2. COPING (PSYCHOLOGY)
Me a ni n g - In psychology, coping is expending
conscious effort to solve personal and interpersonal
problems, and seeking to master, minimize or tolerate
stress or conflict. The term coping generally refers
to adaptive(constructive) coping strategies.
Psychological coping mechanisms are commonly
termed coping strategies or coping skills.
3. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE COPING EFFORTS
DEPENDS ON-
The type of stress.
The individual.
The circumstances.
Coping responses are partly controlled by
personality (habitual traits), but also partly by
the social environment, particularly the
nature of the stressful environment.
4. TYPES OF COPING STRATEGIES
1. appraisal-focused: Directed towards challenging
one's own assumptions, adaptive cognitive.
*occur when the person modifies the way they think,
for example: employing denial, or distancing oneself
from the problem. People may alter the way they
think about a problem by altering their goals and
values, such as by seeing the humor in a situation:
"some have suggested that humor may play a greater
role as a stress moderator among women than men.
5. TYPES OF COPING STRATEGIES
2. problem-focused: Directed towards reducing
or eliminating a stressor, adaptive behavioral
People using problem-focused strategies try to deal with the
cause of their problem. They do this by finding out information
on the problem and learning new skills to manage the problem.
Problem-focused coping is aimed at changing or eliminating
the source of the stress. The three problem-focused coping
strategies identified by Folkman and Lazarus are
•taking control,
•information seeking,
•and evaluating the pros and cons.
•Ex- analyze the situation, work harder, talk to a person.
6. TYPES OF COPING STRATEGIES
3. emotion-focused: Directed towards
changing one's own emotional reaction
involve releasing pent-up emotions,
distracting oneself,
managing hostile feelings,
meditating
using systematic relaxation procedures.
Emotion-focused coping "is oriented toward
managing the emotions that accompany the
perception of stress.
8. WHAT IS THE FOCUS OF THIS COPING
MECHANISM?
The focus of this coping mechanism is to change the meaning of
the stressor or transfer attention away from it. For example,
reappraising tries to find a more positive meaning of the cause of the
stress in order to reduce the emotional component of the stressor.
Avoidance of the emotional distress will distract from the negative
feelings associated with the stressor.
Emotion-focused coping is well suited for stressors that seem
uncontrollable (ex. a terminal illness diagnosis, or the loss of a
loved one).
Some mechanisms of emotion focused coping, such as distancing or
avoidance, can have alleviating outcomes for a short period of time,
however they can be detrimental when used over an extended
period. Positive emotion- focused mechanisms, such as seeking social
support, and positive re-appraisal, are associated with beneficial
outcomes
9. THIS MECHANISM CAN BE APPLIED THROUGH A
VARIETY OF WAYS SUCH AS-
Seeking social support.
Distancing.
Exercising self control.
Accepting responsibility.
Using avoidance.
Reappraising the stressor in a positive light.
10. THE FOCUS IS ON YOUR EMOTIONS-
Brood
Imagine/magic thinkng.
Avoid deny.
Blame.
Social support.
11. WHICH TYPE IS MORE USEFUL?
Typically, people use a mixture of all three types
of coping strategies, and coping skills will usually
change over time
. All these methods can prove useful, but some
claim that those using problem- focused coping
strategies will adjust better to life.
12. PROBLEM-FOCUSED VERSUS EMOTION-
FOCUSED
Problem-focused coping mechanisms may
allow an individual greater perceived control
over their problem, whereas emotion-focused
coping may sometimes lead to a reduction in
perceived control (maladaptive coping).
13. OCCUPATION FOCUSED STRATEGY
These are directed towards lasting occupation (S), which
generates positive feedback.
Engagement in occupation has been valued as a primary
therapeutic agent as well as the goal of intervention.
14. POSITIVE TECHNIQUES (ADAPTIVE OR
CONSTRUCTIVE COPING)
proactive coping. Anticipation is when one reduces the
stress of some difficult challenge by anticipating what it will
be like and preparing for how one is going to cope with it.
social coping, such as seeking social support from others
meaning-focused coping, in which the person
concentrates on deriving meaning from the stressful
experience.
Yet another way of coping is avoiding thoughts or
circumstances that cause stress.
Adequate nutrition, exercise, sleep contribute to
stress management, as do physical fitness and
relaxation techniques such as progressive muscle
relaxation.
15. SOME GOOD COPING STRATEGIES
Be positive.
Make the choice not to over react to stressors & deal with them
one at a time.
Communicate.
Humor.
Maintenance.
Develop self discipline & control.
Accept yourself.
Make connections with people.
Deal effectively with mistakes & success also.
Adequate nutrition, exercise & sleep.
Take an objective view of your stressor.
17. ONE OF THE MOST POSITIVE METHODS
PEOPLE USE TO COPE WITH PAINFUL
SITUATIONS IS HUMOR.
You feel things to the full but you master them by
turning it all into pleasure and fun
18. WHILE DEALING WITH STRESS IT IS IMPORTANT
TO DEAL WITH YOUR PHYSICAL, MENTAL, AND
SOCIAL WELL BEING.
Physically, one should maintain one's health and
learn to relax if one finds oneself under stress.
Mentally it is important to think positive thoughts,
value oneself, demonstrate good time management,
plan and think ahead, and express emotions.
Socially one should communicate with people
and seek new activities.
By following these simple strategies, one will have an
easier time responding to stresses in one's life
19. NEGATIVE TECHNIQUES
(maladaptive coping or non- coping)
Dissociation is the ability of the mind to separate and
compartmentalize thoughts, memories, and emotions. This is
often associated with post traumatic stress syndrome.
Sensitization is when a person seeks to learn about, rehearse,
and/or anticipate fearful events in a protective effort to prevent
these events from occurring in the first place.
Safety behaviors are demonstrated when individuals with
anxiety disorders come to rely on something, or someone, as a
means of coping with their excessive anxiety.
Anxious avoidance is when a person avoids anxiety
provoking situations by all means. This is the most common
strategy.
Escape is closely related to avoidance. This technique is often
demonstrated by people who experience panic attacks or have
phobias. These people want to flee the situation at the first sign
of anxiety.
20. SOME MORE UNHEALTHY COPING SKILLS
Leave without warning.
Fighting & negaitve controls.
Defensiveness, behavioural dis engagement.
Sleeping away with the problem.
Passive aggressive behaviour.
Avoiding eye contact.
Not listening but jumping in, waiting to talk.
Negative body language as crossed arms, rolled eyes, crossed & closed
off legs & arms.
Over eating, under eating.
Lack of sleep.
Denial, self blame.
Lack of proper hygiene, sleep.
Use of drugs & or alcohol/ letting go of reality
21. HISTORICAL
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
Karen Horney -In the 1940s, theGerman
Freudian psychoanalyst
"developed her mature theory in which
individuals cope with the anxiety
produced by feeling unsafe, unloved, and
undervalued by disowning their spontaneous
feelings and developing elaborate strategies
of defense
22. KAREN
HORNEY
defined four so-called coping strategies to
define interpersonal relations, one describing
psychologically healthy individuals, the
others describing neurotic states .
24. The healthy strategy she termed "Moving with"
is that with which psychologically healthy
people develop relationships. It involves
compromise. In order to move with, there must
be communication, agreement,
disagreement, compromise, and decisions.
The three other strategies she described -
"Moving toward", "Moving against" and "Moving
away" - represented neurotic, unhealthy
strategies people utilize in order to protect
themselves.
25. Horney investigated these patterns of
neurotic needs (compulsive
attachments).Everyone needs these things, but
the neurotics need them more than the normal
person. The neurotics might need these more
because of difficulties within their lives. If the
neurotic does not experience these needs, he or
she will experience anxiety.
26. THE 10 NEEDS OF A NEUROTIC
1) Affection and approval, the need to please others and be liked
2) A partner who will take over one's life, based on the idea that
love will solve all of one's problems
3) Restriction of one's life to narrow borders, to be undemanding,
satisfied with little, inconspicuous; to simplify one's life
4) Power, for control over others, for a facade of omnipotence,
caused by a desperate desire for strength and dominance
5) Exploitation of others; to get the better of them
6) Social recognition or prestige, caused by an abnormal
concern for appearances and popularity
7) Personal admiration
8) Personal achievement.
9) Self-sufficiency and independence
10) Perfection and unassailability, a desire to be perfect and a fear
of being flawed.
27. GENDER DIFFERENCES
Gender differences in coping strategies are the
ways in which men and women differ in
managing psychological stress.
There is evidence that males often develop
stress due to their careers, whereas females often
encounter stress due to issues in interpersonal
relationships
28. In general, such differences as exist indicate that women
tend to employ emotion-focused coping and the "tend-
and-befriend" response to stress, whereas men tend to
use problem- focused coping and the "fight-or-
flight" response, perhaps because societal standards
encourage men to be more individualistic, while women
are often expected to be interpersonal
29. PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS
Hormones also plays a part in stress management
Cortisol, a stress hormone, was found to be elevated
in males during stressful situations. In females,
however, cortisol levels were decreased in stressful
situations, and instead, an increase in limbic activity
was discovered.
30. Many researchers believe that these results underlie the reasons
why men administer a fight-or-flight reaction to stress;
whereas, females have a tend- and-befriend reaction. The
"fight-or-flight" response activates the sympathetic nervous
system in the form of increased focus levels, adrenaline, and
epinephrine. Conversely, the "tend-and-befriend" reaction
refers to the tendency of women to protect their offspring and
relatives.
Although these two reactions support a genetic basis to
differences in behavior, one should not assume that in general
females cannot implement "fight-or- flight" behavior or that
males cannot implement "tend-and-befriend" behavior
31. INTEGRATION LEADS TO-
Better relationship with self.
Better realtionship with others.
Better able to handle life crisis.
Integration is also considered as an acceptance/ ownership of all
thoughts, feelings, fears, beliefs, experiences & memories as
me/mine.
Integration is a process occurring in therapy & outside therapy as
dissociated aspects of one’s self-become known, accepted &
integrated into normal awareness.
32. STRESS MANAGEMENT OF INDIVIDUAL
INVOLVES THE FOLLOWING-
Recognising & acknowledging that he/she is feeling stress.
Deciding whether an issue is worth the stress.
Taking a long term view of a problem.
Identifying their positive & negative coping mechanism.
Taking up relaxation activities.
Organizing his/her time effectively.
Identifying who constitutes his/her support system.
33. CONCLUSION
Coping means to invest one's own conscious effort, to solve personal
and interpersonal problems, in order to try to master, minimize or
tolerate stress and conflict. The psychological coping mechanisms are
commonly termed coping strategies or coping skills. ...
Horney defined four so-called coping strategies to define interpersonal .
The healthy strategy she termed "Moving with" is that with which
psychologically healthy people develop relationships. It involves
compromise. In order to move with, there must be communication,
agreement, disagreement, compromise, and decisions. The three
other strategies she described – "Moving toward", "Moving
against" and "Moving away" – represented neurotic, unhealthy
strategies people utilize in order to protect themselves.
