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Water
             The Molecule That Supports All Of Life




AP Biology                                        2007-2008
The Chemistry Of Water
     Water is a polar molecule
              The atoms of water are held together by
               polar covalent bonds
              Who wins?

                  Oxygen(-)?
                  Hydrogen(+)?




AP Biology
Noodle time!
                  Do hydrogen bonds hold oxygen
                  and hydrogen together IN water?

                  Pink – Yes
                  Purple – No
                  Yellow – I’m not sure




AP Biology
Noodle time!
                  What kind of bonds do hold the
                  hydrogen atoms to the oxygen
                  atom in H2O?

                  Pink – Non-polar covalent
                  Purple – Hydrogen
                  Yellow – Ionic
                  Green – Covalent




AP Biology
The Chemistry Of Water
     Molecules of water are held together by
        Hydrogen bonds
            H+ of one water molecule attracted to O- of
             another water molecule




AP Biology
The Properties Of Water (Super Powers)
     1.      Cohesion & Adhesion
     2.      Good Solvent
     3.      Low Density As A Solid
     4.      High Specific Heat       I’m pretty super!

     5.      Heat Of Vaporization
     6.      Ionization of Water




AP Biology
1.Cohesion
     Caused by the hydrogen bonds between
       H2O molecules
     Makes water “sticky”
            Allows for this kid to drink out of his
             straw                                     Try that
                                                       with flour…
            And this guy to walk on water             or sugar…




AP Biology
1. Adhesion
    Caused by hydrogen bonding between
       H20 and OTHER molecules
            Causes meniscus




AP Biology
Penny Challenge




AP Biology
Transpiration
Water defies gravity and travels through plants from
the roots up. Caused by COHESION & ADHESION!




AP Biology
2. Universal Solvent
    Solvents dissolve solutes creating solutions
    The polarity of H20 makes it a good solvent
            polar H2O molecules surround + & – ions
             pulling them apart




AP Biology
Noodle Time
     Is any kind of liquid a good solvent?

      Let’s try it!




AP Biology
What dissolves in water?
      Hydrophilic
            substances have attraction to H 2O
            polar or non-polar?




AP Biology
What doesn’t dissolve in water?
     Hydrophobic
         substances that don’t have
          an attraction to H2O
         polar or non-polar?




AP Biology   fat (triglycerol)
3. Low Density as a solid (Ice Ice Baby)
     Most substances are more dense when
       they are solid, but
       not water…
      Ice floats!
            H bonds form a crystal

              And this has
              made all the
               difference!




AP Biology
Water vs Ice – Use the Water Kits




AP Biology
Why is “ice floats” important?
    Oceans & lakes don’t freeze solid
            surface ice insulates water below
              allowing life to survive the winter
            if ice sank…
              ponds, lakes & even oceans would freeze solid
              in summer, only upper few inches would thaw
            seasonal turnover of lakes
              sinking cold H2O cycles nutrients in autumn




AP Biology
The Fireproof Balloon
     NOODLE TIME!
                               What will explode first?
                               Pink - A balloon with H2O
                               Green - A balloon without H2O




        Why did this happen?

AP Biology
4. High Specific Heat
     H2O resists changes in temperature
          high specific heat
          takes a lot to heat it up

          takes a lot to cool it down


      H2O moderates temperatures on Earth




AP Biology
Evaporative cooling
   5. Heat of vaporization




             Organisms rely on heat of
             vaporization to remove body heat




AP Biology
Alcohol vs. Water
     IN YO’ BODIES!




AP Biology
6. Ionization of water & pH
      Water ionizes              H2O → H+ + OH–
            H+ splits off from H2O, leaving OH–
              if [H+] = [-OH], solution is neutral
              if [H+] > [-OH], solution is acidic
              if [H+] < [-OH], solution is basic
      pH scale
          how acidic or basic a solution is
          1 → 7 → 14
AP Biology
H+ Ion               Examples of Solutions
                       Concentration   pH
   pH Scale              100
                         10–1
                                       0
                                       1
                                            Hydrochloric acid

                                            Stomach acid, Lemon juice
tenfold change           10–2          2
  in H+ ions             10–3          3    Vinegar, cola, beer
                         10–4          4    Tomatoes
  pH1 → pH2              10–5          5    Black coffee, Rainwater
  10-1 → 10-2            10–6          6    Urine, Saliva
 10 times less H   +
                                            Pure water, Blood
                         10–7          7
  pH8 → pH7              10–8          8    Seawater
  10-8 → 10-7            10–9          9    Baking soda
10 times more H+         10–10              Great Salt Lake
                                       10
 pH10 → pH8              10–11         11   Household ammonia
  10-10 → 10-8           10–12         12   Household bleach
100 times more H+        10–13         13   Oven cleaner
                         10–14         14   Sodium hydroxide
AP Biology
I’m pretty super!




               Any questions?




AP Biology

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Water

  • 1. Water The Molecule That Supports All Of Life AP Biology 2007-2008
  • 2. The Chemistry Of Water  Water is a polar molecule  The atoms of water are held together by polar covalent bonds  Who wins?  Oxygen(-)?  Hydrogen(+)? AP Biology
  • 3. Noodle time! Do hydrogen bonds hold oxygen and hydrogen together IN water? Pink – Yes Purple – No Yellow – I’m not sure AP Biology
  • 4. Noodle time! What kind of bonds do hold the hydrogen atoms to the oxygen atom in H2O? Pink – Non-polar covalent Purple – Hydrogen Yellow – Ionic Green – Covalent AP Biology
  • 5. The Chemistry Of Water  Molecules of water are held together by Hydrogen bonds  H+ of one water molecule attracted to O- of another water molecule AP Biology
  • 6. The Properties Of Water (Super Powers) 1. Cohesion & Adhesion 2. Good Solvent 3. Low Density As A Solid 4. High Specific Heat I’m pretty super! 5. Heat Of Vaporization 6. Ionization of Water AP Biology
  • 7. 1.Cohesion  Caused by the hydrogen bonds between H2O molecules  Makes water “sticky”  Allows for this kid to drink out of his straw Try that with flour…  And this guy to walk on water or sugar… AP Biology
  • 8. 1. Adhesion  Caused by hydrogen bonding between H20 and OTHER molecules  Causes meniscus AP Biology
  • 10. Transpiration Water defies gravity and travels through plants from the roots up. Caused by COHESION & ADHESION! AP Biology
  • 11. 2. Universal Solvent  Solvents dissolve solutes creating solutions  The polarity of H20 makes it a good solvent  polar H2O molecules surround + & – ions pulling them apart AP Biology
  • 12. Noodle Time  Is any kind of liquid a good solvent?  Let’s try it! AP Biology
  • 13. What dissolves in water?  Hydrophilic  substances have attraction to H 2O  polar or non-polar? AP Biology
  • 14. What doesn’t dissolve in water?  Hydrophobic  substances that don’t have an attraction to H2O  polar or non-polar? AP Biology fat (triglycerol)
  • 15. 3. Low Density as a solid (Ice Ice Baby)  Most substances are more dense when they are solid, but not water…  Ice floats!  H bonds form a crystal And this has made all the difference! AP Biology
  • 16. Water vs Ice – Use the Water Kits AP Biology
  • 17. Why is “ice floats” important?  Oceans & lakes don’t freeze solid  surface ice insulates water below  allowing life to survive the winter  if ice sank…  ponds, lakes & even oceans would freeze solid  in summer, only upper few inches would thaw  seasonal turnover of lakes  sinking cold H2O cycles nutrients in autumn AP Biology
  • 18. The Fireproof Balloon  NOODLE TIME! What will explode first? Pink - A balloon with H2O Green - A balloon without H2O Why did this happen? AP Biology
  • 19. 4. High Specific Heat  H2O resists changes in temperature  high specific heat  takes a lot to heat it up  takes a lot to cool it down  H2O moderates temperatures on Earth AP Biology
  • 20. Evaporative cooling 5. Heat of vaporization Organisms rely on heat of vaporization to remove body heat AP Biology
  • 21. Alcohol vs. Water  IN YO’ BODIES! AP Biology
  • 22. 6. Ionization of water & pH  Water ionizes H2O → H+ + OH–  H+ splits off from H2O, leaving OH–  if [H+] = [-OH], solution is neutral  if [H+] > [-OH], solution is acidic  if [H+] < [-OH], solution is basic  pH scale  how acidic or basic a solution is  1 → 7 → 14 AP Biology
  • 23. H+ Ion Examples of Solutions Concentration pH pH Scale 100 10–1 0 1 Hydrochloric acid Stomach acid, Lemon juice tenfold change 10–2 2 in H+ ions 10–3 3 Vinegar, cola, beer 10–4 4 Tomatoes pH1 → pH2 10–5 5 Black coffee, Rainwater 10-1 → 10-2 10–6 6 Urine, Saliva 10 times less H + Pure water, Blood 10–7 7 pH8 → pH7 10–8 8 Seawater 10-8 → 10-7 10–9 9 Baking soda 10 times more H+ 10–10 Great Salt Lake 10 pH10 → pH8 10–11 11 Household ammonia 10-10 → 10-8 10–12 12 Household bleach 100 times more H+ 10–13 13 Oven cleaner 10–14 14 Sodium hydroxide AP Biology
  • 24. I’m pretty super! Any questions? AP Biology

Notas del editor

  1. APBio/TOPICS/Biochemistry/Movies AP/hydrogenbonds-Thinkwell.swf
  2. APBio/TOPICS/Biochemistry/Movies AP/hydrogenbonds-Thinkwell.swf
  3. APBio/TOPICS/04Biochemistry/MoviesAP/03_03WaterTransport_A.swf
  4. What dissolves in water easily? polar or non-polar molecules? How about Oxygen? Does that dissolve in H 2 O?
  5. What dissolves in water easily? polar or non-polar molecules? How about Oxygen? Does that dissolve in H 2 O?
  6. What dissolves in water easily? polar or non-polar molecules? How about Oxygen? Does that dissolve in H 2 O?
  7. In pure water only 1 water molecule in every 554 million is dissociated
  8. In pure water only 1 water molecule in every 554 million is dissociated