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170724 JP/UK Open Banking Summit English Translation
1.
Copyright© Nomura Research
Institute, Ltd. All rights reserved. FAPI and beyond 仕様策定者の立場から Nat Sakimura, Research Fellow, NRI Chairman, OpenID Foundation @_nat_en 🌏 https://nat.sakimura.org/ linkedin.com/in/natsakimura
2.
Copyright© Nomura Research
Institute, Ltd. All rights reserved. JWT JWS OAuth PKCE OpenID Connect
3.
Copyright© Nomura Research
Institute, Ltd. All rights reserved. 崎村夏彦(Nat Sakimura) • 著作: – OpenID Connect Core 1.0 – JSON Web Token [RFC7519] – JSON Web Signature [7515] – OAuth PKCE [RFC7636] – OAuth JAR [IETF Last Call] – Etc. • Editor of: – ISO/IEC 29184 Guidelines for online notice and consent – ISO/IEC 29100 AMD: Privacy Framework – Amendment 1 – ISO/IEC 27551 Requirements for attribute based unlinkable entity authentication – Etc. • OpenID Foundation 理事長 • Financial API WG議長 • ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 27/WG5国 内小委員会主査 • WG5〜OECD/SPDEリエゾン • 野村総合研究所上席研究員 3 • https://www.sakimura.org • https://nat.sakimura.org • @_nat_en (English) • @_nat (日本語) • https://www.linkedin.com/ in/natsakimura • https://ja.wikipedia.org/wi ki/崎村夏彦
4.
Copyright© Nomura Research
Institute, Ltd. All rights reserved. API Security 4
5.
Copyright© Nomura Research
Institute, Ltd. All rights reserved. OAuth Solves everything?
6.
Copyright© Nomura Research
Institute, Ltd. All rights reserved. “combining the correct component is the important thing. Just saying use OAuth is not a solution” 6 -- Mark O’Neill, Gartner (SOURCE) Photo taken by Nat Sakimura @APIDays on 13th Dec. 2016 @APIDays Paris 2016 In the mobile first era, using Oauth 2.0 is the way to go but Because…
7.
Copyright© Nomura Research
Institute, Ltd. All rights reserved. OAuth is a Framework This framework was designed with the clear expectation that future work will define prescriptive profiles and extensions necessary to achieve full web-scale interoperability. “
8.
Copyright© Nomura Research
Institute, Ltd. All rights reserved. There are many options to chose from.
9.
Copyright© Nomura Research
Institute, Ltd. All rights reserved. Which options should we choose to achieve high enough security for financial usage? 9 資源の価値 環境制御レベルHigh Low High Low ソーシャル共有 閉域網アプリ ケーション 金融 API – Read & Write e.g., Basic choices ok. Bearer token Not OK Basic choices NOT OK 金融 API – Read only
10.
Copyright© Nomura Research
Institute, Ltd. All rights reserved. Solution time!
11.
Copyright© Nomura Research
Institute, Ltd. All rights reserved. Financial- Grade Financial-Grade API (FAPI) Security Profile 11 Valueoftheresource Environment control levelHigh Low High Low Social sharing Closed circuit Factory application e.g., Basic choices ok. No need to satisfy all the security requirments by OAuth
12.
Copyright© Nomura Research
Institute, Ltd. All rights reserved. There are multiple consideration points when we think about it. 12 These are often not observed in implementations. Financial profile needs to address all of them. • Assumption of One Client One Server • Message Authentication • Sender Authentication • Receiver Authentication • User Authentication • Message Confidentiality • Token Phishing / Replay
13.
Copyright© Nomura Research
Institute, Ltd. All rights reserved. Paraphrased BCM*1 Principles 13 4 Criteria (a) Unique Source Identifier (b)Protocol + Version + Message Identifier (c) List of all actors/roles (d)Detection fo the message integrity loss Basin, D., Cremers, C., Meier, S.: Provably Repairing the ISO/IEC 9798 Standard for Entity Authentication. Journal of Computer Security - Security and Trust Principles archive Volume 21 Issue 6, 817-846 (2013) *1
14.
Copyright© Nomura Research
Institute, Ltd. All rights reserved. RFC6749 OAuth – code grant protocol messages • Authorization Request • Authorization Response • Token Request • Token Response • Assume: – a network attacker (e.g. Browser malware) – the crypto & TLS are not broken – pure RFC6749 – Three parties static OAuth 2.0 14 UA Client AS
15.
Copyright© Nomura Research
Institute, Ltd. All rights reserved. RFC 6749 Situation Message Parameters (a) Unique Source Identifier (b) Protocol + version identifier (c) Full list of actor/roles (d) Message Authentication Authorization Request response type client id redirect uri scope state Authorization Response code state other extension parameters Token Request grant type code redirect uri client credential/client id . Token Response access token token_type expires_in refresh_token others 15 Parameters combination in each messages are different so (b)= Good! Legend Required Parameter Optional Parameter Recommended Parameter But that’s the end of the happy land.
16.
Copyright© Nomura Research
Institute, Ltd. All rights reserved. RFC 6749 – mostly RED Message Parameters (a) Unique Source Identifier (b) Protocol + version identifier (c) Full list of actor/roles (d) Message Authentication Authorization Request response type client id redirect uri scope state Client ID is not globally unique. Tampering possible OK, but it is not integrity protected No. No. Authorization Response code state other extension parameters No source identifier OK, but it is not integrity protected No No Token Request grant type code redirect uri client credential/client id Client ID is not globally unique. OK (as long as there is no OAuth 3.0) No. OK Token Response access token token_type expires_in refresh_token others No source identifier As above No. OK 16
17.
Copyright© Nomura Research
Institute, Ltd. All rights reserved. Sender, Receiver, Message authentication in RFC6749 17 Sender AuthN Receiver AuthN Msg AuthN AuthZ Req Indirect None None AuthZ Res None None None Token Req Weak Good Good Token Res Good Good Good
18.
Copyright© Nomura Research
Institute, Ltd. All rights reserved. 18 whaaa
19.
Copyright© Nomura Research
Institute, Ltd. All rights reserved. OAuth 2.0 options and the security levels Security Level Functionality Note JWS Authz Req w/Hybrid Flow 認可要求の保護 Hybrid Flow*1 (confidential client) 認可応答の保護 Code Flow (confidential client) + PKCE + MTLS code injectionへの対応 長期Bearer Tokenの排除 Code Flow (confidential client) クライアント認証 Implicit Flow クライアント認証無し Plain OAuth Anonymous *1) stateインジェクションの回避のために、‘s_hash’ を含む。 Authorization Req/Res and the security Levels Token Types and Security Level Security Level Functionality Note 記名式トークン (Sender Constrained Token) 発行をうけた者しかトー クン利用不能 持参人トークン (Bearer Token) 盗難されたトークンも 利用可能 19 Part 1 Part 2
20.
Copyright© Nomura Research
Institute, Ltd. All rights reserved. Can be strengthened Message Parameters (a) Unique Source Identifier (b) Protocol + version identifier (c) Full list of actor/roles (d) Message Authentication Authorization Request response type client id redirect uri scope state Unique redirect URI + Client ID OK (Unique Parameter List) (a) + state as the UA identifier / TBID as UA identifier Request signing by JAR Authorization Response code state other extension parameters Unique redirect URI OK (Unique Parameter List) (a) + client_id + state as the UA identifier / TBID as UA identifier Response signing by ID Token + s_hash Token Request grant type code redirect uri client credential/client id Unique redirect URI + Client ID OK (Unique Parameter List) (a) + state as the UA identifier / TBID as UA identifier TLS Protected Token Response access token token_type expires_in refresh_token others Unique redirect URI OK (Unique Parameter List) (a) + client_id + state as the UA identifier / TBID as UA identifier TLS Protected 20
21.
Copyright© Nomura Research
Institute, Ltd. All rights reserved. FAPI RW Security Profile 21 Sender AuthN Receiver AuthN Msg AuthN AuthZ Req Request Object Request Object Request object AuthZ Res Hybrid Flow Hybrid Flow Hybrid Flow Token Req Good Good Good Token Res Good Good Good
22.
Copyright© Nomura Research
Institute, Ltd. All rights reserved. PKCE [RFC7636] + JAR [RFCxxxx] + Hybrid Flow [OIDC] + Sender Constrained Tokens (MTLS / Token Binding) 22 FAPI Security Profile =
23.
Copyright© Nomura Research
Institute, Ltd. All rights reserved. PKCE: RFC7636 • 認可リクエスト、認可レスポンス、トーク ンリクエストを結びつけるための仕組み。 • 1回限りの鍵を認可リクエスト送信時に生 成、そのハッシュを認可リクエストにつけ て送る。 • 認可サーバは、このハッシュとcodeを結び つけておく。 • トークン要求には、生成した鍵をつけて送 ることにより、一連のメッセージフローを 紐付けることができる。
24.
Copyright© Nomura Research
Institute, Ltd. All rights reserved. JAR (JWS Authorization Request) • 認可リクエストに署名をつけることによ り、改ざんを検知。 • 公開鍵署名を使うことによって、証拠性 を向上、否認を難しくしている。
25.
Copyright© Nomura Research
Institute, Ltd. All rights reserved. Hybrid Flow • 認可応答に署名を掛ける方式 (Detatched Signature) • IDトークンを認可応答に含めて返す。 – このIDトークンはDetached Signatureであ り、個人を識別するものではないことに注意
26.
Copyright© Nomura Research
Institute, Ltd. All rights reserved. Sender Constrained Token • Bearer Token がだれでも使えるのに対して、 Sender Constrained Tokenは、対応する鍵 を持っていないと使えないタイプのトーク ン – MTLS https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft- ietf-oauth-mtls/ – Token Binding https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-oauth- token-binding-07
27.
Copyright© Nomura Research
Institute, Ltd. All rights reserved. It has been adopted by Open Banking UK 27
28.
Copyright© Nomura Research
Institute, Ltd. All rights reserved. (Source) Chris Mitchel, “Banking is now more open”, Identify 2017 (出所) @UKOpenBanking https://twitter.com/UKOpenBanking/status/1017675263243702272
29.
Copyright© Nomura Research
Institute, Ltd. All rights reserved. 29 (source) https://www.zenginkyo.or.jp/fileadmin/res/news/news290713_1.pdf
30.
Copyright© Nomura Research
Institute, Ltd. All rights reserved. US FS-ISAC セキュリティ要件を合わせる方向 30
31.
Copyright© Nomura Research
Institute, Ltd. All rights reserved. …そして多くのベンダーもサポート 31
32.
Copyright© Nomura Research
Institute, Ltd. All rights reserved. ISO/TC 68へも提出 32
33.
Copyright© Nomura Research
Institute, Ltd. All rights reserved. • 2つのImplementer’s Draft を策定。(近々Updateの予定) Valueoftheresource Environment control levelHigh Low High Low Social sharing Closed circuit Factory application Financial API – Read & Write e.g., Basic choices ok. Financial API – Read only
34.
Copyright© Nomura Research
Institute, Ltd. All rights reserved. これらはリダイレクト・アプローチを採用 • Part 1: Read Only Security Profile • Part 2: Read and Write Security Profile 34 Redirect Approach Decoupled Approach Embedded Approach
35.
Copyright© Nomura Research
Institute, Ltd. All rights reserved. すべての要件に番号がついたチェックリスト形式なの で、対応のチェックも簡単。 (source) https://bitbucket.org/openid/fapi/src/master/Financial_API_WD_002.md
36.
Copyright© Nomura Research
Institute, Ltd. All rights reserved. 暗号要件も絞り込んであるため、安全か つ相互運用性高く運用可能 (source) https://bitbucket.org/openid/f api/src/master/Financial_API_ WD_002.md
37.
Copyright© Nomura Research
Institute, Ltd. All rights reserved. Decoupled アプローチも検討中 • CIBA (client initiated backchannel authentication) profile. 37 Redirect Approach Decoupled Approach Embedded Approach https://bitbucket.org/openid/fapi/src/master/Financial_API_WD_CIBA.md
38.
Copyright© Nomura Research
Institute, Ltd. All rights reserved. Embedded Approach… • Giving one’s bearer token to a third party is a bad idea. • What about giving application password (aka access token) by hand? 38 Redirect Approach Decoupled Approach Embedded Approach
39.
Copyright© Nomura Research
Institute, Ltd. All rights reserved. その他にも… 39 • E.g. The OpenBanking OpenID Dynamic Client Registration Specification
40.
Copyright© Nomura Research
Institute, Ltd. All rights reserved. • Intent registration endpoint 40 Intent Registration EP Authorization EP Token EP ServerPushing the intent, e.g., to send $1,000 to Bob’s account Intent ID AuthZ Req w/Intent ID AuthZ Response Redirect URI Client
41.
Copyright© Nomura Research
Institute, Ltd. All rights reserved. How do we know that it is implemented correctly? 41
42.
Copyright© Nomura Research
Institute, Ltd. All rights reserved. 42 (出所)https://twitter.com/IdentityMonk/status/1011960862272294912
43.
Copyright© Nomura Research
Institute, Ltd. All rights reserved. join us at https://openid.net/wg/fapi/
44.
Copyright© Nomura Research
Institute, Ltd. All rights reserved. @_nat_en (English) @_nat (Japanese) 🌏 https://nat.sakimura.org/ https://linkedin.com/in/natsakimura https://nat.sakimura.org/youtube.php Subscribe!
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