Child nutrition

1. Breastfeeding
Formula feeding
Feeding of the child after 1 year

2. Breastfeeding
The advantages of breastfeeding for the baby
Nutritional
Immunologic advantages
Prevention of allergies & asthma
Bonding and Psychosocial effects
Intellectual development
Other Advantages

3. Breastfeeding
The advantages of breastfeeding for the mother
Economics
Uterine involution
Child spacing
The Lactational Amenorrhea
Prevention of breast cancer (premenopausal)
Postpartum weight loss

4. Breastfeeding
Barriers to Breastfeeding
Lack of confidence
Embarrassment of breastfeeding in public
Loss of freedom
Concerns about dietary and health practices
Influence of family and friends
Are there women who should not breastfeed?

5. Technique of Breast feeding
Points to Note...
Hold your baby in a proper position so that you don't
strain your arms and back.
Take care of your back and ensure that you don’t bend
forwards
If it hurts when the baby latches on [it usually is when
the baby latches on only to the nipple], get the baby to
let go by inserting your little finger between the breast
and the baby's mouth- and try to make the baby latch
on properly.
The baby should take in a big mouthful of your breast.
If the baby is just latching onto the nipple it will hurt-
this technique is improper.
Burp her before resuming the feed and also once you
finish the feed. It can prevent stomach fullness which
cause pain.

7. Steps to Encourage Breast-Feeding in the
Hospital: UNICEF/WHO Baby-Friendly HOSPITAL
INITIATIVES –
 Provide all pregnant women with information
and counseling.
Document the desire to breast-feed in the
medical record.
Document the method of feeding in the infant's
record.
 Place the newborn and mother skin-to-skin, and
initiate breast-feeding within 1 hr of birth.
Continue skin-to-skin contact at other times and
encourage rooming in.
Assess breast-feeding and continue
encouragement and teaching on each shift.

8. Other recommendations
Refer to lactation consultation if any concerns
arise.
 Infants should go to the breast at least 8–12
times/24 hr, day and night.
Avoid time limits on the breasts; offer both
breasts at each feeding.
Do not give sterile water, glucose, or formula
unless indicated.
If supplements are given, use cup feeding, a
Haberman feeder, fingers, or syringe feedings.
Avoid pacifiers in the newborn nursery except
during painful procedures.
 Avoid antilactation drugs.

9. Important Principles for Weaning
 Begin at ≈ 6 mo of age
 Avoid foods with high allergenic potential (cow's milk,
eggs, fish, nuts, soybeans).
At the proper age, encourage a cup rather than a bottle.
 Introduce 1 food at a time.
Energy density should exceed that of breast milk.

10. Important Principles for Weaning
Iron-containing foods (meat, iron-supplemented cereals)
are required.
Zinc intake should be encouraged with foods such as
meat, dairy products, wheat, and rice.
Phytate intake should be low to enhance mineral
absorption.
Breast milk should continue to 12 mo; formula or cow's
milk is then substituted.
Give no more than 24 oz/day of cow's milk.
Fluids other than breast milk, formula, and water should
be discouraged.
Give no more than 4–6 oz/day of fruit juices.
No soda.

11. Supplemental Feeding
- When child receives the commercial formula and breast
milk in first days or weeks after birth.
If formula or stored breast milk is to be given after the
infant has completed a breast-feeding, the bottle
containing the milk should be available so that it can be
offered immediately after the infant has been “burped.”
The holes in the nipples should not be so large that the
infant gets this portion of food without effort; if this
happens, he or she may quickly abandon any efforts to
nurse adequately at the mother's breast.

12. Formula Feeding
- When child is fed by commercial formulas because of
mother cannot or does not wish to nurse her infant.
Technique of formula-feeding: The infant should be
hungry, fully awake, warm, and dry.
He or she should be held as though being breast-fed.
 The nipple holes should be of a size that allows the milk
to drip slowly, and the bottle should be held so that milk,
not air, channels through the nipple.
The bottle of formula is usually warmed to body
temperature. This may be tested by dropping milk onto
the wrist.
A feeding may last from 5–25 min, depending on the age
and the vigor of the infant.

13. Before and after operation for
Cleft Lip

14. Micrognatia

15. Complementary feeding
Should be introduced in a stepwise fashion at 4–6
mo of age.
Cereals, a good source of iron, are usually
introduced 1st, followed by vegetables and fruits,
then meats, and finally, eggs.
Only 1 new food should be introduced at a time
and additional new foods should be spaced by at
least 3–4 days to allow detection of any adverse
reaction.

16. FEEDING DURING LATER CHILDHOOD
Parents should be given a basic daily diet plan for
the child from which the family menu can be
prepared.
Daily selection from each of the food groups
(grains, fruits, vegetables, meats, and dairy
products) provides a balanced diet with sufficient
macronutrients and micronutrients.
The quantity of intake after the basic
requirements have been met can usually be
determined by the healthy growing child.
The child's dietary history is essential for
evaluating the nutrient intake, but unless an
accurate dietary diary is kept for several days,

17. The Food Guide Pyramid
The Food Guide Pyramid incorporates current
dietary guidelines that have a strong focus on
activity.
The balanced daily diet must contain the main
food groups: Grains ;Vegetables ; Fruits; Milk
(dairy products); Meat (fish), beans.
The goal of the guideline is to support normal
rates of weight gain without excessive fat
deposition.