3. • Focuses on Illness and disease.
• Relies heavily on technology to
diagnose and treat disease.
• Deals with disease only once it is
present.
• Developed as scientists began to
discover new cures for diseases.
4. Advantages Disadvantages
• “Fixes” disease. If you get a • Very expensive as there is still
disease, you can have it cured a lot of disease occurring –
or managed. cheaper for the disease to not
• Australia’s life expectancy happen at all.
improves. People aren’t dying • Life expectancy increased but
from diseases as much. not healthy life expectancy.
People still get disease and
have to live with it.
• Creates a “Quick Fix mentality”
– Why should you do anything
if someone can fix it for you?
5. • Focus on changing lifestyle to prevent disease.
• Each persons own responsibility to be healthy.
• Gives people the information they need to be healthy.
6. Advantages Disadvantages
• “Cheaper than Biomedical – • Ignores environmental factors
Stops disease from occurring that affect peoples health. You
as much so it doesn’t need to can tell people what to do but
be treated. they may not be in a position
• Increased Healthy Life to do anything about it.
Expectancy – people live • Promotes the idea that if you
longer before they get the get sick it’s “Your fault”
disease.
• Promotes the idea that you are
responsible for your own
health – more likely that
people will do something
about it.
7. • Idea that intervention is needed to address
environmental factors that reduce health status.
• All about enabling people to make healthy decisions
and access health care, not just giving information.
• Much more holistic model, includes elements of
preventative and biomedical.
8. • Helps people, doesn’t just tell - empowers.
• Improves access to health care
• Increases healthy life expectancy
• Increases health status by targeting risk groups and
reducing inequalities.
• Tackles issues from multiple angles/determinants
• HOLLISTIC!!!!
9. • Address all determinants of health.
• Reduce social inequality
• Empower individuals and the community
• Accessibility to healthcare
• Sectorial collaboration
10. • 21 November 1986
• AIM: taking action to achieve
health for all by the year 2000 and
beyond.
• 3 basic strategies
• 5 elements or priority action areas
for health promotion are outlined….
11. The Ottawa Charter identifies three basic
strategies for health promotion:
• Advocate
• Enable
• Mediate
12. • Build healthy public policy.
• Create supportive environments.
• Strengthen community action.
• Develop personal skills.
• Re-orient health services.
Remember: Bad Cats Smell Dead Rats!
13. • It is important to note as we go through the different models,
that as we have moved to new ways of doing things, it does not
mean that the previous way was ‘wrong’. We keep the good
points, and address the flaws in creating new models. As such,
there is and ‘interplay’ between the three models – some are
elements from all three
better than others, but
need to be used – it is NOT one or the
other.
14. • Role
• Mission
• Priorities
• Alignment to the Social Model of Health
• Potential Outcomes
15. • Established in 1987 to stop tobacco advertising at sporting
and arts events by advertising positive messages.
• works in partnership with organisations, communities
and individuals to make health a central part of our daily
lives.
• Work on the idea that health promotion is an extremely cost
effective way to improve health as it is avoids costly
treatments.
• Principles guiding our strategic focus are consistent with the
World Health Organisation’s (WHO) and the Ottawa Charter
for Health Promotion 1986.
16. VicHealth mission is to build the capabilities of
organisations, communities and individuals in ways that:
• change social, economic, cultural and physical
environments to improve health for all Victorians
• strengthen the understanding and the skills of
individuals in ways that support their efforts to achieve
and maintain health
17. There are a number of areas that VicHealth targets to
help improve Australia’s health (2009-2013):.
Reduce Smoking
Improve Nutrition
Reduce Harm from Alcohol
Increase Physical Activity
Increase Social and Economic Participation.
Reduce Harm from UV Exposure
18. VicHealth works to address to the reasons (determinants) that people
are seek, and fix these, rather than just trying to prevent or treat the
disease itself.
It matches up to the principle of social health on the following ways;
Acknowledges social, economic, cultural and physical environments as
well as lifestyle, genetics and income.
Targets factors like low socio-economic status and other factors to
promote social equality.
Provides people with resources and knowledge they need to make
appropriate decisions about their health.
Work closely with government departments and non-government
organisations to implement initiatives.
19. If VicHealth is being successful, the areas it targets should be
costing us less and not impacting on peoples health as much.
How do we know if this is happening?
Changes in community attitudes
Reduces production, sales and availability of harmful
products
Reduced deaths/burden of disease
Increased regulation on harmful products
There are a number of examples which you can look at on
p186.
21. • Local and municipal governments are responsible for providing a
safe environment for it’s community.
• These could include;
• Public health programs like immunisation
• Community activity centres
• Garbage collection and disposal
• Maintaining roads
• Health inspections in restaurants
22. • Provides guidance to local
government and provide health
services.
• Funding public hospitals
• Funding early detection
schemes
• Provision of education schemes
• Controlling pollution
• Research into public health
issues
23. • Responsible for health care that has
an impact on all Australians
• Medicare
• Pharmaceutical benefit scheme
• Regulates private health insurance
• International health care – AusAid
• Quarantine
• Legislation
• Research
24.
25. • In designing and implementing the health care systems we currently have in place,
there are a number of values that each level of government attempts to uphold.
• Health care in Australia needs to be:
• Effective • Accessible
• Appropriate • Safe
• Continuous
• Efficient • Capable
• Responsive • Sustainable
26.
27. MEDICARE OBJECTIVES
• To make healthcare more affordable for all
Australians.
• To give all Australians access to healthcare
services with priority according to clinical
need.
• To provide a high quality of care
28. SCHEDULE FEE
• The benefits you receive from Medicare are
based on a Schedule of fees set by the
Australian Government.
• Doctors may choose to charge more than the
Schedule fee.
• TheMedicare Benefits Schedule (MBS) lists all
the Medicare item numbers.
29. BULK BILLING
• Bulk billing is when your doctor bills
Medicare directly, accepting the Medicare
benefits as full payment for a service.
30. SAFETY NET
• The Medicare Safety Net gives families and individuals
financial assistance for high costs for out-of-hospital
medical services that attract a Medicare benefit.
• Once you reach a Medicare Safety Net threshold, you
may be eligible for additional Medicare benefits.
31. GAP
• A 'gap' is the amount you pay either for medical or
hospital charges, over and above what you get back
from Medicare or your private health insurer.
• Schedule Fee - The Benefit (Usually 15%)
• Some health funds have gap cover arrangements to
insure against some or all of these additional
payments.
32. OUT-OF-POCKET EXPENSE
• The amount you have to pay that is not covered by your
Private Health Insurance, or medicare.
• Usually the "GAP" plus any extra the service is
charging above the Shedule Fee.
33.
34. PRIVATE HEALTH
INSURANCE
• Provides individuals with additional health care services
than those provided by medicare.
• Services that are considered non essential.
• Usually includes two parts – hospital and non hospital.
• You can choose to pay for hospital cover, extras cover,
or comprehensive.
35. GOVERNMENT INCENTIVES
Federal Government has introduced three incentives for
people to take up Private Health Insurance:
• 30% rebate
• Lifetime health cover
• Medicare Levy
36.
37. PHARMACEUTICAL
BENEFIT SCHEME
• The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) gives all
Australian residents and eligible overseas visitors
access to prescription medicine in a way that is
affordable, reliable and timely.
• Through the PBS, the Australian Government
subsidises the cost of prescription medicine, making it
more affordable for all Australians.
38. THE ROLE OF AUSTRALIA’S
GOVERNMENTS IN
PROMOTING HEALTHY
EATING
• Surveys
• Nutrient Reference Values
• Australian Guide to Healthy Eating
• Dietary Guidelines
• Legislation
39.
40. SURVEYS
Role:
• Monitor and assess what we are eating.
• Identify Problems
• Help direct/focus policy and campaign development.
• Monitor changes / improvements / effectiveness of
programs….
41. SURVEYS
Examples:
• 1995 National Nutrition Survey – Diet Habits Vs RDIs – eg.
Children 8-11 not enough Fruit and Vege…
• 2007 Children’s Nutrition and Activity Survey – 69% of
children met Phys Act Guidelines - >22% overweight or
obese!
• Healthy Food Basket Survey – Cost of basket increased
significantly over time, Cost of healthy foods has increased
more than less nutritious alternatives, higher in Very
Remote.
42. NUTRIENT REFERENCE
VALUES
• Provide Nutrition advice to Health
Professionals and General Public
(detailed).
• Recommend intake of essential
nutrients considered, on the basis of
available scientific knowledge, to be
adequate to meet the known nutritional
needs of practically all healthy
people…they incorporate generous
factors to accommodate variations in
absorption and metabolism.
43. NUTRIENT REFERENCE
VALUES
EAR Estimated Average Requirement
• A daily nutrient level estimated to meet the requirements of half the healthy individuals in a particular life stage and
gender group.
RDI Recommended Dietary Intake
• The average daily dietary intake level that is suffi cient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97–98 per
cent) healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group.
AI Adequate Intake (used when an RDI cannot be determined)
• The average daily nutrient intake level based on observed or experimentally-determined approximations or
estimates of nutrient intake by a group (or groups) of apparently healthy people that are assumed to be adequate.
EER Estimated Energy Requirement
• The average dietary energy intake that is predicted to maintain energy balance in a healthy adult of defi ned age,
gender, weight, height and level of physical activity, consistent with good health. In children and pregnant and
lactating women, the EER is taken to include the needs associated with the deposition of tissues or the secretion of
milk at rates consistent with good health.
UL Upper Level of Intake
• The highest average daily nutrient intake level likely to pose no adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the
general population.
45. AUSTRALIAN GUIDE TO
HEALTHY EATING
• Help “everyday” - Australians choose a healthy diet
using a variety of foods.
• The advice applies to most people, except very young
children and people with special needs
• Food is not just a source of nutrients. It is important for
good social and emotional health as well as physical
health. Food and eating are part of the way people live
their lives.
48. DIETARY GUIDELINES
• “The Dietary Guidelines for Australians is your best guide to
food, nutrition and health.”
• The guidelines for Adults, Children and Adolescents are shown.
• The Dietary Guidelines highlight the groups of foods and
lifestyle patterns that promote good nutrition and health.
• No guideline is more important than another.
• Each guideline deals with a key health issue and is like a piece
of a puzzle.
• This guide will help Australians put the pieces of the puzzle
together.
51. LEGISLATION – FOOD
LABELLING
Any food product must contain a list of information.
• Name/description of the food
• Name and address of manufacturer
• Allergy warnings and advice
• Ingredients list
• Net weight
• Nutritional info panel
• Used by or best before date
• Country of origin
• Lot number
• Percentage labelling
• Food additives
52. LEGISLATION
• Nutrient Claim: A statement that sets out in general
terms the nutritional consequences for good health of
the intake of nutrition.
• Health Claim: A direct connection between consuming
a food product or nutrient found in the food and the
decreased risk of a specific disease.
• In Australia, nutrient claims are allowed to be printed on
foods labels and used in product advertising.
• Current regulations prohibit the use of health claims!
53. THE ROLE OF AUSTRALIA’S
NON-GOVERNMENT
AGENCIES IN PROMOTING
HEALTHY EATING
• Heart Foundation
• Nutrition Australia
54. NGO’S
Non-government organisations (NGOs) provide:
• advice and information to improve eating habits
• services to improve healthy eating
Some NGOs have a vested interest in changing dietary
patterns (such as the Australian Dairy Corporation).
Other NGOs receive government funding, which means
that their policies must be in line with those of the
government
55. HEART FOUNDATION
• Aims to improve heart health and reduce disability and death
from heart disease.
• Promotes and conducts research for prevention and treatment
• Promoting and influencing behaviour to improve heat health.
Also produce publications.
• Their message is;
• Enjoy healthy eating
• Be active
• Don’t smoke
• Go to the doctor
56. HEART FOUNDATION - TICK
The Heart Foundation tick of approval is printed on foods that
are low in nutrients that promote heart disease and high in one
that reduce it:
• Low saturated fat, trans fat, energy, salt.
• High fibre.
Limitations
• Commercial investment required
• Healthier options without tick?
57. NUTRITION AUSTRALIA
• Founded in 1979 to promote educate about nutrition
using scientifically based information.
• Offers services like funding for research, seminars,
consults with food industry, menu assessments
• Developed the Healthy Living Pyramid.
58. models of health and health promotion including:
biomedical model of health
social model of health
the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion;
the role of VicHealth in promoting health including its values, priorities and how it reflects the
social model of health;
potential health outcomes of a VicHealth funded project;
Australia’s health system including
local, state and federal governments’ responsibility for health including funding
the values that underpin the Australian health system
Medicare, Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) and private health insurance;
the role of Australia’s governments in promoting healthy eating through:
the information provided by nutrition surveys and how it is used
the purpose of Nutrient Reference Values to guide dietary intake
the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating and Dietary Guidelines
legislation developed by Food Standards Australia and New Zealand governing the safety
and quality of food;
the role of Australia’s non-government agencies, including Nutrition Australia and the Heart
Foundation, in providing dietary advice to promote healthy eating.
59. analyse the different approaches to health and health promotion;
identify and explain key components of Australia’s health
system;
describe the role, values and priorities of VicHealth and potential
health outcomes of a VicHealth funded project for promoting
health;
identify the principles of the social model of health evident in a
project used by VicHealth;
explain and draw informed conclusions about the role of
government and non-government agencies in promoting healthy
eating.
60. • Discuss and analyse approaches to health
and health promotion, and describe
Australia’s health system and the different
roles of government and non-government
organisations in promoting health.
