B.S SOCIOLOGY MALE 11 PRESENTATION SOCIAL THOUGHT

GROUP MEMBERS
WAQAS AHMAD
MUNAWAR ABBAS
HAMMAYUN KHAN KAKAR
BILAL KHAN KAKAR
HAYAT KHAN NIAZI
SIKANDAR AHMAD
ATIQUE UR REHMAN

SECTARIANIS
-DEFINITION
-HISTORY OF SECT IN ISLAM
-GLOBAL SITUATION
-SECTARIANIS IN PAKISTAN
-SUGASSIONS TO OVERCOME

WHAT IS SECTARIANISM?WHAT IS SECTARIANISM?
Sectarianism stands forSectarianism stands for
supporting one’s people,familysupporting one’s people,family
or homeland on the bases inor homeland on the bases in
violation of law,right andviolation of law,right and
justice.justice.

 MUNAWAR ABBASMUNAWAR ABBAS
 ROLL # 17ROLL # 17

HISTORY OF SECTARIANISM INHISTORY OF SECTARIANISM IN
ISLAMISLAM
The division between Shia and Sunni dates back to theThe division between Shia and Sunni dates back to the
death of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), and thedeath of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), and the
question of who was to take over the leadership of thequestion of who was to take over the leadership of the
Muslim nation. Sunni Muslims agree with the positionMuslim nation. Sunni Muslims agree with the position
taken by many of the Prophet's companions (R.A), thattaken by many of the Prophet's companions (R.A), that
the new leader should be elected from among thosethe new leader should be elected from among those
capable of the job.capable of the job.
This is what was done, and the Prophet Muhammad'sThis is what was done, and the Prophet Muhammad's
(PBUH) close friend and advisor,Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A),(PBUH) close friend and advisor,Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A),
became the first Caliph of the Islamic nation. The wordbecame the first Caliph of the Islamic nation. The word
"Sunni" in Arabic comes from a word meaning "one who"Sunni" in Arabic comes from a word meaning "one who
follows the traditions of the Prophet."follows the traditions of the Prophet."

On the other hand, some Muslims shareOn the other hand, some Muslims share
the belief that leadership should havethe belief that leadership should have
stayed within the Prophet's own family,stayed within the Prophet's own family,
among those specifically appointed byamong those specifically appointed by
him, or among Imams appointed byhim, or among Imams appointed by
God Himself.God Himself.

 The Shia Muslims believe that following the ProphetThe Shia Muslims believe that following the Prophet
Muhammad's (PBUH)death, leadership should haveMuhammad's (PBUH)death, leadership should have
passed directly to his cousin/son-in-law, passed directly to his cousin/son-in-law, Ali bin Abu TalibAli bin Abu Talib
(A.S)(A.S). Throughout history, Shia Muslims have not. Throughout history, Shia Muslims have not
recognized the authority of elected Muslim leaders,recognized the authority of elected Muslim leaders,
choosing instead to follow a line of Imams which theychoosing instead to follow a line of Imams which they
believe have been appointed by the Prophetbelieve have been appointed by the Prophet
Muhammad(PBUH) or God Himself. The word "Shia" inMuhammad(PBUH) or God Himself. The word "Shia" in
Arabic means a group or supportive party of people. TheArabic means a group or supportive party of people. The
commonly-known term is shortened from the historicalcommonly-known term is shortened from the historical
"Shia-t-Ali," or "the Party of Ali (a.s)." They are also"Shia-t-Ali," or "the Party of Ali (a.s)." They are also
known as followers of "Ahl-al-Bayt" known as followers of "Ahl-al-Bayt"

HISTORY OF SECTARIANHISTORY OF SECTARIAN
VIOLANCE IN PAKISTANVIOLANCE IN PAKISTAN
It is not a fairy tale. Not very long ago, MuharramIt is not a fairy tale. Not very long ago, Muharram
was not the season of sectarian violence andwas not the season of sectarian violence and
mayhem. People of all sects would attend themayhem. People of all sects would attend the
Majalis, under the same roof, to pay homage toMajalis, under the same roof, to pay homage to
the great martyrs of Islam. While the Shiasthe great martyrs of Islam. While the Shias
would move in processions, Sunnis would linewould move in processions, Sunnis would line
up along the routes making a human protectionup along the routes making a human protection
shield and manage Sabeels. shield and manage Sabeels.
Rise of sectarian violence in Pakistan is a recentRise of sectarian violence in Pakistan is a recent
phenomenon. People of Pakistan are notphenomenon. People of Pakistan are not
sectarian-minded, and for most of the country’ssectarian-minded, and for most of the country’s
history people of different sects have co-existedhistory people of different sects have co-existed
peacefully.peacefully.

SHIA SUNNI CONFLICT INSHIA SUNNI CONFLICT IN
PAKISTANPAKISTAN
Shia are the 15-25Shia are the 15-25
percent of totalpercent of total
population of pakistanpopulation of pakistan
while another 80 percentwhile another 80 percent
population belongs topopulation belongs to
sunni islam.sunni islam.

SECTARIANISM UNDER THESECTARIANISM UNDER THE
RULE OF ZIA UL HAQRULE OF ZIA UL HAQ
In the early years of sectarian conflict, extremist SunnisIn the early years of sectarian conflict, extremist Sunnis
clashed with Ahmadis, until they were declared non-clashed with Ahmadis, until they were declared non-
Muslims in 1974 by the national assembly of PakistanMuslims in 1974 by the national assembly of Pakistan
through an amendment in constitution. Under continuingthrough an amendment in constitution. Under continuing
rule of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, sectarianism in Pakistan,rule of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, sectarianism in Pakistan,
especially in Karachi and South Punjab, became quiteespecially in Karachi and South Punjab, became quite
violent as the process of Islamization began in theviolent as the process of Islamization began in the
Pakistani judicial system.Pakistani judicial system.
Social laws, which had been tolerant of the open-sale ofSocial laws, which had been tolerant of the open-sale of
alcohol, intermingling of the sexes, etc. were severelyalcohol, intermingling of the sexes, etc. were severely
curtailed by Zia's laws, although hardliners in both thecurtailed by Zia's laws, although hardliners in both the
Shia and Sunni camps were largely in favor of hisShia and Sunni camps were largely in favor of his
restrictions. The process eventually came upon issues inrestrictions. The process eventually came upon issues in
which Sunni and Shia viewpoints differed. In suchwhich Sunni and Shia viewpoints differed. In such
instances Zia favored the Sunni interpretation of Islaminstances Zia favored the Sunni interpretation of Islam
over the Shia one, causing a rift between the twoover the Shia one, causing a rift between the two
communities.communities.

SECTARIAN VIOLANCE INSECTARIAN VIOLANCE IN
PAKISTANPAKISTAN

 Since the year 2000, over 2000 Since the year 2000, over 2000 ShiaShia Hazara community Hazara community
members including many women and children have been killedmembers including many women and children have been killed
or wounded in attacks perpetrated by or wounded in attacks perpetrated by SunniSunni Muslim terrorists Muslim terrorists
affiliated with Al-Qaeda and Taliban in southwestern townaffiliated with Al-Qaeda and Taliban in southwestern town
of Quetta. Many hundreds of of Quetta. Many hundreds of ShiaShia Muslims have been killed in Muslims have been killed in
northern areas of Pakistan such as Gilgit, Baltistan, Parachinarnorthern areas of Pakistan such as Gilgit, Baltistan, Parachinar
and Chelas. The violence worsened immediately afterand Chelas. The violence worsened immediately after
September 11 and the expulsion of the TalibanSeptember 11 and the expulsion of the Taliban
from Afghanistan. In 2002, 12 Shia Hazara police cadets werefrom Afghanistan. In 2002, 12 Shia Hazara police cadets were
gunned down in Quetta. In 2003, the main gunned down in Quetta. In 2003, the main ShiaShia Friday Mosque Friday Mosque
was attacked in Quetta, killing 53 worshippers. March 2, 2004,was attacked in Quetta, killing 53 worshippers. March 2, 2004,
at least 42 persons were killed and more than 100 woundedat least 42 persons were killed and more than 100 wounded
when a procession of the Shia Muslims was attacked by rivalwhen a procession of the Shia Muslims was attacked by rival
Sunni extremists at Liaquat Bazaar in Quetta. Separately, onSunni extremists at Liaquat Bazaar in Quetta. Separately, on
October 7, 2004, a car bomb killed 40 members of an extremistOctober 7, 2004, a car bomb killed 40 members of an extremist
Sunni organization in Multan. 300 people died during 2006Sunni organization in Multan. 300 people died during 2006

On December 28, 2009, as many as 40 Shias were killed inOn December 28, 2009, as many as 40 Shias were killed in
an apparent suicide bombing in Karachi. The bomberan apparent suicide bombing in Karachi. The bomber
attacked a Shia procession which was held toattacked a Shia procession which was held to
mark Ashuramark Ashura
In early September 2010, three separate attacks wereIn early September 2010, three separate attacks were
reported in different parts of Pakistan. The first one tookreported in different parts of Pakistan. The first one took
place on september 1 in Lahore where at leastplace on september 1 in Lahore where at least
35 35 ShiaShia were killed and 160 people sustained injuries were killed and 160 people sustained injuries
during a processionduring a procession..

On February 18, 2013, unidentified gunmen shot dead DrOn February 18, 2013, unidentified gunmen shot dead Dr
Syed Ali Haider and his 11-year-old son while they wereSyed Ali Haider and his 11-year-old son while they were
driving in their car in the Gulberg area of Lahore. Haiderdriving in their car in the Gulberg area of Lahore. Haider
was shot six times in the head and died instantly whilewas shot six times in the head and died instantly while
his son was shot once in the head and succumbed tohis son was shot once in the head and succumbed to
fatal injuries at a hospital. According to reports, Haiderfatal injuries at a hospital. According to reports, Haider
was a leading vitreo-retinal surgeon, who also worked inwas a leading vitreo-retinal surgeon, who also worked in
collaboration with the Shaukat Khanum Memorial Trustcollaboration with the Shaukat Khanum Memorial Trust
Hospital. According to his uncle, he had "no personalHospital. According to his uncle, he had "no personal
enmity" and his killing was sectarian-motivated as heenmity" and his killing was sectarian-motivated as he
belonged to the Shia community. The killings werebelonged to the Shia community. The killings were
widely condemnedwidely condemned

2012-20132012-2013 February 2012 Kohistan Shia Massacre refers to the massacre ofFebruary 2012 Kohistan Shia Massacre refers to the massacre of
18 Shia Muslim residents of Gilgit-Baltistan travelling by bus from18 Shia Muslim residents of Gilgit-Baltistan travelling by bus from
Rawalpindi, Punjab to Gilgit, Gilgit Baltistan in Pakistan. The busesRawalpindi, Punjab to Gilgit, Gilgit Baltistan in Pakistan. The buses
were stopped in Kohistan and the victims killed based on theirwere stopped in Kohistan and the victims killed based on their
religious affiliation by individuals dressed in Military uniforms. Thereligious affiliation by individuals dressed in Military uniforms. The
dead included three children while 27 other passengers on the busdead included three children while 27 other passengers on the bus
were spared.were spared.
 August 2012 Mansehra Shia Massacre On August 16, 2012, fourAugust 2012 Mansehra Shia Massacre On August 16, 2012, four
buses en route to Gilgit, in northern Pakistan were stopped whenbuses en route to Gilgit, in northern Pakistan were stopped when
passengers were going back home for Eid-ul-Fitr festivals.passengers were going back home for Eid-ul-Fitr festivals.
25 25 ShiaShia passengers were identified by their identity cards and were passengers were identified by their identity cards and were
separated from other passengers and subsequently shot dead atseparated from other passengers and subsequently shot dead at
the spot. Al-Qaeda affiliated the spot. Al-Qaeda affiliated SunniSunni Muslim militants claimed Muslim militants claimed
responsibility for the attack. Three responsibility for the attack. Three ShiaShia Hazara community Hazara community
members were shot dead in the town of Quetta, which is homemembers were shot dead in the town of Quetta, which is home
to to SunniSunni Taliban leadership known as Quetta Shura. Taliban leadership known as Quetta Shura.

OTHER MINORITIESOTHER MINORITIES
DISCRIMINATION IN PAKISTANDISCRIMINATION IN PAKISTAN
ATIQUE UR REHMANATIQUE UR REHMAN

It is estimated that 96% of Pakistan's populationIt is estimated that 96% of Pakistan's population
are Muslim with the majority being Sunni andare Muslim with the majority being Sunni and
between 12 and 20 percent being Shia. Fourbetween 12 and 20 percent being Shia. Four
percent of the populationpercent of the population
are Christians, Hindus and Sikh. Since theare Christians, Hindus and Sikh. Since the
1970s the Christian's have faced religious1970s the Christian's have faced religious
discrimination as Islamization become the officialdiscrimination as Islamization become the official
policy of the government. The Ahmadiyya havepolicy of the government. The Ahmadiyya have
faced greater persecution since 1974 after beingfaced greater persecution since 1974 after being
declared "non Muslims" over allegations thatdeclared "non Muslims" over allegations that
they do not recognize Hazrat Muhammadthey do not recognize Hazrat Muhammad
PBUH as the last prophetPBUH as the last prophet

HINDUS AND SIKHSHINDUS AND SIKHS
FORCED CONVERSIONS :FORCED CONVERSIONS :
Hindu women have also been known to be victims ofHindu women have also been known to be victims of
kidnapping and forced conversion to Islam.Around 20 tokidnapping and forced conversion to Islam.Around 20 to
25 Hindu girls are abducted every month and converted25 Hindu girls are abducted every month and converted
to Islam forcibly.to Islam forcibly.
On 18 October 2005, Sanno Amra and Champa, a Hindu coupleOn 18 October 2005, Sanno Amra and Champa, a Hindu couple
residing in the Punjab Colony, Karachi, Sindh returned home to findresiding in the Punjab Colony, Karachi, Sindh returned home to find
that their three teenage daughters had disappeared. After inquiriesthat their three teenage daughters had disappeared. After inquiries
to the local police, the couple discovered that their daughters hadto the local police, the couple discovered that their daughters had
been taken to a local madrassah, had been converted to Islam, andbeen taken to a local madrassah, had been converted to Islam, and
were denied unsupervised contact with their parentswere denied unsupervised contact with their parents

Temple DestructionTemple Destruction
In 2006, the last Hindu templeIn 2006, the last Hindu temple
in Lahore was destroyed to pave thein Lahore was destroyed to pave the
way for construction of a multi-storiedway for construction of a multi-storied
commercial building. When reporterscommercial building. When reporters
from Pakistan-basedfrom Pakistan-based
newpaper Dawn tried to cover thenewpaper Dawn tried to cover the
incident.incident.

 Sikh community of tribal region were forced to pay Rs 20Sikh community of tribal region were forced to pay Rs 20
million as Jizya, a tax levied on non-Muslims living undermillion as Jizya, a tax levied on non-Muslims living under
Islamic rule as Islamic tax in protection money, to theIslamic rule as Islamic tax in protection money, to the
Taliban leaders. Taliban's demand was actually for RsTaliban leaders. Taliban's demand was actually for Rs
50 million as 'jizia' but negotiations brought it down to 2050 million as 'jizia' but negotiations brought it down to 20
Rs 20 Million. Sikh-owned shops and houses are beingRs 20 Million. Sikh-owned shops and houses are being
held for ransom.held for ransom.
 A frightened Sikh businessman Aman Deep SinghA frightened Sikh businessman Aman Deep Singh
(pseudonym) “We were living under fear. Fear of the(pseudonym) “We were living under fear. Fear of the
Taliban, fear of Lashkar-e-Islam and fear of other armedTaliban, fear of Lashkar-e-Islam and fear of other armed
groups, ..I am not the only one. About 400 Sikh and 57groups, ..I am not the only one. About 400 Sikh and 57
Hindu families migrated from (the town of) Bara andHindu families migrated from (the town of) Bara and
Tirah,”Tirah,”[[

CHRISTIANSCHRISTIANS
In March 2002, five people were killed in an attackIn March 2002, five people were killed in an attack
on a church in Islamabad, including an Americanon a church in Islamabad, including an American
schoolgirl and her motherschoolgirl and her mother
On 25 September 2002, two terrorists entered theOn 25 September 2002, two terrorists entered the
"Peace and Justice Institute", Karachi, where"Peace and Justice Institute", Karachi, where
they separated Muslims from the Christians, andthey separated Muslims from the Christians, and
then murdered seven Christians by shootingthen murdered seven Christians by shooting
them in the headthem in the head

 On 2 March 2011, the only ChristianOn 2 March 2011, the only Christian
minister in the Pakistan government wasminister in the Pakistan government was
shot dead. Shahbaz Bhatti, Minister forshot dead. Shahbaz Bhatti, Minister for
Minorities, was in his car along with hisMinorities, was in his car along with his
niece. Around 50 bullets struck the car.niece. Around 50 bullets struck the car.
Over 10 bullets hit Bhatti. Before hisOver 10 bullets hit Bhatti. Before his
death, he had publicly stated that he wasdeath, he had publicly stated that he was
not afraid of the Taliban's threats and wasnot afraid of the Taliban's threats and was
willing to die for his faith and beliefs. willing to die for his faith and beliefs.

HAMMAYUN KHAN KAKARHAMMAYUN KHAN KAKAR

FACTORS BEHINDFACTORS BEHIND
SECTARIANISM IN PAKISTANSECTARIANISM IN PAKISTAN
1) Political factors1) Political factors
2)Outside fundings2)Outside fundings
3)Religious Education3)Religious Education

POLITICAL FACTORSPOLITICAL FACTORS
The religious political parties have very deepThe religious political parties have very deep
influence in societies.They use people forinfluence in societies.They use people for
their vote.These political parties rule in thetheir vote.These political parties rule in the
name of Islam .Infact these parties favourname of Islam .Infact these parties favour
a special sect.These parties get benefitsa special sect.These parties get benefits
from conflict between people created byfrom conflict between people created by
them.them.

OUTSIDE FUNDINGSOUTSIDE FUNDINGS
Some surmise that exacerbating tensions is Arab states,Some surmise that exacerbating tensions is Arab states,
especially Saudi Arabia and GCC states, funding radicalespecially Saudi Arabia and GCC states, funding radical
extremist Sunnis and the Iranian state funding of Shiaextremist Sunnis and the Iranian state funding of Shia
extremists and in Pakistan, resulting in tit for tat attacksextremists and in Pakistan, resulting in tit for tat attacks
on each other.on each other.
It is widely accepted that sectarian violence in Pakistan isIt is widely accepted that sectarian violence in Pakistan is
a recent phenomenon and that for most of the country'sa recent phenomenon and that for most of the country's
history, people of different sects have co-existedhistory, people of different sects have co-existed
peacefully. The development of sectarianism is widelypeacefully. The development of sectarianism is widely
attributed to be a result of financial funding ofattributed to be a result of financial funding of
fundamentalist networks, numbering in millions offundamentalist networks, numbering in millions of
dollars, by Arab states and other outside powers insidedollars, by Arab states and other outside powers inside
PakistanPakistan

RELIGIOUS EDUCATIONRELIGIOUS EDUCATION
Religious education in Pakistan is also divided
along sectarian lines. There are five religious
education boards (Wafaqul Madaaris) catering to
educational needs of Barelvi, Ahle Hadith,
Deobandi, Shia and Jamaat-e-Islami madrassas.
Sectarian-oriented curricula and publications of
madrassas are considered a key factor in
promotion of sectarianism in Pakistan.

Another important factor of sectarian-motivated
violence, which usually has not received as
much attention, is the administrative side of the
problem, or how local administrations deal
with issues involving different sectarian groups,
such as disputes over mosques, routes for
Ashura and Eid Milad-un-Nabi processions,
allotments of plots for religious purposes, and
allocation of auqaf property, etc.

BASHARAT MANZOORBASHARAT MANZOOR
RAORAO

EFFECTS OF SECTARIANISMEFFECTS OF SECTARIANISM
ON SOCIETYON SOCIETY
Sectarian violence effects badly the societySectarian violence effects badly the society
in all aspects.in all aspects.It causes many harmful andIt causes many harmful and
illegal activity in society.illegal activity in society.
1-Kiling on no basis1-Kiling on no basis
2-destruction of economic system2-destruction of economic system
3-Effects on children3-Effects on children
4-Hatered an Extremism.4-Hatered an Extremism.

KILLINGS ON ON BASISKILLINGS ON ON BASIS
Hundards of innocent peopleHundards of innocent people
are killed every year withoutare killed every year without
any reason.They are killedany reason.They are killed
on the basis of their sects.on the basis of their sects.
Islam strictly prohibits theIslam strictly prohibits the
massacremassacre

DESTRUCTION OF ECONOMYDESTRUCTION OF ECONOMY
Sectarian violence effects badly theSectarian violence effects badly the
economic system.The stikes againsteconomic system.The stikes against
sectarianism severly damaged thesectarianism severly damaged the
economy.economy.

EFFECTS ON CHILDRENEFFECTS ON CHILDREN
The children whose parents areThe children whose parents are
killed in sectarianism cannot livekilled in sectarianism cannot live
proper life.They become extremistproper life.They become extremist
and cruel.They began to hate withand cruel.They began to hate with
their muslims brothers.And finallytheir muslims brothers.And finally
they become millitantsthey become millitants ..

HAYYAT ULLAH KHANHAYYAT ULLAH KHAN
NIAZINIAZI

TEACHINGS OF ISLAMTEACHINGS OF ISLAM
Our God is one Kabba ,Prophet and Quran is one.Our God is one Kabba ,Prophet and Quran is one.
Then why are we divided? The simple reason ofThen why are we divided? The simple reason of
our division is that we are clung to religiousour division is that we are clung to religious
personalities and are carrying the standards ofpersonalities and are carrying the standards of
slogans. We should adopt the Islamicslogans. We should adopt the Islamic
Principles. We will have to restudy our history inPrinciples. We will have to restudy our history in
the light of logic and facts. We will have tothe light of logic and facts. We will have to
interpret the Quran according to the needs ofinterpret the Quran according to the needs of
time. We must abandon the sectarian approachtime. We must abandon the sectarian approach
and promote the Islamic principles of unity. and promote the Islamic principles of unity.

The sectarian division among the Muslims isThe sectarian division among the Muslims is
indeed against the basic essence of Islamicindeed against the basic essence of Islamic
teachings. Islam foster unity among its believersteachings. Islam foster unity among its believers
and forbids division. and forbids division.
After this clear direction, there remains no roomAfter this clear direction, there remains no room
for any division. This is very unfortunate that,for any division. This is very unfortunate that,
Muslims are divided among themselves for veryMuslims are divided among themselves for very
petty gains and in violation of the clear andpetty gains and in violation of the clear and
unambiguous commandment of Allah Almightyunambiguous commandment of Allah Almighty
and despite repeated warnings of the Holyand despite repeated warnings of the Holy
Prophet (PBUH). Prophet (PBUH).

THE HOLY QURAN ONTHE HOLY QURAN ON
SECTARIANISMSECTARIANISM
"As for those who divide their religion and break up into"As for those who divide their religion and break up into
sects, you have no part of them in the least. Their affairsects, you have no part of them in the least. Their affair
is with Allah; He will in the end tell them the truth of allis with Allah; He will in the end tell them the truth of all
that they did."that they did."(6:159)(6:159)
"Surely, this brotherhood of yours is a single brotherhood, and I am"Surely, this brotherhood of yours is a single brotherhood, and I am
your Lord and Cherisher. Therefore serve me and no other. But theyyour Lord and Cherisher. Therefore serve me and no other. But they
broke their religion into sects among them; yet they will all return tobroke their religion into sects among them; yet they will all return to
Us."Us." (21:92-93) (21:92-93)
"And surely this brotherhood of your is a single brotherhood, and I am"And surely this brotherhood of your is a single brotherhood, and I am
your Lord and Cherisher. Therefore fear Me and no other. Butyour Lord and Cherisher. Therefore fear Me and no other. But
people have broken their religion into sects, each group rejoicing inpeople have broken their religion into sects, each group rejoicing in
that which is with them. But leave them in their confused ignorancethat which is with them. But leave them in their confused ignorance
for a time."for a time."(23:52-54)(23:52-54)

““And hold fast, all of you together, by theAnd hold fast, all of you together, by the
Rope of Allah and be not divided amongstRope of Allah and be not divided amongst
yourselves.” (Quran)yourselves.” (Quran)

BILAL KHAN KAKARBILAL KHAN KAKAR

Recommendations to overcomeRecommendations to overcome
sectarianismsectarianism
- Interaction and dialogue among religious scholars and
madrassa students and teachers belonging to allreligious
schools of thought, or sects, are direly needed to remove
widespread misperceptions among religious sects about
one another.
- Many examples prove that religious and sectarian
disputes are initially local in nature and their
prudent handling by administrations can nip them in the
bid. The local administrations and bureaucracy
also need ideological overhauling to refresh their vision.

- Government should strive in consultation
with representatives of all madrassa
boards to provide an
opportunity to madrassas students to study
viewpoints of different religious schools of
thoughts. The
madrassa curricula should emphasize
religious education and not sectarian
education.

Government should partner with
representatives of all Wafaqs, or
madrassa education boards, to
check production and dissemination of
provocative and hate material

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