2. Encomiendas
Definition:
Other Information:
• The system that’s instituted
in 1503, under a Spanish
soldier or colonist was
granted a piece of land or
village together with its
Indian inhabitants.
• Spanish crown granted a
person a specified number
of natives for whom they
were to take responsibility
• Receiver of the grant was to
protect the natives from
warring tribes and to
instruct them in the Spanish
language and in the Catholic
faith
3. Viceroys
Definition:
Other Information:
• A person appointed to rule a
country or province as the
deputy of the sovereign: the
viceroy of India.
• Originally used by the
Crown of Aragon
4. Francisco Pizarro
Definition
Other Information:
• Spanish conqueror of Peru.
• Pizarro was inspired by
Cortes and set his sights on
the Inca Empire.
• Before he came a civil war
had just finished leaving
Atahualpa as the ruler
• Pizarro kidnapped
Atahualpa.
• Demanded a huge ransom.
• Killed Atahualpa and
thousands of his people.
5. Montezuma
Definition:
Other Information:
• Montezuma is the
emperor of the Aztecs.
• Took power after the
death of his half-uncle
• Organized the
construction and
completion of a double
aqueduct pipe system,
that supplying fresh
water
6. La Malinche
Definition:
Other Information:
• One of 20 women
• A Nahua woman from
servants given to the
the Mexican Gulf Coast,
Spaniards by the natives
who played a role in the
of Tabasco in 1519
Spanish conquest of
• She became a mistress
Mexico, acting as
to Cortés
interpreter, advisor,
• She was intermixed with
lover, and intermediary
Aztec legends
for Hernán Cortés
7. Conquistadors
Definition:
Other Information:
• Spanish explorers who
claimed land in the
Americas for Spain in the
1500s and 1600s.
• Conquistadors would force
the natives to pan for gold.
• They had superior weapons
and armor.
8. Las Casas
Definition:
Other Information:
• Spanish Dominican
missionary and historian in
then Americas.
• One of the first European
settlers in the Americas
• 1515, he reformed his
views, gave up his Indian
slaves and encomienda
• Advocated the use of
African slaves instead of
Natives in the WestIndian colonies
9. Treaty of Paris
Definition:
Other Information
• A treaty signed in 1763 by
France, Spain, and Great
Britain that ended the Seven
Years' War and the French
and Indian War.
• Made Spain surrender
control over Cuba and
ceding Puerto Rico
• Cession of the Philippines
made a payment of $20
million to Spain from the
U.S.
• Signaled the end of the
Spanish Empire in
America and the Pacific
Ocean
10. Cartier
Definition:
Other information:
• Jacques French navigator
and explorer in Canada,
who discovered the St.
Lawrence River
•
•
•
The first European to describe
and map the Gulf of Saint
Lawrence and the shores of the
Saint Lawrence River
Born in 1491 in Saint-Malo
His first voyage was in 1534
11. Olaudah Equiano
Definition:
Other Information:
• He was enslaved as a child
• African slave that was
sold in the West Indies. • He purchased his freedom
• He worked as an author,
After gaining freedom,
merchant, and explorer in
abolitionist and writer in
South America, the
England.
Caribbean, the Arctic, the
American colonies, and the
United Kingdom
• He settled in the United
Kingdom in 1792
12. Peninsulares
Definition:
Other Information
• Spanish-born Spaniard or
mainland Spaniard residing
in the New World or the
Spanish East Indies.
• Colonial social
hierarchy, the
Peninsulares were
nominally at the top
• Colonial officials
arrived to fulfill their
duty governing the
Spanish colonies in
Latin America and
Philippines
13. Creoles
Definition:
Other Information:
• A person born in the
West Indies or Spanish
America but of
European, usually
Spanish, ancestry.
• Generally excluded from high
office in both church and state
• The noun creole was used to
denote descendants of any
European settlers
14. Mestizos
Definition:
Other information:
A person of racially mixed • A Casta System racial category
during Spanish control over
ancestry, especially, in
their American colonies.
Latin America, of mixed
• Mixed-raced people avoided
American Indian and
being mixed up the original
term of mestizo by using castas
European, usually Spanish
instead
or Portuguese, ancestry, or,
• In colonial period mestizos
in the Philippines, of mixed
became the major group in the
native and foreign ancestry.
Spanish-speaking part of Latin
America
15. Tenochtitlan
Definition:
• The capital of the Aztec
Empire: founded in 1325;
destroyed by the Spaniards
in 1521; now the site of
Mexico City.
Other Information
• Aztec altepetl (city-state)
located on an island in Lake
Texcoco, in the Valley of
Mexico, and was founded in
1325
• Was the largest city in the
Pre-Columbian Americas.
16. Columbian Exchange
Definition:
The Columbian Exchange was
a big widespread exchange of
animals, plants, culture
(including slaves),
communicable diseases, and
ideas between the Eastern and
Western hemispheres.
Other Information
• The Columbian exchange of
crops affected both the Old
World and the New.
Amerindian crops that have
crossed oceans.
• Exchange of animals, plants,
culture, human populations,
communicable disease,
technology and ideas
between the American and
Afro-Eurasian hemispheres
17. Middle Passage
Definition:
• The part of the Atlantic
Ocean between the west
coast of Africa and the West
Indies. The longest part of
the journey formerly made
by slave ships.
Other Information:
• Ships went to African Markets
with manufactured stuff to
trade for purchased or
kidnapped Africans to become
slaves for the Europeans
• Was considered a time of inbetweenness
• Estimated 15% of Africans
died at sea
• Slavery from 1500 to 1900
suggests up to four million
African deaths
