Revision pp 1

1. Key Definitions
1. Truman Doctrine
2. Communism
3. Marshall Plan
4. Capitalism
5. USSR
A. A government system which
focuses on the belief that
everyone is equal.
B. Where America sent money etc
to any country threatened by
Communism
C. Russia and ‘allied’ Communist
countries eg. Georgia, Lativia
etc
D. American belief that
Communism thrived in poverty
so they offered money to
Eastern Europe
E. A government system that
believes in the idea that
individuals should be able to
choose for themselves.

2. Key Definitions
1. Truman Doctrine – B Where America sent weapons, supplies etc
to any country threatened by Communism
2. Communism – A A government system which focuses on the
belief that everyone is equal.
3. Marshall Plan – D American belief that Communism thrived in
poverty so they offered money to Eastern Europe
4. Capitalism – E A government system that believes in the idea that
individuals should be able to choose for themselves.
5. USSR – C Russia and ‘allied’ Communist countries eg. Georgia,
Lativia etc

3. The Cold War: For creation
(1945) to crisis (1963)
Aim: To explain and evaluate the key
events of this period

4. Communism vs Capitalism

5. Capitalism believes…
1) Individual Opportunity -
People are all individuals and
should be rewarded
dependent on how hard they
work.
2) Land is owned by individuals.
3) Wealth is generated and
used by individuals.
4) Privatisation - Private
businesses should be run for
profit.
5) Democracy – Voters should
be able to vote for any party.
6) Freedom - Freedom of
speech

6. Communism believes…
1) Equal Outcome - Everyone is, in
essence, equal and therefore
should be valued equally.
2) No one should own any land, it
should be shared equally.
3) Wealth should be shared
equally.
4) Nationalisation - No private
business, everything is shared
equally.
5) Dictatorship – voters should
only be able to vote for
Communist candidates.
6) Censorship – The press should
never criticise the Communist
government

7. The Key Events
• There are 3 main topics
that we have covered so
far:
• Causes of the Cold War
(including Yalta and
Potsdam)
• The developing crisis (Iron
Curtain speech, Truman
Doctrine, Marshall Plan)
• The Berlin Blockade
• The Cuban Missile Crisis
This may be the most recent president
that we’ve studied, but he’s not the only
one!

8. What will you get?
• For the topic that you
have been given:
- Create a summary of the
key questions provided
and create a revision
activity for the rest of the
class.
- The activity should last 5
minutes.
- You have 25 minutes to
create it!
It’s a bit like a lucky dip, only with
better prizes!

9. The Yalta Conference, February 1945
• Stalin agreed to enter the war
against Japan once Germany
surrendered.
• Agreed to divide Germany (and
Berlin) into 4 zones.
• Agreed to hunt down and punish
those responsible for
concentration camps.
• Agreed that liberated countries
should have free elections.
• Agreed to enter the UN.
• Agreed to a Soviet ‘sphere of
influence’.
• Disagreed over the Polish border.
The three leaders at Yalta, Churchill,
Roosevelt and Stalin.

10. The Potsdam Conference, July-August
1945
• Dominated by a rivalry
between Stalin and
Truman.
• Disagreement over
Germany.
• Disagreement over
reparations.
• Disagreement of Soviet
policy in Eastern
Europe. The ‘big 3’ had changed by the end of
the conference. Attlee, Truman and
Stalin were now in charge.

11. The Iron Curtain
• Potsdam ended without a
complete agreement.
• Over the next 9 months
Stalin achieved
domination of eastern
Europe, setting up
Communist governments.
• Churchill described the
border between Soviet
controlled countries and
the west as an ‘iron
curtain’. The name stuck.

13. East vs West
• After the war the allies
weren’t sure what to do
with Germany.
• Stalin wanted to keep
Germany weak and had no
interest in its recovery.
• However in 1946 Britain,
France and Germany united
their zones and 2 years later
reformed the currency.
• West Germany (as it
became known in 1949)
rapidly started to recover.

14. The Blockade
• Stalin sought to pressure the
Allies into leaving West Berlin,
this would give him a massive
propaganda victory – June
1948.
• This was perceived as a ‘test
case’ so Truman wanted to
stand up to Stalin.
• This resulted in the Allies flying
supplies into West Berlin.
• 1 plane landed every 30
seconds.
• May 1949 saw Stalin lift the
blockade – the Allies had won!

15. Events in Greece 1944-1950
• After WWII two groups competed
for control:
• The monarchists and the
Communists.
• Britain sent troops to support the
monarchists.
• The USSR complained to the UN
who did nothing. The
Communists then tried to take
control by force.
• Britain couldn’t afford to keep
going so bowed out on 24th Feb
1947. Truman (USA) stepped in),
they paid the British to stay in.
• By 1950 the monarchists were in
control of Greece (just!).
Sort of, just the wrong type of
Greece..!

16. Czechoslovakia
• Some Americans hadn’t
supported the Marshall plan –
they didn’t want to waste all
of that money.
• Their attitude changed
however when in March 1948
the Soviets purged anti
Communist leaders in
Czechoslovakia.
• Masaryk, who was pro
American was found dead
below his open window. The
Soviets said that he had
jumped….hmmmm Congress
immediately granted the
money! Red = Warsaw Pact, Green = NATO

17. Cuba 1959-1961
• Cuba was considered ‘in the
backyard’ of America.
• The leader (backed by USA)
Batista was overthrown by Fidel
Castro in 1959.
• Castro nationalised US businesses
in Cuba.
• USA stopped trading sugar with
Castro.
• Castro sold sugar to USSR.
• US attempts Cuban exile lead
attack on Cuba – Bay of Pigs
• Castro moves into an alliance
with Khrushchev and agrees to
have nuclear missiles on Cuba to
protect against a US invasion.

18. Bay of Pigs
• 1,500 Cuban exiles are trained,
equipped and transported to
Cuba by the CIA.
• NOT US troops.
• They are met and defeated by
Castro’s troops at the Bay of
Pigs (no uprising of popular
support for the exiles).
• They are paraded on national
TV.
• Huge embarrassment for
Kennedy.
• Causes Castro to look for
further support from USSR.

19. Cuban Missile Crisis
• 14th October 1962: U2 plane takes photos
of missile sites on Cuba
• 22nd October 1962: Kennedy announces
the blockade of Cuba (quarantine)
• 24th October 1962: Blockade begins
(800km zone).
• 26th October 1962: President Kennedy
receives a long personal letter from
Khrushchev offering to remove the
missiles if the USA promised not to invade
Cuba.
• 27th October 1962: Khrushchev sends a
second letter changing his demands – he
now wants the US missiles in Turkey
withdrawn.
• 28th October 1962: Kennedy replies to
Khrushchev’s first letter, ignoring the
second. However, he agrees to secretly
remove the US missiles in Cuba at a later
date. Khrushchev accepts.

20. 1. What had ended in 1945 that caused increased tension between the USSR and USA?
2. Which was first, Yalta or Potsdam?
3. What did Stalin do to countries which he ‘liberated’ in Eastern Europe?
4. What happened in Greece in 1944? Why did this increase tension?
5. What did Churchill say had descended across Europe in 2916? Why?
6. What happened in Czechoslovakia in 1948? Why didn’t the US like this?
7. What did General Marshall find when he went to Europe?
8. How much did the Marshall Plan promise to Europe (both in hard cash and debt
cancellation)?
9. Which part of Germany went to the USSR?
10. When did the USA, Britain and France unite their zones (of Germany and Berlin)?
11. What else did they change/reform?
12. What year did the Berlin Blockade occur?
13. Why did Stalin start the Berlin Blockade?
14. How many days did the blockade last for?
15. How often did US planes reach Berlin?

21. 16. What happened in 1959?
17. How did America feel about it? Why?
18. What did this cause the US to stop trading with Cuba?
19. What did the USA do in 1961 (detail needed)?
20. What is an ICBM?
21. Why did Khrushchev want to put missiles in Cuba?
22. What date did the USA discover that there were Soviet Missiles in Cuba?
23. How did Kennedy decide to deal with the Missiles in Cuba?
24. What did Khrushchev’s first letter to Kennedy say?
25. How was the second one different?
26. What was the response of Kennedy?
27. What was installed between the USA and USSR as a result of the crisis?
28. How far was Cuba from Florida?
29. What type of missile did the USA have in Turkey?
30. How many missiles did the USSR have in Cuba?
31. What happened to Khrushchev in 1964?