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National Aeronautics and Space Administration spinoff NASA T e c h N o l o g i e S B e N e f i T S o c i e T y2010

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spinoffOffice of the Chief Technologist2010 On the cover: During the STS-128 space shuttle mission, a space-walking astronaut took this photograph of a portion of the International Space Station (ISS) flying high above Earth’s glowing horizon. This year marks the 10th anniversary of the ISS, and is also a year of beneficial spinoff technologies, as highlighted by the smaller images lined up against the backdrop of space.spinoff program officenAsA Center for Aerospace informationDaniel Lockney, EditorBo Schwerin, Senior WriterLisa Rademakers, WriterJohn Jones, Graphic DesignerDeborah Drumheller, Publications Specialist

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Table of Contents 7 foreword 9 introduction 10 international space station spinoffs 20 Executive summary 30 nAsA Technologies Enhance our Lives on Earth 32 nAsA partnerships Across the nation 34 nAsA Technologies Benefiting society Health and Medicine Burnishing Techniques Strengthen Hip Implants ...............................................................38 Signal Processing Methods Monitor Cranial Pressure ..........................................................40 Ultraviolet-Blocking Lenses Protect, Enhance Vision ..........................................................42 Hyperspectral Systems Increase Imaging Capabilities ..........................................................44 Transportation Programs Model the Future of Air Traffic Management ......................................................48 Tail Rotor Airfoils Stabilize Helicopters, Reduce Noise .......................................................50 Personal Aircraft Point to the Future of Transportation ......................................................52 Ducted Fan Designs Lead to Potential New Vehicles ..........................................................56 Winglets Save Billions of Dollars in Fuel Costs ...................................................................58 Sensor Systems Collect Critical Aerodynamics Data ............................................................60 Coatings Extend Life of Engines and Infrastructure ............................................................622 Table of Contents Spinoff 2010

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public safety Radiometers Optimize Local Weather Prediction ................................................................66 Energy-Efficient Systems Eliminate Icing Danger for UAVs ...............................................68 Rocket-Powered Parachutes Rescue Entire Planes ...............................................................70 Technologies Advance UAVs for Science, Military ..............................................................72 Inflatable Antennas Support Emergency Communication ...................................................74 Smart Sensors Assess Structural Health ...............................................................................76 Hand-Held Devices Detect Explosives and Chemical Agents ..............................................78 Terahertz Tools Advance Imaging for Security, Industry .....................................................80 Consumer Goods LED Systems Target Plant Growth .....................................................................................84 Aerogels Insulate Against Extreme Temperatures ................................................................86 Image Sensors Enhance Camera Technologies ....................................................................90 Lightweight Material Patches Allow for Quick Repairs .......................................................92 Nanomaterials Transform Hairstyling Tools .......................................................................94 Do-It-Yourself Additives Recharge Auto Air Conditioning ................................................96Spinoff 2010 Table of Contents 3

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Environmental Resources Systems Analyze Water Quality in Real Time ...................................................................100 Compact Radiometers Expand Climate Knowledge ..........................................................102 Energy Servers Deliver Clean, Affordable Power ...............................................................104 Solutions Remediate Contaminated Groundwater ............................................................106 Bacteria Provide Cleanup of Oil Spills, Wastewater ..........................................................108 Reflective Coatings Protect People and Animals ................................................................110 Computer Technology Innovative Techniques Simplify Vibration Analysis ..........................................................114 Modeling Tools Predict Flow in Fluid Dynamics ..............................................................116 Verification Tools Secure Online Shopping, Banking .......................................................118 Toolsets Maintain Health of Complex Systems .................................................................120 Framework Resources Multiply Computing Power ...........................................................122 Tools Automate Spacecraft Testing, Operation .................................................................124 GPS Software Packages Deliver Positioning Solutions .......................................................126 Solid-State Recorders Enhance Scientific Data Collection .................................................128 Computer Models Simulate Fine Particle Dispersion ........................................................1304 Table of Contents Spinoff 2010

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industrial productivity Composite Sandwich Technologies Lighten Components .................................................134 Cameras Reveal Elements in the Short Wave Infrared .......................................................136 Deformable Mirrors Correct Optical Distortions ..............................................................138 Stitching Techniques Advance Optics Manufacturing .......................................................140 Compact, Robust Chips Integrate Optical Functions ........................................................142 Fuel Cell Stations Automate Processes, Catalyst Testing ...................................................144 Onboard Systems Record Unique Videos of Space Missions .............................................146 Space Research Results Purify Semiconductor Materials ....................................................148 Toolkits Control Motion of Complex Robotics ................................................................150 152 Aeronautics and space Activities 178 Education news 188 partnership news NASA Technology Award Winners .....................................................................................204 210 office of the Chief Technologist Denotes that R&D Magazine has awarded the technology with its “R&D 100” award. Indicates that the Space Foundation has inducted the technology into the Space Technology Hall of Fame. Signifies that the technology has been named as a NASA “Invention of the Year.” Designates that the software has been named as a NASA “Software of the Year.” For a list of all Spinoff award winners since publication began in 1976, please see page 204.Spinoff 2010 Table of Contents 5

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DISCLAIMER: While NASA does not manufacture, market, or sell commercial products, manycommercial products are derived from NASA technology. Many NASA-originated technologies areadapted by private industry for use by consumers like you. Spinoff developments highlighted in thispublication are based on information provided by individual and private industry users of NASA-originated aerospace technology who acknowledge that such technology contributed wholly or in part todevelopment of the product or process described. NASA cannot accept responsibility or liability for themisinterpretation or misrepresentation of the enclosed information provided by these third-party users.Publication herein does not constitute NASA endorsement of the product or process, nor confirmationof manufacturers’ performance claims related to any particular spinoff development.

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ForewordS ince NASA’s inception in 1958, the Agency has been Since 1976, NASA has been documenting these Charles F. Bolden, Jr. charged with ensuring its research and development spinoffs. It is an interesting and varied history. We are Administrator activities can be shared and applied beyond the pleased to present to you this annual report on our latest National Aeronautics andspace community. NASA spinoffs are one result. These innovations and ways we are inspiring people beyond our Space Administrationare the technologies and products the Agency has success- science and exploration missions.fully shared with industry, which in turn has developed We see it this way: NASA provides a spark of inspira-and refined them for many benefits, including medical tion, a seed of technology, and then industry carries theadvances, a cleaner environment, safer households, and ball forward and transforms it into something the generalmore convenience in our daily lives. public can use. Water purification technology origi- NASA is always finding ways to bring the benefits nally developed for the International Space Station, forof space exploration back to Earth. You will find NASA instance, can bring clean water to people in remote areasin the average household in many ways. It might not be where there is none. The things we learn in the comingobvious that the air purifier in a refrigerator or a hand- decade on the station and in the development of newheld cordless vacuum came about as a result of space systems for reaching deep space will have far-reachingmissions, but they did. benefits. In this sense, spinoffs are representative of the In fact, NASA’s research and development has had a new era of global exploration.major and positive impact on public welfare. Technologies The new age of exploration will require innova-we can trace to the earliest days of the Space Program tive and robust technology development. NASA willhave improved water purification systems. NASA inno- continue to pursue fresh innovations and partnerships,vations have brought us advanced home insulation and and the Agency’s renewed commitment to research and development will bring benefits to people everywhere infire-resistant fabrics used by firefighters and soldiers. the decades to come. We truly can make life better forNASA technology can even be found in infant formula everyone on the planet.and modern semi truck design. The list is expansive. Asa Nation, we have received a significant return on ourinvestment in space, and we have advanced our capabili-ties in many areas thanks to this ongoing flow of NASAideas and technology. NASA defines a spinoff as a commercially availableproduct, service, or process that takes NASA-relatedtechnology and brings it to a broader audience. While theoriginal purposes were mission-related, the technologiesnow are filling needs in everyday life. From robotics-basednutrition programs to better swimsuits and other sportsequipment, NASA innovation has advanced our standardof living.Spinoff 2010 Foreword 7

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For over 50 years, NASA has created new technologies with direct benefit to the private sector, supporting global competition and the economy. Theresulting commercialization has contributed to products and services in the fields of health and medicine, transportation, public safety, consumergoods, environmental resources, computer technology, and industry. Since 1976, NASA has featured these technologies in its Spinoff publication.

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IntroductionA s a research and development agency, NASA plays omy and around the globe, as the resulting commercial Dr. Robert D. Braun a vital role in America’s innovation engine and, as products contributed to the development of services and Chief Technologist such, its future economic prosperity and security. technologies in the fields of health and medicine, trans- National Aeronautics andThe President’s FY 2011 budget request for NASA is part portation, public safety, consumer goods, environmental Space Administrationof a larger national research and development effort in resources, computer technology, and industry.science, technology, and innovation that will lead to new This year is no exception, as this latest edition ofproducts and services, new business and industries, and Spinoff reveals a wide range of public benefits. In the fol-high-quality, sustainable jobs. NASA’s new technology lowing pages, you will find these noteworthy examplesand innovation investments are required to enable new and more:approaches to NASA’s current aeronautics, science, and • Light sensors invented by NASA researchers provideexploration missions and allow the Agency to pursue imaging capabilities for digital cameras, Web cameras, NASA’s new technology investments represent anentirely new missions including sending humans into automotive cameras, and one of every three cell phone important aspect of our overall national investment indeep space to compelling destinations such as near-Earth cameras on the planet. research, technology, and innovation, designed to stimu-asteroids and Mars. In tandem with these technology late our economy, create new inventions and capabilities,investments, NASA will continue to ensure an American • NASA funding supported the development of a whole and increase our global economic competitiveness. Wepresence in space aboard the International Space Station aircraft parachute system that is now standard equip- predict that as the Agency continues to push technologi-and empower a robust and competitive American com- ment on many of the world’s top-selling aircraft and cal boundaries and follow in its proud tradition of doingmercial space program. has saved 246 lives to date. things that have never been done before—and sometimes NASA’s new Space Technology programs will foster • Fuel cell technology originally devised for generating things that had never been thought possible—it will carrycutting-edge, competitively sponsored research and tech- oxygen and fuel on Mars has been adapted to generate on producing new and exciting technologies that will, nonology development efforts in academia, industry, the clean energy on Earth, providing an environmentally doubt, further improve our lives back here on Earth.NASA Centers, and other government entities, rebuilding friendly, scalable power source for a host of Fortune While NASA’s research does indeed provide valu-our core competencies and allowing innovative techno- 500 businesses. able scientific outcomes and clear public benefits, therelogical solutions to today’s challenges. These new space is perhaps another “spinoff” even more lucrative thantechnology investments will create a more vital and pro- • Drag-reducing winglet technology—advanced and the benefits we see from these industry partnerships. Asductive aerospace industry and address broader national proven by NASA researchers—now features on aircraft President Obama noted in an address to the Nationalneeds, such as energy, health and wellness, and national around the world, saving the airline industry billions of Academy of Sciences, in which he invoked the manysecurity. dollars in fuel costs and significantly reducing carbon tangible benefits of the Nation’s investment in the Apollo NASA’s technology, expertise, and facilities are already emissions. Program, “The enormous investment of that era—ina valuable national asset with a long history of providing science and technology, in education and research • Bacteria isolated for use in water-purifying technologyinnovation and inspiration for the good of the American funding—produced a great outpouring of curiosity and for the International Space Station is providing apublic. Since its first days, NASA has nurtured partner- creativity, the benefits of which have been incalculable.” safe, environmentally sound method for oil spillships with the private sector to facilitate the transfer of its NASA’s investment in new technologies is also an cleanup and for cleansing municipal and industrialtechnologies to improve the lives of Americans and people investment in our country’s future. Today’s children will wastewater.around the world. be inspired by NASA’s bold new vision, and our new Each year since 1976, NASA has chronicled some of These are just a few of the positive stories of NASA tech- technology and innovation emphasis will create a pipelinethe best examples of this successful technology transfer nologies leaving the laboratories to improve life on Earth of young engineers, scientists, and mathematicians toin its premier journal, Spinoff. The remarkable outcomes and just some of the over 1,700 examples that have been serve our future national needs, inspiring wonder in a newof these partnerships have reached throughout the econ- recorded in Spinoff over the years. generation, sparking passions, and launching careers.Spinoff 2010 Introduction 9

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International Space Station Spinoffs

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for the past 10 years, people have been continuously living in space, orbiting above Earth aboard the international space station. Easily the most complex spacecraft ever built and atestament to international partnerships, the station has taught us a lot about living in space, but it has also yielded direct benefits here on Earth.

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Spinoff Benefits from the International Space StationO n many nights, you can see the International anniversary of continuous habitation in orbit this Space Station (ISS) whizzing by overhead. year. That means people have been living in space You have to know just where to look, though, now for 10 years, approximately 220 miles aboveand you have to be quick. It only takes the station us, passing overhead several times a day.about 90 minutes to orbit the Earth, so it may only The floating laboratory, a cooperative effort betweenbe visible for a few minutes at a time. As it passes over 15 international partners and 5 space agencies, nowyour head, know this: The ISS is marking its 10th supports a multicultural crew of 6. The 6 currently NASA astronaut Tim Kopra (above) trims Russian cosmonaut Roman Romanenko’s hair in the Destiny Laboratory of the International Space Station (ISS). NASA astronaut Nicole Stott looks on. Kopra used hair clippers fashioned with a vacuum device to garner freshly cut hair. The ISS (left) is featured in this image photographed by an STS-130 crewmember on Space Shuttle Endeavour after the station and shuttle began their separation.12 International Space Station Spinoffs Spinoff 2010

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Crewmembers onboard the ISS share a meal in the Unity Node. Pictured from the left (bottom) are NASA astronauts Rick Sturckow,STS-128 commander; Tim Kopra and Jose Hernandez, both STS-128 mission specialists; along with Kevin Ford, STS-128 pilot; andJohn “Danny” Olivas (mostly out of frame at right), STS-128 mission specialist. Pictured from the left (top, partially out of frame) areNASA astronaut Nicole Stott and Canadian Space Agency astronaut Robert Thirsk, both Expedition 20 flight engineers; along withNASA astronaut Patrick Forrester, STS-128 mission specialist. Astronaut Nicole Stott, Expedition 20 flight engineer, participateson-orbit are just some of the nearly 200 astronauts, The ISS is the most advanced spacecraft ever built, in the STS-128 mission’s first session of extravehicular activity as construction and maintenance continue on the ISS.cosmonauts, and space tourists who have ventured to the and unlike the space race of the 1960s that culminatedstation, a spacecraft that over the last decade has grown with American astronauts landing on the Moon, this is an Ten Years in the Makingto a massive 800,000 pounds, with a habitable volume of international partnership, a team effort. In addition to sta-more than 12,000 cubic feet. Approximately the size of a tion assembly, the international partner agencies (NASA, Construction of the ISS began when the Zaryafive-bedroom house, this remarkable testament to human the Canadian Space Agency, the European Space Agency, Control Module was launched atop a Russian rocketwill and engineering prowess uses sophisticated systems to the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, and the Russian from Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan, on Novembergenerate solar electricity and recycles much of its of water Federal Space Agency) train and launch crews and provide 20, 1998. The Zarya module provides battery power, fuel(nearly 85 percent) and oxygen supply. ground support for the orbiting research facility. storage, and rendezvous and docking capability for SoyuzSpinoff 2010 International Space Station Spinoffs 13

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The U.S.-built Unity connecting module and the Russian-built Zarya module are backdropped against the blacknessof space in this photograph taken December 1988 from theSpace Shuttle Endeavour. After devoting the major portion ofits mission time to ready the two docked modules for their ISSroles, the six-member STS-88 crew released the tandem andperformed a fly-around survey of the hardware.and Progress space vehicles. Just a few days later, onDecember 4, 1998, the U.S.-built Unity node launched Against Earth’s horizon, the ISS is seen following its undocking with the Space Shuttle Atlantis in September 2000. Afteraboard Space Shuttle Endeavor. During three spacewalks, accomplishing all mission objectives in outfitting the station for the first resident crew, the seven astronauts and cosmonautsthe crew connected power and data transmission cables undocked and snapped this picture.between Unity and Zarya. The Unity node had two pres-surized adapters, one of which was permanently affixed carried an Italian-built component, the Leonardo structure for enabling spacewalks, stowage racks and lifeto the Russian unit, the other was designed for space Multi-Purpose Logistics Module, the first of three large support systems, racks for experiments, and Canadarm2,station docking. Inside Unity were a series of additional modules designed to serve as moving vans for the station. a robotic arm that would prove useful for future stationports and passageways, each with a sign designating where Approximately 21 feet in length and 15 feet in diameter, assembly. The next handful of missions involved deliveryadditional modules would be attached. these canisters can be carted back and forth between Earth and assembly of the truss systems and solar arrays and the In October 2000, approximately 2 years after assembly and the station in the cargo bay of the space shuttles, or rotation of more crews.began, the first crew to live on the station launched aboard can serve as workable living space aboard the station. Delivery of large structural components to the stationa Soyuz spacecraft. With the Soyuz capsule docked, the With delivery of the first module came the second crew to was interrupted for a 3-year period following the losscrew, referred to as Expedition 1, had a way to return live aboard the station, Expedition 2. This was followed of Space Shuttle Columbia and her crew after the craftback home. In March 2001, Space Shuttle Discovery by a series of additional shuttle deliveries, including infra- disintegrated during atmospheric reentry in early 2003.14 International Space Station Spinoffs Spinoff 2010

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Backdropped by Earth dotted with clouds, this close-up viewof the ISS was taken by one of the crewmembers on the SpaceShuttle Discovery after undocking in August 2001 after morethan a week of joint operations. With Earth’s horizon and the blackness of space in the background, the ISS is seen in September 2009 from Space Shuttle DiscoveryDuring this time, the Russian Soyuz crafts continued to as the two spacecraft begin their separation after the STS-128 and Expedition 20 crew concluded 9 days of cooperative workferry expedition crews back and forth between Earth and onboard the shuttle and station.the orbiting laboratory. It was not until the space shuttles were again flying in In 2008, Space Shuttle Endeavour delivered supplies Section, providing a “front porch” for the facility where2005 that construction of the orbiting laboratory truly and equipment, including additional crew quarters, astronauts could conduct experiments outside of theresumed. With the return to flight came designation of exercise equipment, equipment for the regenerative life spacecraft.the U.S. portion of the ISS as a national laboratory by support system, and spare hardware, inside the Leonardo NASA then delivered life support and science racks. InCongress as part of the 2005 NASA Authorization Act, November 2009, the space shuttle made its last delivery Multi-Purpose Logistics Module. The 2008 mission also of crewmembers to the ISS.signaling a renewed dedication to full utilization of this saw delivery of parts for Kibo. In 2009, the ISS Program received the Collier Trophy,structure for science projects. Additional truss segments In May 2009, the STS-119 crew of Space Shuttle considered by many to be the top award in aviation. Infollowed, as did several large solar arrays. These were fol- Discovery delivered and installed the ISS’s final, major 2010 it also received the Aviation Week “Space Laureatelowed by installation of the Harmony Node 2, which in U.S. truss segment, Starboard 6, and its final pair of Award.” Perhaps more significant, though, is that 10 yearsaddition to creating extra work space provided couplings power-generating solar arrays. Later that year, astronauts of assembly is coming to an end, Congress has extendedfor connecting the European Columbus Laboratory and attached the Kibo Japanese Experiment Module Exposed the life of the station, and full-time scientific experimen-the Japanese Kibo Laboratory. Facility and Experiment Logistics Module Exposed tation will now begin in earnest.Spinoff 2010 International Space Station Spinoffs 15

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Current research aboard the ISS is steadily progress- in space that show promise for producing biofuels that international space station spinoffsing, such as experiments to understand the muscular can be used as energy sources for future space missionsdeterioration of astronauts’ hearts in the reduced gravity or here on Earth. More on these projects in progress, and High above Earth, the ISS provides a research plat-environment, which will add to the understanding of heart additional information about recent missions, expedi- form where nearly 150 experiments are underway. Overfunction here on Earth, particularly among patients who tions, and assembly can be found in the Space Operations the years, more than 400 experiments have been con-are confined to beds for long periods of time or wheelchair Mission Directorate portion of the Aeronautics and Space ducted. Taking advantage of the unique environmentbound; and experiments to grow and harvest new crops Activities chapter, starting on page 172. of microgravity, these experiments cover a wide variety of disciplines, including human life sciences, biological science, human physiology, physical and material sci- ence, and Earth and space science. These experiments are developing new ways to fight disease, advances in understanding food-borne illnesses, growing crops for alternative energy usage, and the development of superior materials for use in both space and on Earth. Many of the technologies developed for the ISS have resulted in practical, tangible benefits that we find here on Earth. Bioreactors Advance Disease Treatments A NASA device used to cultivate healthy cell tissues for space station and Earth experiments is now enhancing medical research. Treatments developed using bioreactor- grown cells may be used to counter conditions like heart disease, diabetes, and sickle cell anemia (Spinoff 2009). image-Capture Devices Extend Medicine’s Reach An ISS experiment led to the development of medi- cal ultrasound diagnostic techniques for long-distance use. Technology created to capture and transmit these ultrasound results over the Internet allows patients from professional athletes to mountain climbers to receive medical attention as soon as needed (Spinoff 2009). Resistance systems provide Healthy Workouts Developed to help astronauts perform vital exerciseRemote ultrasound procedures provide for medical diagnoses to areas as far-flung as Mount Everest and the ISS—miles from during long stays on the ISS, stretching elastomer tech-professional medical personnel. nology now serves as an effective source of resistance16 International Space Station Spinoffs Spinoff 2010

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for workout machines on Earth, replicating the feel and system. The sterile environment allows plants to grow results—but not the unwieldy bulk—of free weights disease-free, with 98-percent less water, and no pesticides (Spinoff 2001). (Spinoff 2006). programmable ovens Let You start Dinner systems Make Automobile Testing More from the Web Accurate Engineers who designed the ISS Electric Power System Automobile safety testing improved when a NASA created “embedded Web technology” which allows users charge coupled device camera—originally designed to to control devices remotely, including a commercial oven. track bar codes on parts for the robotic assembly of the With both heating and cooling capabilities, this oven can ISS—was combined with a newly developed synthetic refrigerate a prepared dish until the programmable cook- mask skin covering for crash test dummies. As a combined ing cycle begins, allowing dinner to be perfectly cooked system, the technologies provide more precise, repeatable when the user arrives home (Spinoff 2005). predictions of laceration injuries sustained in automobile accidents (Spinoff 2002). Aeroponic Gardens Help plants Grow faster and HealthierStudies into ways to keep astronaut’s muscles toned while living A soil-less plant-growth experiment that provedin microgravity conditions led to improved resistance trainingdevices (above) here on Earth. An oven (below) that allows users healthy plant growth without the use of pesticides hasto remotely control cooking times owes its brains to software enabled the development of a commercial aeroponicdesigned to allow astronauts to operate experiments fromanywhere on the ISS. Experiments into growing plants as food sources for long- duration space flight have resulted in new methods for Components of a camera designed to aid robotic assembly gardening here on Earth, techniques that enable plants to of the ISS have been used to analyze injuries on crash test develop strong, healthy roots, with a minimal amount of soil. dummies, enabling engineers to design safer automobiles.Spinoff 2010 International Space Station Spinoffs 17

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Air purifiers Eliminate pathogens, preserve portable system Warns of Dangerousfood pressure Changes NASA research into sustaining perishable foods for The Personal Cabin Pressure Altitude Monitorlong-duration space missions resulted in the development and Warning System is a hand-held, personal safetyof an air-cleaning device that eliminates airborne bacteria, device to warn pilots of potentially dangerous ormold, fungi, mycotoxins, viruses, volatile organic com- deteriorating cabin pressure altitude conditions beforepounds, and odors (Spinoff 2009). hypoxia becomes a threat. It was designed as a backup device for ISS crewmembers. Applications beyond aviation and aerospace include scuba diving, skydiving, mountain climbing, meteorology, altitude chambers, and underwater habitats (Spinoff 2003). iss Materials Research Leads to improved Golf Clubs A material designed for the space station aided in the development of Zeemet, a proprietary shape memory alloy for the golf industry. The Nicklaus Golf Company created a line of golf clubs using Zeemet inserts. Its super-elastic and high-damping attributes translate into more spin on the ball, greater control, and a solid feel (Spinoff 1997). Robotics offer newfound surgical Capabilities Robotics designed for intricate repairs on the ISS find many industry uses, including a minimally invasive knee The water recycling system designed for the ISS led to the surgery procedure, where its precision control makes it development of a rugged, portable device that can bring clean ideal for inserting a very small implant (Spinoff 2008). water to remote areas of the planet. Life support system Recycles Water LEDs Alleviate pain, speed Rehabilitation A water filtration system providing safe, affordable Tiny light-emitting diode (LED) chips used to grow drinking water throughout the world is the result of plants on the ISS are used for wound healing and chronic work by NASA engineers who created the Regenerative pain alleviation on Earth and have been successfully Environmental Control and Life Support System, a com- applied in cases of pediatric brain tumors and the preven-A robotic hand designed for conducting precision repairs on the plex system of devices intended to sustain the astronauts tion of oral mucositis in bone marrow transplant patientsISS has found applications in surgical settings here on Earth. living on the ISS (Spinoff 2006). (Spinoff 2008).18 International Space Station Spinoffs Spinoff 2010

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Studies into astronaut exercise in space led to the development of a rehabilitation device that applies air pressure to a patient’s lower body in order to unload weight, which reduces the stress placed on the lower body during rehabilitation. food supplement Reduces fat, improves surroundings equivalent to the image on a 5-foot televi- flavor sion screen 4 feet from the viewer. For many people withUsing LED lights for plant growth experiments led to the low vision, it eases everyday activities such as reading, Extending the shelf life of food while still preserving watching TV, and shopping. Researchers used NASAdevelopment of a device proven to aid in the treatment of injuries. flavor—key factors for long-duration space flight—led to technology for computer processing of satellite images‘Anti-Gravity’ Treadmills speed the development of a fat substitute intended for use as and head-mounted vision enhancement systems originally a partial replacement for animal fat in beef patties and intended for the space station (Spinoff 1995). ❖Rehabilitation other normally high-fat meat products. The substitute Research into the biomechanics of exercise, using dif- can also be used in soups, sauces, bakery items, and des-ferential air pressure in space to mimic the Earth’s gravity serts (Spinoff 2007).to prevent bone loss and muscle deterioration, led to the Head-Mounted system Aids Visiondevelopment of a treadmill that is now aiding patientswith various neurological or musculoskeletal conditions The Low Vision Enhancement System is a video(Spinoff 2009). headset that offers people with low vision a view of theirSpinoff 2010 International Space Station Spinoffs 19

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Executive Summary

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in accordance with congressional mandates cited in the national Aeronautics and space Act of 1958 and the Technology Utilization Act of 1962, nAsA has nurtured partnerships with the private sector to facilitate the transfer of Agency-developed technologies for the greater good of the public. These partnerships fuel economic and technological development nationally and globally, resulting in commercial products and servicesenabled on Earth by nAsA’s missions to the stars. since 1976, nAsA Spinoffhas profiled the most compelling of these technologies, annually highlighting the best and brightest of partnerships and innovations in the fields of healthand medicine, transportation, public safety, consumer goods, environmental resources, computer technology, and industrial productivity.

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Executive Summary N ASA Spinoff highlights the Agency’s Tomo Federal Services LLC, licenses of 10 U.S. and is widely used in medical and life sciences, most significant research and devel- patents and 1 domestic patent application related defense and security, forensics, and microscopy. opment activities and the successful to HHT were sold to DynaDx Corporation, of page 44 transfer of NASA technology, showcasing the Mountain View, California. DynaDx is now cutting-edge research being done by the Nation’s using the licensed NASA technology for medical top technologists and the practical benefits that diagnosis and prediction of brain blood flow- Transportation come back down to Earth in the form of tangible related problems, such as stroke, dementia, and products that make our lives better. The benefits traumatic brain injury. programs Model the future of Air featured in this year’s issue include: page 40 Traffic Management Through Small Business Innovation Research Health and Medicine Ultraviolet-Blocking Lenses (SBIR) contracts with Ames Research Center, protect, Enhance Vision Intelligent Automation Inc., based in Rockville, Burnishing Techniques strengthen To combat the harmful properties of light Maryland, advanced specialized software the in space, as well as that of artificial radiation company had begun developing with U.S. Hip implants produced during laser and welding work, Department of Defense funding. The agent- In the late 1990s, Lambda Research Inc., of Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) scientists based infrastructure now allows NASA’s Airspace Cincinnati, Ohio, received Small Business developed a lens capable of absorbing, filtering, Concept Evaluation System to explore ways Innovation Research (SBIR) awards from Glenn and scattering the dangerous light while not of improving the utilization of the National Research Center to demonstrate low plasticity obstructing vision. SunTiger Inc.—now Eagle Airspace System (NAS), providing flexible burnishing (LPB) on metal engine components. Eyes Optics, of Calabasas, California—was modeling of every part of the NAS down to By producing a thermally stable deep layer of formed to market a full line of sunglasses based individual planes, airports, control centers, and compressive residual stress, LPB significantly on the JPL discovery that promised 100-percent even weather. The software has been licensed to strengthened turbine alloys. After Lambda elimination of harmful wavelengths and a number of aerospace and robotics customers, patented the process, the Federal Aviation enhanced visual clarity. The technology was and has even been used to model the behavior Administration accepted LPB for repair and recently inducted into the Space Technology of crowds. alteration of commercial aircraft components, Hall of Fame. page 48 the U.S. Department of Energy found LPB page 42 suitable for treating nuclear waste containers Tail Rotor Airfoils stabilize at Yucca Mountain. Data from the U.S. Food Hyperspectral systems increase Helicopters, Reduce noise and Drug Administration confirmed LPB to imaging Capabilities Founded by former Ames Research Center completely eliminate the occurrence of fretting In 1983, NASA started developing hyperspectral engineer Jim Van Horn, Van Horn Aviation fatigue failures in modular hip implants. systems to image in the ultraviolet and infrared of Tempe, Arizona, built upon a Langley page 38 wavelengths. In 2001, the first on-orbit Research Center airfoil design to create a high signal processing Methods Monitor hyperspectral imager, Hyperion, was launched performance aftermarket tail rotor for the aboard the Earth Observing-1 spacecraft. Based popular Bell 206 helicopter. The highly durable Cranial pressure on the hyperspectral imaging sensors used rotor has a lifetime twice that of the original Dr. Norden Huang, of Goddard Space Flight in Earth observation satellites, Stennis Space equipment manufacturer blade, reduces noise by Center, invented a set of algorithms (called Center engineers and Institute for Technology 40 percent, and displays enhanced performance the Hilbert-Huang Transform, or HHT) for Development researchers collaborated on at high altitudes. These improvements benefit analyzing nonlinear and nonstationary signals a new design that was smaller and used an helicopter performance for law enforcement, that developed into a user-friendly signal improved scanner. Featured in Spinoff 2007, the military training, wildfire and pipeline patrols, processing technology for analyzing time-varying technology is now exclusively licensed by Themis and emergency medical services. processes. At an auction managed by Ocean Vision Systems LLC, of Richmond, Virginia, page 5022 Executive Summary Spinoff 2010

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personal Aircraft point to the Winglets save Billions of Dollars in Coatings Extend Life of Engines future of Transportation fuel Costs and infrastructure NASA’s Small Business Innovation Research The upturned ends now featured on many MesoCoat Inc., of Euclid, Ohio, collaborated (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer airplane wings are saving airlines billions of with Glenn Research Center to provide thermal (STTR) programs, as well as a number of Agency dollars in fuel costs. Called winglets, the drag- barrier coating (TBC) technology, developed by innovations, have helped Duluth, Minnesota- reducing technology was advanced through the Glenn researcher Dongming Zhu, to enhance the based Cirrus Design Corporation become one research of Langley Research Center engineer lifespan and performance of engines in U.S. Air Richard Whitcomb and through flight tests Force legacy aircraft. The TBC reduces thermal of the world’s leading manufacturers of general conducted at Dryden Flight Research Center. stresses on engine parts, increasing component aviation aircraft. SBIRs with Langley Research life by 50 percent. MesoCoat is also producing Center provided the company with cost-effective Seattle-based Aviation Partners Boeing—a metal cladding technology that may soon provide composite airframe manufacturing methods, partnership between Aviation Partners Inc., of similar life-lengthening benefits for the Nation’s while crashworthiness testing at the Center Seattle, and The Boeing Company, of Chicago— infrastructure. Through a Space Act Agreement increased the safety of its airplanes. Other NASA- manufactures Blended Winglets, a unique design with Glenn, the company employs the Center’s derived technologies on Cirrus SR20 and SR22 featured on Boeing aircraft around the world. high-density infrared arc lamp system to bond aircraft include synthetic vision systems that These winglets have saved more than 2 billion its cladding materials for demonstration help pilots navigate and full-plane parachutes gallons of jet fuel to date, representing a cost- prototypes; the coating technology can prevent that have saved the lives of more than 30 Cirrus savings of more than $4 billion and a reduction corrosion on metal beams, pipes, and rebar for pilots and passengers to date. Today, the SR22 of almost 21.5 million tons in carbon dioxide up to 100 years. is the world’s top-selling Federal Aviation emissions. page 62 Administration (FAA)-certified single-engine page 58 airplane. Public Safety page 52 sensor systems Collect Critical Aerodynamics Data Radiometers optimize Local Ducted fan Designs Lead to With the support of Small Business Innovation Weather prediction potential new Vehicles Research (SBIR) contracts with Dryden Flight Radiometrics Corporation, headquartered in In 1994, aerospace engineers Rob Bulaga and Research Center, Tao of Systems Integration Boulder, Colorado, engaged in Small Business Mike Moshier formed Trek Aerospace Inc., Inc. developed sensors and other components Innovation Research (SBIR) agreements with based in Folsom, California, to develop personal that will ultimately form a first-of-its-kind, Glenn Research Center that resulted in a air vehicles using a novel ducted fan design. closed-loop system for detecting, measuring, and pencil-beam radiometer designed to detect The company relied on Ames Research Center supercooled liquid along flight paths—a prime controlling aerodynamic forces and moments in for a great deal of testing, the results of which indicator of dangerous icing conditions. The flight. The Hampton, Virginia-based company company has brought to market a modular have provided greater lift, lowered weight, more commercialized three of the four planned radiometer that resulted from the SBIR work. power, and improved maneuverability. The components, which provide sensing solutions Radiometrics’ radiometers are used around the technology has been applied to three models: the for customers such as Boeing, General Electric, world as key tools for detecting icing conditions Dragonfly UMR-1, the Springtail EFV, and the and BMW and are used for applications such near airports and for the prediction of weather OVIWUN, a small-scale version that is for sale as improving wind turbine operation and conditions like fog and convective storms, which through the company’s Web site. It is safer than optimizing air flow from air conditioning are known to produce hail, strong winds, flash a manned vehicle, and its size makes it relatively systems. The completed system may one floods, and tornadoes. They are also employed difficult for it to damage itself during test flights day enable flexible-wing aircraft with flight for oceanographic research and soil moisture the way a larger mass, faster craft could. capabilities like those of birds. studies. page 56 page 60 page 66Spinoff 2010 Executive Summary 23

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Energy-Efficient systems Eliminate crafting airframe components for the Global development of structural health monitoring icing Danger for UAVs Hawk unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) program. systems. In 2001, Acellent Technologies Ames Research Center engineer Leonard Haslim While one third of the company’s workforce Inc., of Sunnyvale, California, received Small invented an anti-icing technology called an focuses on Global Hawk production, the Business Innovation Research (SBIR) funding electroexpulsive separation system, which uses rest of the company develops advanced UAV from Marshall Space Flight Center to develop mechanical force to shatter potentially dangerous technologies that are redefining traditional a hybrid Stanford Multi-Actuator Receiver ice buildup on an aircraft surface. Temecula, approaches to unmanned aviation. Since the Transduction (SMART) Layer for aerospace California-based Ice Management Systems (now company’s founding, Aurora’s cutting-edge vehicles and structures. As a result, Acellent known as IMS-ESS) licensed the technology work has been supported with funding from expanded the technology’s capability and now from Ames and has discovered a niche market NASA’s Small Business Innovation Research sells it to aerospace and automotive companies; for the lightweight, energy-efficient technology: (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer construction, energy, and utility companies; and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). IMS-ESS (STTR) programs. the defense, space, transportation, and energy systems now prevent damaging ice accumulation page 72 industries for structural condition monitoring, on military UAVs, allowing the vehicles to carry damage detection, crack growth monitoring, and out crucial missions year round. inflatable Antennas support Emergency Communication other applications. page 68 Glenn Research Center awarded Small Business page 76 Rocket-powered parachutes Innovation Research (SBIR) contracts to Rescue Entire planes ManTech SRS Technologies, of Newport Hand-Held Devices Detect Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Beach, California, to develop thin film inflatable Explosives and Chemical Agents contracts with Langley Research Center helped antennas for space communication. With Ion Applications Inc., of West Palm Beach, BRS Aerospace, of Saint Paul, Minnesota, to additional funding, SRS modified the concepts Florida, partnered with Ames Research Center develop technology that has saved 246 lives to for ground-based inflatable antennas. GATR through Small Business Innovation Research date. The company’s whole aircraft parachute (Ground Antenna Transmit and Receive) (SBIR) agreements to develop a miniature systems deploy in less than 1 second thanks to Technologies, of Huntsville, Alabama, licensed version ion mobility spectrometer (IMS). While solid rocket motors and are capable of arresting the technology and refined it to become the NASA was interested in the instrument for the descent of a small aircraft, lowering it safely world’s first inflatable antenna certified by detecting chemicals during exploration of distant to the ground. BRS has sold more than 30,000 the Federal Communications Commission. planets, moons, and comets, the company has systems worldwide, and the technology is now Capable of providing Internet access, voice over incorporated the technology into a commercial standard equipment on many of the world’s top- Internet protocol, e-mail, video teleconferencing, broadcast television, and other high-bandwidth hand-held IMS device for use by the military selling aircraft. Parachutes for larger airplanes are communications, the systems have provided and other public safety organizations. Capable in the works. communication during the wildfires in of detecting and identifying molecules with page 70 California, after Hurricane Katrina in Mississippi, part-per-billion sensitivity, the technology now Technologies Advance UAVs for and following the 2010 Haiti earthquake. provides soldiers with portable explosives and science, Military page 74 chemical warfare agent detection. The device A Space Act Agreement with Goddard Space is also being adapted for detecting drugs and Flight Center and West Virginia University smart sensors Assess structural is employed in industrial processes such as enabled Aurora Flight Sciences Corporation, Health semiconductor manufacturing. of Manassas, Virginia, to develop cost-effective NASA frequently inspects launch vehicles, page 78 composite manufacturing capabilities and open fuel tanks, and other components for structural a facility in West Virginia. The company now damage. To perform quick evaluation employs 160 workers at the plant, tasked with and monitoring, the Agency pursues the24 Executive Summary Spinoff 2010

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Terahertz Tools Advance imaging Kennedy Space Center awarded Small Business recently, healable polymer matrix composites for for security, industry Innovation Research (SBIR) contracts to Aspen future space vehicles. One of its earlier SBIR Picometrix, a wholly owned subsidiary of Systems Inc., of Marlborough, Massachusetts, contracts, with Kennedy Space Center, led to the Advanced Photonix Inc. (API), of Ann Arbor, that resulted in a new manufacturing process development of a new type of structural patch Michigan, invented the world’s first commercial and a new flexible, durable, easy-to-use form of for a variety of consumer uses: Rubbn’Repair, for terahertz system. The company improved the aerogel. Aspen Systems formed Aspen Aerogels automotive uses; and Rec’Repair for the outdoors portability and capabilities of their systems Inc., in Northborough, Massachusetts, to and adventure market. Both are flexible, heat- through Small Business Innovation Research market the product, and by 2009, the company activated structural patches. (SBIR) agreements with Langley Research had become the leading provider of aerogel in page 92 Center to provide terahertz imaging capabilities the United States, producing nearly 20 million for inspecting the space shuttle external tanks square feet per year. With an array of commercial nanomaterials Transform and orbiters. Now API’s systems make use applications, the NASA-derived aerogel has most Hairstyling Tools of the unique imaging capacity of terahertz recently been applied to protect and insulate Dr. Dennis Morrison, a former scientist at radiation on manufacturing floors, for thickness people’s hands and feet. Johnson Space Center, conducted research on measurements of coatings, pharmaceutical tablet page 86 microcapsules that were developed in space and production, and even art conservation. designed to deliver drugs to cancerous tumors. page 80 image sensors Enhance Camera This work led to research on nanoceramic Technologies materials, and in 2001, Morrison shared his In the 1990s, a Jet Propulsion Laboratory Consumer Goods expertise with Farouk Shami, the owner of team led by Eric Fossum researched ways Farouk Systems Inc., of Houston, Texas. After LED systems Target plant Growth of improving complementary metal-oxide learning more, Shami developed a ceramic To help develop technologies for growing edible semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors in order composite for his CHI (Cationic Hydration biomass (food crops) in space, Kennedy Space to miniaturize cameras on spacecraft while Interlink) hairstyling irons, brushes, nail Center partnered with Orbital Technologies maintaining scientific image quality. Fossum’s lacquers, and hair dryers. Morrison also used Corporation (ORBITEC), of Madison, team founded a company to commercialize the his NASA research expertise as a platform to Wisconsin, through the Small Business resulting CMOS active pixel sensor. Now called incorporate nanosilver and near-infrared light Innovation Research (SBIR) program. One the Aptina Imaging Corporation, based in San into the products. result of this research was the High Efficiency Jose, California, the company has shipped over page 94 Lighting with Integrated Adaptive Control 1 billion sensors for use in applications such as (HELIAC) system, components of which have digital cameras, camera phones, Web cameras, Do-it-Yourself Additives Recharge been incorporated into a variety of agricultural and automotive cameras. Today, one of every Auto Air Conditioning greenhouse and consumer aquarium lighting three cell phone cameras on the planet feature In planning for a return mission to the Moon, features. The new lighting systems can be adapted Aptina’s sensor technology. NASA aimed to improve the thermal control to a specific plant species during a specific page 90 systems that keep astronauts comfortable and cool growth stage, allowing maximum efficiency in while inside a spacecraft. Goddard Space Flight light absorption by all available photosynthetic Lightweight Material patches Allow Center awarded a Small Business Innovation tissues. for Quick Repairs Research (SBIR) contract to Mainstream page 84 Cornerstone Research Group Inc., of Dayton, Engineering Corporation, of Rockledge, Florida, Ohio, has been the recipient of 16 Small to develop a chemical/mechanical heat pump. Aerogels insulate Against Extreme Business Innovation Research (SBIR) contracts While working on the design, Mainstream Temperatures with NASA with a variety of different focuses, Engineering came up with a unique liquid In 1992, NASA started to pursue the including projects like creating inflatable additive called QwikBoost to enhance the development of aerogel for cryogenic insulation. structures for radio frequency antennas and, most performance of the advanced heat pump design.Spinoff 2010 Executive Summary 25

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IDQ Inc., of Garland, Texas, exclusively licensed two lightweight radiometers commercially. around the world and is, to date, NASA’s most- the technology and incorporates it into its line Government research agencies, university licensed technology. of Arctic Freeze products for automotive air research groups, and large corporations around page 106 conditioning applications. the world are using the devices for mapping soil page 96 moisture, ocean salinity, and wind speed. Bacteria provide Cleanup of oil page 102 spills, Wastewater Through Small Business Innovation Research Environmental Resources Energy servers Deliver Clean, (SBIR) contracts with Marshall Space Flight Affordable power Center, Micro-Bac International Inc., of Round systems Analyze Water Quality in K.R. Sridhar developed a fuel cell device for Rock, Texas, developed a phototrophic cell Real Time Ames Research Center, that could use solar for water purification in space. Inside the cell: A water analyzer developed under Small power to split water into oxygen for breathing millions of photosynthetic bacteria. Micro- Business Innovation Research (SBIR) contracts and hydrogen for fuel on Mars. Sridhar saw the Bac proceeded to commercialize the bacterial with Kennedy Space Center now monitors potential of the technology, when reversed, to formulation it developed for the SBIR project. treatment processes at water and wastewater create clean energy on Earth. He founded Bloom The formulation is now used for the remediation facilities around the world. Originally designed Energy, of Sunnyvale, California, to advance the of wastewater systems and waste from livestock to provide real-time detection of nutrient levels technology. Today, the Bloom Energy Server is farms and food manufacturers. Strains of the in hydroponic solutions for growing plants in providing cost-effective, environmentally friendly SBIR-derived bacteria also feature in microbial space, the ChemScan analyzer, produced by ASA energy to a host of companies such as eBay, solutions that treat environmentally damaging oil Analytics Inc., of Waukesha, Wisconsin, utilizes Google, and The Coca-Cola Company. Bloom’s spills, such as that resulting from the catastrophic spectrometry and chemometric algorithms to NASA-derived Energy Servers generate energy 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil rig explosion in the automatically analyze multiple parameters in that is about 67-percent cleaner than a typical Gulf of Mexico. the water treatment process with little need coal-fired power plant when using fossil fuels and page 108 for maintenance, calibration, or operator 100-percent cleaner with renewable fuels. intervention. The company has experienced page 104 Reflective Coatings protect people a compound annual growth rate of 40 percent solutions Remediate Contaminated and Animals over its 15-year history as a direct result of the Groundwater Led by Marshall Space Flight Center, NASA technology’s success. During the Apollo Program, NASA workers engineers called upon National Metalizing of page 100 used chlorinated solvents to clean rocket engine Cranbury, New Jersey, to help create a reflective Compact Radiometers Expand components at launch sites. These solvents, sunshield to deploy on Skylab in place of a shield Climate Knowledge known as dense non-aqueous phase liquids, had that was lost during launch in 1973. Years later, To gain a better understanding of Earth’s water, contaminated launch facilities to the point of a former employee for National Metalizing energy, and carbon cycles, NASA plans to embark near-irreparability. Dr. Jacqueline Quinn and founded Advanced Flexible Materials (AFM) on the Soil Moisture Active and Passive mission Dr. Kathleen Brooks Loftin of Kennedy Space Inc., of Petaluma, California, and utilized the in 2015. To prepare, Goddard Space Flight Center partnered with researchers from the radiant barrier technology in the public domain Center provided Small Business Innovation University of Central Florida’s chemistry and to produce a variety of products such as wraps to Research (SBIR) funding to ProSensing Inc., of engineering programs to develop technology keep marathon finishers safe from hypothermia Amherst, Massachusetts, to develop a compact capable of remediating the area without great as well as a lining for mittens and vests. Recently, ultrastable radiometer for sea surface salinity and cost or further environmental damage. They the material helped to keep manatees warm as soil moisture mapping. ProSensing incorporated called the new invention Emulsified Zero-Valent they were lifted from the water as part of a tag- small, low-cost, high-performance elements Iron (EZVI). The groundwater remediation and-release program. into just a few circuit boards and now offers compound is cleaning up polluted areas all page 11026 Executive Summary Spinoff 2010

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Computer Technology Verification Tools secure online (now FusionGeo Inc., of The Woodlands, shopping, Banking Texas) to demonstrate a virtual computer Just like rover or rocket technology sent environment that linked geographically dispersed innovative Techniques simplify into space, the software that controls these computer systems over the Internet to help Vibration Analysis solve large computational problems. By adding technologies must be extensively tested to ensure In the early years of development, Marshall Space to an existing product, FusionGeo enabled access reliability and effectiveness. Ames Research Flight Center engineers encountered challenges Center invented the open-source Java Pathfinder to resources for calculation- or data-intensive related to components in the space shuttle main (JPF) toolset for the deep testing of Java-based applications whenever and wherever they were engine. To assess the problems, they evaluated programs. Fujitsu Labs of America Inc., based in needed. Commercially available as Accelerated the effects of vibration and oscillation. To Sunnyvale, California, improved the capabilities Imaging and Modeling, the product is enhance the method of vibration signal analysis, of the JPF Symbolic Pathfinder tool, establishing used by oil companies and seismic service Marshall awarded Small Business Innovation the tool as a means of thoroughly testing the companies, which require large processing and Research (SBIR) contracts to AI Signal Research, functionality and security of Web-based Java data storage capacities. Inc. (ASRI), in Huntsville, Alabama. ASRI applications such as those used for Internet page 122 developed a software package called PC-SIGNAL shopping and banking. that NASA now employs on a daily basis, and in page 118 Tools Automate spacecraft Testing, 2009, the PKP-Module won Marshall’s “Software operation Toolsets Maintain Health of NASA began the Small Explorer (SMEX) of the Year” award. The technology is also used in many industries: aircraft and helicopter, Complex systems program to develop spacecraft to advance First featured in Spinoff 2001, Qualtech Systems astrophysics and space physics. As one of the rocket engine manufacturing, transportation, Inc. (QSI), of Wethersfield, Connecticut, adapted entities supporting software development at and nuclear power. its Testability, Engineering, and Maintenance page 114 Goddard Space Flight Center, the Hammers System (TEAMS) toolset under Small Business Company Inc. (tHC Inc.), of Greenbelt, Innovation Research (SBIR) contracts from Ames Modeling Tools predict flow in Research Center to strengthen NASA’s systems Maryland, developed the Integrated Test and fluid Dynamics Operations System to support SMEX. Later, health management approach for its large, Because rocket engines operate under extreme the company received additional Small Business complex, and interconnected systems. Today, six temperature and pressure, they present a unique NASA field centers utilize the TEAMS toolset, Innovation Research (SBIR) funding from including TEAMS-Designer, TEAMS-RT, Goddard for a tool to facilitate the development challenge to designers who must test and simulate TEAMATE, and TEAMS-RDS. TEAMS is also of flight software called VirtualSat. NASA the technology. To this end, CRAFT Tech being used on industrial systems that generate uses the tools to support 15 satellites, and the Inc., of Pipersville, Pennsylvania, won Small power, carry data, refine chemicals, perform aerospace industry is using them to develop Business Innovation Research (SBIR) contracts medical functions, and produce semiconductor science instruments, spacecraft computer from Marshall Space Flight Center to develop wafers. QSI finds TEAMS can lower costs by systems, and navigation and control software. software to simulate cryogenic fluid flows and page 124 decreasing problems requiring service by 30 to related phenomena. CRAFT Tech enhanced its 50 percent. CRUNCH CFD (computational fluid dynamics) page 120 Gps software packages Deliver software to simulate phenomena in various liquid positioning solutions propulsion components and systems. Today, framework Resources Multiply To determine a spacecraft’s position, the Jet both government and industry clients in the Computing power Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) developed an aerospace, utilities, and petrochemical industries As an early proponent of grid computing, innovative software program called the GPS use the software for analyzing existing systems as Ames Research Center awarded Small Business (global positioning system)-Inferred Positioning well as designing new ones. Innovation Research (SBIR) funding to 3DGeo System and Orbit Analysis Simulation Software, page 116 Development Inc., of Santa Clara, California, abbreviated as GIPSY-OASIS, and also developedSpinoff 2010 Executive Summary 27