2. CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 8086 MICROPROCESSOR
ARCHITECTURE OF 8086 MICROPROSSESOR
BIU AND EU
REGISTERS OF 8086
ALU
QUEUING OF INSTRUCTION IN 8086
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3. INTRODUCTION TO 8086
• The microprocessor 8086 is made of HMOS: high performance
metal oxide semiconductor technology with an IC circuitry
equivalent to ≈ 29000 transistors.
• Housed in a 40-pin dual in-line package.
• 8086 is a 16bit processor. It’s ALU, internal registers works with
16bit binary word.
• 8086 has a 16bit data bus. It can read or write data to a
memory/port either 16bits or 8 bit at a time.
• 8086 has a 20 bit address bus which means, it can address up to
220 = 1MB memory location.
• Frequency range of 8086 is 6-10 MHz.
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5. Bus Interface Unit (BIU)
The BIU fetches instructions, reads and writes
data, and computes the 20-bit address.
BIU handles all the data transfers and
addresses on the buses for EU.
EU executes instructions from the instruction
system byte queue.
6. Execution Unit (EU)
• The EU contains Control Circuitry, Instruction Decoder, ALU,
Pointer and Index register, Flag register.
• EU tells the BIU where to fetch instructions and data.
• The EU decodes and executes the instructions using the 16-bit
ALU.
• Decoder translates instructions into series of actions which EU
carries out.
• ALU can perform arithmetic and Logical operations.
• Control Circuitry directs internal operations.
8. Registers Description
• Registers
– Data registers
• Hold data for an operation to be performed
• There are 4 data registers (AX, BX, CX, DX)
– Address registers
• Hold the address of an instruction or data element
• Segment registers (CS, DS, ES, SS)
• Pointer registers (SP, BP, IP)
9. • Instructions execute faster if the data is in a register
• Low and High bytes of the data registers can be accessed separately
– AH, BH, CH, DH are the high bytes
– AL, BL, CL, and DL are the low bytes
• Data Registers are general purpose registers but they also perform special
functions
• AX
– Accumulator Register
– Preferred register to use in arithmetic, logic and data transfer
Data Registers
10. • BX
– Base Register
– Also serves as an address register
– Used in array operations
• CX
– Count register
– Used as a loop counter
– Used in shift and rotate operations
• DX
Data Registers (contd..)
12. Flag Register Description
• SF (sign) Contains the resulting sign of an arithmetic operation (1=negative)
• ZF (zero) Indicates when the result of arithmetic or a comparison is zero.
(1=yes)
• CF (Carry) Holds the carry out after addition or the borrow after subtraction.
• AF (auxiliary carry) Contains carry out of bit 3 into bit 4 for specialized arithmetic.
• PF (parity) Indicates the number of 1 bits that result from an operation in
accumulator.
• OF (overflow) Indicates overflow of the leftmost bit during arithmetic operation.
• DF (direction) Indicates left or right for moving or comparing string data if df=0
then then string proceed from lower address to high otherwise high add. To low
13. TF (trap flag)
• TF (trap) Permits operation of the processor in single
step mode .Here single stepping means to run a one
instruction at a time and see the contents of used registers
and memory avilaiable after execution of program. This is one
way to debug the program and errors can be eaisly
eliminated.
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14. • IP: Instruction Pointer
Points to Next Instruction in code Memory.it calculate the 20 bit physical
address.
SP: Stack pointer
Points to Program Stack.it contains 16 bit offeset from start of
stack segment.
• BP: Base Pointer
Primarily used to access data on the stack
Pointer and Index Registers
15. • SI & DI: Source and Destination Index register
It is required for string operations. When string operations are performed, the SI & DI register points to memory locations in
the data segment which is addressed by the DS register.
• In case when physical address is calculated from SI and DS sI holds the 20
bit address.
• ES+DI is used to calculate the 20 bit adderess then di holds this address.
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16. ALU
ALU stands for arithmetic and logic unit. It
performs,
1.Math operation like 8 or 16 bit addition,
subtraction, data conversion,
2.Logical operation like NOT, OR,XOR,AND,etc.
3.Increment ,decrement, and shift operation.
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17. Instruction queue in 8086
• 8086 provides queuing facility where BIU fetches the
six instruction byte from memory while current
instruction is being executed. It speed up the
program execution.
• It works on first in first out (FIFO) fashion.
• The size of queue for 8086 is 6 bytes.
• BIU fetches the instruction code from memory and
stores in queue, EU fetches the instruction from
queue for execution.
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