212) 869-0481 or e-mail inherent in an unpowered wheelchair, the steering mechanism permissions@acm.org. ETRA 2010, Austin, TX, March 22 – 24, 2010. © 2010 ACM 978-1-60558-994-7/10/0003 $10.00 133
  • 2. still requires an upright posture and some upper-body mobility The computer system chosen for users to control the electric and strength [Simpson 2005]. wheelchair in the user tests presented here is the MyTobii P10. The MyTobii P10 is an eye-controlled communication device Individuals with severe multiple disabilities, the target group, with a screen, an eye-control device and a computer integrated are not able to move independently with a traditional powered in one unit that can be easily mounted on a powered wheelchair. wheelchair. This work has proposed a gaze-driven approach to The An earlier pilot test was conducted, with the assistance of control the wheelchair. Eye tracking, or gaze-driven control, has two university students, which showed that this eye tracking been applied in many research studies. For example, [Peters and system works well with individuals with severe multiple dis- Itti 2006] evaluated new methods for predicting the gaze direc- abilities. In order to be able to steer and control the powered tion of individuals playing computer games. Several researchers, wheelchair with eye movements, an image of the room is shown such as [Li et al. 2006] and [Topal et al. 2008], have focused on on the computer screen. This image is provided by a small web the technology behind the eye tracking devices but only a few camera. In essence, therefore, the GUI comprises a live image of have focused on eye tracking for wheelchair manoeuvring. the surroundings in front of the chair, upon which steering ar- [Barea et al. 2003] has shown that electro-oculography can be rows are superimposed. When the user focuses on one of the used to determine where a user is looking by attaching a number arrows, a signal that corresponds to a joystick command is sent of electrodes to the face in order to measure the eye lobe orienta- to the powered wheelchair. The superimposed image with direc- tion. It has also been shown that outdoor tracking poses a special tional arrows provides an intuitive and easily understandable problem as direct sunlight makes tracking more difficult [Canz- means of steering the wheelchair or platform. It should also be ler & Kraiss]. [Tall et al. 2009] describes three design approach- noted that the amount of details in the GUI (and thus options to es for gaze control were the user controls the wheelchair by: 1) control the chair) can be adapted to the needs and capabilities of gazing directly at the physical target point, 2) gazing at on- the user. The GUI is shown in Figure 1. In comparison to the screen buttons which activates the controls of the chair, and 3) three design approaches proposed by [Tall et al. 2009] we have by gazing at target points on an image of the front view. added a fourth approach by combining approach two and three i.e. on-screen buttons superimposed on a front view image. A smart wheelchair is a powered wheelchair that has additional functionality [Simpson 2004]. Examples of such functions in- The software associated with the steering user interface also clude obstacle detection, line following, wall following, docking collects and interprets range data from the sonar and moderates and door passage. Although a few commercially available sys- the signal sent to the wheelchair. In order to create a safe prod- tems have a line following function for powered wheelchairs, uct with redundant capacity, these functions should probably be most have both technical and practical limitations. They are separated in the future. often designed for a specific manufacturer, which limits the variety of wheelchairs and adaptations that are possible. Fur- thermore, current research on smart wheelchairs typically takes place in a university-affiliated robotics lab with a focus on intel- ligent robotics (see for example [Demeester et al. 2003], [Uchi- yama et al. 2005], or [Uchiyama et al. 2008]). As a result, it is important to note that the foundation of this project is the work to habilitate the intended target group that is carried out by one of the authors on a daily basis. 3 Technical Description A first phase prototype for a gaze-driven smart wheelchair has been developed. The following requirements were identified in order to meet the needs of the target group: • The system can be used with a standard powered wheel- Figure 1. The GUI in its forward state chair or other moving platform • The user can steer the powered chair solely by looking at the monitor According to the first requirement specification, the system should be integrated with a normal powered wheelchair or mov- • The system stops the powered wheelchair when it ap- ing platform. Because joystick contacts are common on standard proaches an obstacle powered wheelchairs and platforms, they were utilised as the • The system is easy for an attendant to understand and con- contact between the computer system and the moving platform. trol For both practical and safety reasons, it must also be possible for the wheelchair to be easily controlled by an attendant, which is • The system can be controlled directly by an attendant. why an additional manual joystick is integrated into the system. A switch is used to alternate between eye-movement control and 3.1 Components joystick control. The system contains the following components: a graphical user The prototype was tested with a Permobil C500, which is a ro- interface (GUI) which runs on an eye-tracking enabled com- bust and modern powered wheelchair, and an AKKA-platta, puter, a mobile platform, a web camera and sonar. which is a simpler platform for indoor use upon which the user’s manual wheelchair is placed. The MyTobii P10 was connected to the joy-stick ports of the Permobil and AKKA-platta via a 134
  • 3. relay box and in essence our software mimicked the functional- prototype. One example was that J’s limited head control made ity of very basic joy-sticks. it necessary to adapt the size of the user interface (superimposed control arrows). Another example is the independent control of 4 Evaluation her seating position. The first phase prototype was tested with two individuals, both 4.2 User test 2 of whom have severe multiple impairments and are totally de- pendent on others for assistance with all position changes and M, a woman with cerebral palsy and learning disabilities, was mobility. One of the individuals has a traumatic brain injury that motivated and able to control and drive short distances in all she acquired in adulthood, while the other has had cerebral palsy directions. The strong influence of involuntary movements and since birth. The individuals’ control of voluntary movement is reflex activity meant that more adaptations were needed for the extremely limited, energy demanding and non-functional with calibration for eye tracking. This case also showed the need for the exception of differing degrees of control of head movements. further adaptations of the user interface. M’s gaze often wan- Both participants have limited communication skills but were dered, which activated the P10’s inherent menu options and this able to understand instructions and willingly agreed to partici- proved distracting and tiring. M had previously tested two sys- pate (formal acceptance was given by their legal guardians). tems for independent mobility, neither of which were motivating for her. A simple line following system proved too limited in The objective of the two user tests was to evaluate gaze- terms of freedom of movement and became boring. Despite the controlled steering and obstacle detection. During both tests the different adaptations, joystick control required too much energy tested system comprised of the prototype (software, sonar and and concentration to be functional. camera), and the MyTobii P10 system. In user test 1, the Per- mobil C500 was used and during user test 2 the AKKA-platta (moving platform) and the participant’s personal manual wheel- chair was used. 4.1 User test 1 J, a woman with a severe acquired brain injury, clearly under- stood and mastered the calibration necessary for eye tracking and control of the wheelchair. J has not been able to change position or move independently since her injury three years ago. Nevertheless, she is dependent on frequent position changes to avoid pain and increased spasticity. Figure 3. M sitting in her personal manual wheelchair, posi- tioned on the mobile platform ‘AKKA-plattan’ 5 Results The first test was promising with both participants clearly com- municating that they had understood and mastered control of a powered wheelchair or platform with their eye movements. The system’s functionality has therefore been validated with the Figure 2. J driving the Permobil C500 target group. The user tests offered valuable feedback from the users for improvements to the system. In addition to the fact that the system must be more robust, the following needs for im- provement have been identified: J clearly chose not to follow instructions during the test but in- stead drove the chair where she wished. This possibility was • The wheelchair should react immediately when one of the both very amusing and rewarding for her. The test also illus- user interface arrows is activated trated the need for improvements in several functions of the 135
  • 4. It must be possible to adjust the wheelchair’s acceleration Paul Drews (Eds.):Conference on Mechatronics & Robotics and speed more exactly 2004 ,(3), 871-876. • More variations of the graphical user interface must be DEMEESTER, E., NUTTIN, M., VANHOOYDONCK, D., AND VAN developed for more flexible adaptations to varying indi- BRUSSEL, H. 2003. Fine Motion Planning for Shared Wheelchair vidual needs Control: Requirements and Preliminary Experiments. In Pro- • It must be possible to hide and lock the computer system ceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Robotics, menus during end user activities Coimbra. • The system should include the functionality to control all LI, D., BABCOCK, J., AND PARKHURST, D.J. 2006. openEyes: A powered wheelchair functions (backrest, foot rest, chair- Low-Cost Head-Mounted Eye-Tracking Solution. In Proceed- lift, etc.) through eye movements. ings of the 2006 Symposium on Eye tracking Research & Appli- cations, San Diego, 95–100. 6 Conclusions and Future Work NILSSON, L. & NYBERG, P. 2003. Driving to learn. A new con- This paper has shown that gaze-driven powered wheelchairs cept for training children with profound cognitive disabilities in enable the target group of individuals to move independently. A a powered wheelchair. The American Journal of Occupational first phase prototype has been constructed and clinically tested Therapy, 57, 229–233. and evaluated by two individuals. Both tests were performed indoors, neglecting issues such as sunlight and bumpy terrain. PETERS, R.J. AND ITTI, L. 2006. Computational Mechanisms for Gaze Direction in Interactive Visual Environments. In Proceed- The results of the user tests show that a user interface combining ings of the 2006 Symposium on Eye tracking Research & Appli- on-screen buttons with a front view image was clearly under- cations, San Diego, 27–32. stood by our test users. The superimposed controls presumes to provide a clearer, stronger functional signal to the intended user SIMPSON, R.C. 2004. The Smart Weelchair Component System. group with cognitive and perceptual impairments It should be Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 41, 3B, noted that we have not tested if this approach is easier to under- 429–442. stand then utilising the whole screen for direct gaze mapping. However, given the proximity of the screen to the users and their SIMPSON, R.C. 2005. Smart Wheelchairs: A literature Review. limited possibility of voluntary head movement it might be diffi- Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 42, 4, cult for the users to avert the gaze from the screen in order to 423–438. stop the chair from moving. SIMPSON, R.C., LOPRESTI, E.F., COOPER, R.A. 2008. How many Future work will further develop the prototype. The system must people would benefit from a smart wheelchair? Journal of Re- execute all of its tasks more robustly and safely but further de- habilitation Research and Development 45, 1, 53–72. velopments of additional functions are also planned. A robust prototype with additional functionality in the form of wall fol- TALL, M., ALAPETITE, A., SAN AGUSTIN, J., SKOVSGAARD, H. H., lowing and obstacle avoidance will be used in more comprehen- HANSEN, J. P., HANSEN, D. W., AND MØLLENBACH, E. 2009. sive clinical tests in order to validate the system. Gaze-controlled driving. In Proceedings of the 27th Internation- al Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Compu- Long-term goals include the integration of intelligent navigation. ting Systems, 4387-4392. For example, a user can choose a specific place to which he or she wishes to move to by focusing on a picture of the actual TOPAL, C., GEREK, Ö., AND DOGAN, A. 2008. A Head-Mounted room and the system will automatically navigate the wheelchair Sensor-Based Eye Tracking Device: Eye Touch System. In Pro- to the destination. In this case the system must be able to recog- ceedings of the 2008 Symposium on Eye tracking Research & nise the wheelchair’s position in a given environment. This Applications, Savannah, 87–90. functionality will make it possible to adapt the system to the user’s needs according to their cognitive skills in order to TUISKU, O., BATES, R., STEPANKOVA, O., FEJTOVA, M., NOVAK, achieve optimal independence and mobility. P. ISTANCE, H., CORNO, F., AND MAJARANTA, P. 2008. D2.6 A survey of existing ‘de-facto’ standards and systems of gaze based mobility control. Communication by Gaze Interaction Acknowledgements (COGAIN), IST-2003-511598: Deliverable 2.6. Available at http://www.cogain.org/results/reports/COGAIN-D2.6.pdf. Funding for the project has been provided by Stiftelsen Promo- bilia, VIVAN and Innovationsbron. UCHIYAMA, H., DELIGIANNIDIS, L., POTTER, W.D., WIMPEY, B.J., BARNHARD, D., DENG, R., AND RADHAKRISHNAN, S. 2005. A References Semi Autonomous Wheelchair with HelpStar. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems, 809– BAREA, R., BOQUETE, L., MAZO, M. LÓPEZ, E., AND BERGASA, 818. L.M. 2003. Electro-Oculograohic Guidance of a Wheelchair Using Eye Movements Coding. Journal of Robotic Research 22, 7–8, 641–652. UCHIYAMA, H. AND POTTER, W.D. 2008. Behavior-Based Per- ceptual Navigation for Semi-Autonomous Wheelchair Opera- CANZLER, U. & KRAISS, K.-F. 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