SlideShare una empresa de Scribd logo
1 de 68
Descargar para leer sin conexión
ECONOMIC
TRANSITION
A2 ADVANCED HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
VOCABULARY
Primary sector
Secondary sector
Tertiary sector
Quaternary sector
CHAIN OF PRODUCTION
TASK 1
Choose any product. Research the manufacturing of this product and describe its chain of production
COMPARING EMPLOYMENT STRUCTURES IN HIC
AND LIC’S
A2 Human Geography - Economic transition
TASK 2
Choose an HIC and an LIC, using various graphs, compare the employment structure in each country
HOW EMPLOYMENT STRUCTURES HAVE CHANGED
IN HIC COUNTRIES
• Many HICs are called POST-INDUSTRIAL SOCIEITIES – due to a decline in their secondary industry- a shift
from manufacturing to services and technological development
• OUTSOURCING is the main reasons for the decline in the secondary industries in HIC
• Increased mechanization has led to fewer workers being employed e.g. spray painting of cars can be
done more efficiently using robots
• Primary sector in HICs e.g. agriculture is highly mechanization so employment decreases
• The quaternary sector is rapidly increasing in importance – 10-15% of all workers in the UK are employed
in the quaternary sector
TASK 3
- Using an example, explain the concept of outsourcing
WHAT IS A POST INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY?????
IS OUTSOURCING GOOD OR BAD????
REASONS OF OUTSOURCING
• HIC companies search for the cheapest location for the manufacturing and the assembling of component
• Cheap labor
• Lower taxes
• Lower locational costs
• Access to resources in the outsourced location
• Lower manufacturing and development costs
NEWLY INDUSTRIES COUNTRIES - NIC
A2 Human Geography - Economic transition
1970 – 1980 – 4 Asian tigers
Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan
Late 2000s – BRICs
Brazil, Russia , India, China, South Africa
MINTs
Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey
• NICs attract FDIs from TNCs that wish to take advantage of:
• -lower land cost
• -lower wage rate
• -better business environment
THE 4 ASIAN TIGERS
BRICS
EMPLOYMENT STRUCTURE IN LICS
• Dependent on primary activities e.g. Malawi 80% of the working population is dependent on agriculture ,
30% on the manufacturing of agricultural products 20% of the labor force works in the tertiary sector
• In both NICs and LICs employment in the informal sector is very important e.g. in South Africa 10% of the
workforce is employed in the informal sector of the economy
• Many LICs are reliant on resources that are the product of the primary sector. E.g. Malawi - 50% of the
exports are tobacco, 64% of Zambia’s exports are made up of copper and Cobalt
• Reliance on a single commodity makes many LICs susceptible to fluctuations in market prices.
HOW EMPLOYMENT STRUCTURE CHANGES –
CLARK-FISHER MODEL
PRE-INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIAL POST INDUSTRIAL
A2 Human Geography - Economic transition
A2 Human Geography - Economic transition
The way people work has also changed in the last 50 years
• Shorter work week
• Longer annual holidays
• Development of the internet has radically changed the way people work
Some companies also exist solely on the internet
WHAT IS DEVELOPMENT?????
A2 Human Geography - Economic transition
ACCORDING TO THE CAMBRIDGE ENGLISH
DICTIONARY – DEVELOPMENT
FACTORS LIMITING DEVELOPMENT IN LIC
- Climate related diseases
- Lack of natural resources
- Resource curse theory
- Landlock countries
- Climatic hazards
WHY ARE SOME COUNTRIES RICH AND SOME
COUNTRIES POOR????
GLOBAL WEALTH INEQUALITY
HOW IS DEVELOPMENT MEASURED???
1981 – West German Chancellor Willy
Brandt
Produced the Brandt report
The report identified the development
gap
Development is measured mainly through development indicators: -
Development indicators can be broken up into economic indicators and social indicators
ECONOMIC INDICATORS
- GDP – total value of all goods and services produced in a country over a period of one year
This is the ranking of
countries according to
nominal GDP
PROS AND CONS OF USING THE GDP/GNI/GNP AS
A MEASUREMENT OF DEVELOPMENT
• PROS
• It takes the economy of the whole country into
consideration.
• It is a good measure to compare the economies of
different countries in the world
• It is a good way to determine whether the economy
of a country is expanding or contracting.
• It indicates the overall living standards of a
population because as the GDP increases, the living
standards of a population also increases.
• CONS – DISADVANTAGES
• It does not show how equitable a countries income is
distributed
• It does not take into consideration life expectancy,
quality of life, pollution, environmental degradation,
health care, education
• It only includes market transactions, it does not
describe income distribution
• It does not describe what is being produced
• It ignore externalities - e.g. the exploitation of
resources in the production process
GNI – Gross national income – income received by a country
Like GDP but also includes income from overseas investments –
As such it is a better measure than GDP
Like GDP it is given as a per capita value. [per person]
It is shown in US$ using a conversion method known as the
ATLAS method (Using exchange rates averaged
out over 3 years – to smooth fluctuations) – method used by the world b
To work out the size of the economy of a country
WHAT IS WRONG WITH THESE MEASURES
• Non of them take into consideration PERCHASING POWER PARITY (PPP) i.e. what is this
income actually worth in terms of cost of living
PURCHASING POWER PARITY - PPP
PPP as a development indicator has some weaknesses
• Some countries have huge disparities with regards to income and equality e.g. in the UAE the expat
population have low purchasing power but the Emiratis have huge purchasing power. They live in luxury
housing paid for by the state and they drive high end vehicles.
• Governments also vary in how they spend the money they earn e.g. some governments spend the money
on funding wars and buying weapons rather than on health and education e.g. DRC
Economist also use other indicators to determine the differences in the cost of living
e.g. iPad Mini index
Big Mac index
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX [HDI]
Research the following
• What is the Human Development index?
• How is it used to measure development?
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of using this as a measure of development?
HUMAN POVERTY INDEX [HPI]
- Developed by the united nations to complement the HDI
- It is an indication of the standard of living within a country
- The HPI focuses on – health care, safe water, plentiful food and quality of life.
- A higher value in HPI is an indication of greater poverty
HUMAN POVERTY INDEX
ROSTOW’S DEVELOPMENT PATHWAY
A2 Human Geography - Economic transition
THE GLOBALIZATION OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
DEFINITION – integration of economies, industries, markets, cultures, and policy-making around the world
Initially globalization was focused on trade,FDI,and international capital
flow
Recently globalization has been expanded to include culture,media,
technology,socio-cultural, politicaland even biological
factors.
• Globalization and Trade
Global trade has grown since the second world war. This can be attributed to a number of factors
- Liberalization of world trade – world trade organization
- Outsourcing – moving manufacturing to newly emerging economies
- Containerization – China dominates container traffic – 26% of container traffic
originates in China. 97% of all containers are made in China
Read page 351 in your textbook and
highlight the important factors about
containerization
• Globalization and communication
- Communication costs have declined – allowing easy daily access via the telephone and internet
- Outsourcing of IT to other countries like India has resulted in greater global work teams
• Globalization and immigration
- The international organization for migration estimates that there are 200 million migrants
- Migrants move from LIC to MIC and HIC
- Entertainers, sports players and the rich move freely from one country to another influencing globalization
• Globalization and transport
- Transportation of people and goods has increased substantially
- Massive growth in the aviation industry
- Emergence of budget airlines e.g. Air Asia
- The growth of air port hubs e.g. Dubai
- In 2013 there were 36 million flights world wide, carrying around 3 billion passengers
FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT - FDI
• Foreign direct investment – investment from one country into another – usually involves TNC’s and
MNC’s
There are 5 types of FDI’s
1. Horizontal FDI – a company carries out the same activities at home and in the other country e.g. Toyota
2. Vertical FDI – different stages of activities are added abroad e.g. when a manufacturing company
acquires an interest in a foreign company that supplies parts or raw materials for the the company e.g. Apple
(America) Foxconn (China)
3.Forward vertical FDI – an MNC establishing a company in a foreign country near the market e.g.
Hyundai acquiring a car distributorship in the UK
4.Backward vertical FDI – where an MNC acquires a company that produces the raw materials for its
products e.g. McDonalds acquiring a cattle farm that produces the beef for its burgers
5.Conglomerate FDI – FDI that is unrelated to its existing business in the home country e.g. British
petroleum acquiring a cell phone company. Since the two businesses are unrelated this often takes the form of a
Joint venture
FDI’s can also take the form of: -
GREENFIELDS ENTRY – MNC establishing a company from scratch on the outskirts of an urban area
(country side)
e.g. Honda established a manufacturing plant on the edge (periphery) of Swindon in the UK
TAKE OVER – MNC/TNC can take over/buy out an existing foreign company e.g. Tata (MNC from India) took
over Jaguar Land Rover from Ford (American MNC)
GREENFLIEDS ENTRY
REASONS FOR MNC/TNC CHOOSING A
PARTICULAR LOCATION FOR AN FDI
• Low labor cost
• Availability of resources
• Relaxed laws
• Tax breaks
• Political stability
• Size of the domestic market
• Availability of land
• Availability of skilled labor
• Good infrastructure
• Government incentives and investments
CAN YOU THINK OF MORE REASONS?????
NEW INTERNATIONAL DIVISION OF LABOR
Definition – global division of labor associated with the growth of TNC’s and the de-industrialization of advanced
economies
• More
economically
developed
countries
• HIC’S
Research and
development
• Less
economically
developed
countries
• LIC’s
Production-
manufacturing
Core
areas
Increase in
profit
Greater
invention and
innovation
Greater
efficiency
Large scale
production can
take place at a
cheaper cost
TNC’S
Large company with subsidiaries
or manufacturing in more than 1
country
Grown by merges and
acquisitions – FDI’s
Most of the manufacturing is
outsourced to 3rd parties in MIC’s
and LIC’s
Over 60 000 TNC’S and they
control 25% of the worlds
market and they employ 1%
of the worlds labour force
e.g. Cadbury and Oreo are
owned by Mondelez (American
TNC)
TNC’s links groups of
countries through
production of goods - build
connections between
people
Control production
and sales to keep
costs low and make
a profit
Many TNC’s
outsource the
design of software
to Indian based
companies in
Mumbai and
Bangalore
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
- Job creation
- Fosters relationships between countries and people
- Brings about cultural exchange
- Develops infrastructure
- They bring FDI to foreign nations
- Allows workers to contribute tax revenue to the
government
- Stimulates growth of local services
- Exploiting host countries
- Paying workers low wages
- Avoid paying corporation tax
- Conducting industrial processes that might be illegal
their home country
- Many TNC’s don’t care about pollution or workers
rights e.g. an American company Union Carbide was
responsible for a chemical leak in Bhopal India that
killed 3000 people in 1984
CASE STUDY – TOYOTA – TNC’S
BACK GROUND
- established in Japan in 1937
- 1959 first overseas plant in Brazil
- 2004 – 3rd largest manufacturer of automobiles in the world
- 12 plants and 11 subsidiary companies in Japan
- 51 manufacturing plants in 26 countries
- Employs a quarter of a million people world wide
- 90% of the companies business is automobiles and the other 10% is telecommunications, prefabricated housing,
leisure boats
TOYOTA – ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY
- The Toyota production system – main goal is to eliminate waste
- Reduce pollution and production costs
- Toyota’s 2 factories in the USA have achieved 0 landfill status
- Sells or gives away its waste products to recycling companies.
JIT – just in time – allows production to stop in the event of a problem
JIDOKA – automation with human intelligence. Allows a problem to be detected, production stops, problem is
solved and improved upon. – Self monitoring machines
TOYOTA IN EUROPE
1990 – invested more than 7 billion in Europe
Employs over 90 000 people in 9 manufacturing plants in seven European countries
Toyota adapts its vehicles to meet the needs of the European consumer
When the EU was formed, in order to avoid tariffs and quotas, Toyota chose the UK
Why???
- Excellent skilled and flexible work force
- Engineering
- Favorable working practices
- Large domestic market
- Good transport links
- 230 British and European based supply partners
- English was the common language (English is the second language in Japan)
TOYOTA’S EXPANSION IN EUROPE
2001 – new factory built in Valenciennes on the border of France and Germany building the Yaris car
2002 - new factory in Poland building transmissions
2005 – new factory in Jelcz- Laskowice Poland making diesel engines
2007 – new factory in St. Petersburg Russia producing Camry models
New plant in Portugal producing Mini buses
New plant in Kolin Czech Republic producing Aygo model
NEWLY INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES [NIC’S]
EMERGING MARKETS
NEW INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES
- MIC’s
- Stronger, developed, export led economy
CHARACTERISTICS
- Increase economic freedom
- Increased personal freedom (liberties)
- Transition from agriculture to manufacturing
- Presence of TNC’s
- Strong FDI’s
- Rapid growth in urban areas due to rural- urban migration
EMERGING MARKETS
- Nations in the process of rapid economic growth and industrialization
- Export led economy
- Growing working population
World Bank identified 96 countries as being emerging markets based on:
- GNI per capita
- Economic diversity
- Sophistication of the financial markets
Morgan Stanley Capital investments (MSCI) developed the emerging market index (EMI) and they have identified
Countries as emerging markets
Characteristics of emerging markets
- Moving from a closed economy to an open market economy
- Young and growing population – the negative of this is that a young population can lead to more political
instability
- Under-developed infrastructure – in the early stages of infrastructure development
- Increased foreign direct investment – FDI
BRICs [2001]
BRAZIL, RUSSIA, INDIA,CHINA, SOUTH AFRICA
N-11 [2005]
BANGLADESH, EGYPT, INDONESIA, IRAN, MEXICO, NIGERIA, PAKISTAN, PHILLIPPINES, SOUTH KOREA, TURKEY,
VIETNAM
CIVERTS [2009]
COLOMBIA,INDONESIA,VIETNAM,EGYPT,TURKEY, SOUTH AFRICA
MINTs [2011]
MEXICO,INDONESIA,NIGERIA, TURKEY
REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT WITHIN COUNTRIES
Disparities can be found within countries in terms of
- Income distribution
- Educational opportunities
- Access to health care
- Job opportunities
- Social services
e.g. US census bureau in 2015 estimated that the top 5% of the population earned over 30% of the US income
Oxfam – wealth of 85 of the riches people in the world is equivalent to the total wealth of 3,5 billion of the poorest
people in the world
GINI COEFFICIENT AND THE LORENZ CURVE
A2 Human Geography - Economic transition
CONCEPT OF CORE- PERIPHERY
A2 Human Geography - Economic transition
UK - North – South divide – riches regions to the south and east [core areas] and the peripheral regions are
found to the North
African countries – core regions are generally found around ports and capital cities
Argentina – southern regions around the capital Buenos Aires – much more prosperous than the regions in the
north. The economy in the south is based on mining and the economy in the north is based on agriculture
HOW DID ARGENTINA TRY TO SOLVE THIS REGIONAL DISPARATY?
- Tax incentives for companies who open branches in the north
- FDI – TNC – Samsung is a major employer in the city of Rio Grande
Switched on places – core
Switched off places – periphery
DEPENDENCY THEORY

Más contenido relacionado

La actualidad más candente

CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: ENVIRONMENTAL DEG...
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: ENVIRONMENTAL DEG...CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: ENVIRONMENTAL DEG...
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: ENVIRONMENTAL DEG...George Dumitrache
 
13.4 Global Interdependence: The management of a tourist destination - Jamaica
13.4 Global Interdependence: The management of a tourist destination - Jamaica13.4 Global Interdependence: The management of a tourist destination - Jamaica
13.4 Global Interdependence: The management of a tourist destination - JamaicaGeorge Dumitrache
 
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - PRODUCTION, LOCATION AND CHANGE: 11.2 THE M...
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - PRODUCTION, LOCATION AND CHANGE: 11.2 THE M...CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - PRODUCTION, LOCATION AND CHANGE: 11.2 THE M...
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - PRODUCTION, LOCATION AND CHANGE: 11.2 THE M...George Dumitrache
 
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS RESULTING FROM MASS ...
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS RESULTING FROM MASS ...CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS RESULTING FROM MASS ...
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS RESULTING FROM MASS ...George Dumitrache
 
CAMBRIDGE AS GEOGRAPHY REVISION: POPULATION - 4.3 POPULATION RELATIONSHIP
CAMBRIDGE AS GEOGRAPHY REVISION: POPULATION - 4.3 POPULATION RELATIONSHIPCAMBRIDGE AS GEOGRAPHY REVISION: POPULATION - 4.3 POPULATION RELATIONSHIP
CAMBRIDGE AS GEOGRAPHY REVISION: POPULATION - 4.3 POPULATION RELATIONSHIPGeorge Dumitrache
 
AS GEOGRAPHY - ATMOSPHERE AND WEATHER - WEATHER PHENOMENA
AS GEOGRAPHY - ATMOSPHERE AND WEATHER -  WEATHER PHENOMENAAS GEOGRAPHY - ATMOSPHERE AND WEATHER -  WEATHER PHENOMENA
AS GEOGRAPHY - ATMOSPHERE AND WEATHER - WEATHER PHENOMENAGeorge Dumitrache
 
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS RESULTING FROM ATMOS...
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS RESULTING FROM ATMOS...CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS RESULTING FROM ATMOS...
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS RESULTING FROM ATMOS...George Dumitrache
 
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS - HAZARDS RESULTING FROM ATMOS...
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS - HAZARDS RESULTING FROM ATMOS...A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS - HAZARDS RESULTING FROM ATMOS...
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS - HAZARDS RESULTING FROM ATMOS...George Dumitrache
 
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS - HAZARDS RESULTING FROM TECTO...
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS - HAZARDS RESULTING FROM TECTO...A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS - HAZARDS RESULTING FROM TECTO...
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS - HAZARDS RESULTING FROM TECTO...George Dumitrache
 
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - TROPICAL ENVIRONMENTS: SUSTAINABLE MANAGEME...
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - TROPICAL ENVIRONMENTS: SUSTAINABLE MANAGEME...CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - TROPICAL ENVIRONMENTS: SUSTAINABLE MANAGEME...
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - TROPICAL ENVIRONMENTS: SUSTAINABLE MANAGEME...George Dumitrache
 
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - PRODUCTION, LOCATION AND CHANGE: 11.3 MANUF...
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - PRODUCTION, LOCATION AND CHANGE: 11.3 MANUF...CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - PRODUCTION, LOCATION AND CHANGE: 11.3 MANUF...
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - PRODUCTION, LOCATION AND CHANGE: 11.3 MANUF...George Dumitrache
 
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS - CORAL REEFS
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS - CORAL REEFSA2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS - CORAL REEFS
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS - CORAL REEFSGeorge Dumitrache
 
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - TROPICAL ENVIRONMENTS: TROPICAL CLIMATES
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - TROPICAL ENVIRONMENTS: TROPICAL CLIMATESCAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - TROPICAL ENVIRONMENTS: TROPICAL CLIMATES
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - TROPICAL ENVIRONMENTS: TROPICAL CLIMATESGeorge Dumitrache
 
AS geography - Bangladesh case study for river flooding
AS geography - Bangladesh case study for river floodingAS geography - Bangladesh case study for river flooding
AS geography - Bangladesh case study for river floodingEvie-Anne Davis
 
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - TROPICAL ENVIRONMENTS: TROPICAL ECOSYSTEMS
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - TROPICAL ENVIRONMENTS: TROPICAL ECOSYSTEMSCAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - TROPICAL ENVIRONMENTS: TROPICAL ECOSYSTEMS
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - TROPICAL ENVIRONMENTS: TROPICAL ECOSYSTEMSGeorge Dumitrache
 
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: GLOBAL INTERDEPENDENCE - THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATI...
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: GLOBAL INTERDEPENDENCE - THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATI...A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: GLOBAL INTERDEPENDENCE - THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATI...
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: GLOBAL INTERDEPENDENCE - THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATI...George Dumitrache
 
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS - SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT IN HA...
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS - SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT IN HA...A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS - SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT IN HA...
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS - SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT IN HA...George Dumitrache
 
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEMA...
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEMA...CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEMA...
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEMA...George Dumitrache
 
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - PRODUCTION, LOCATION AND CHANGE: 11.4 THE M...
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - PRODUCTION, LOCATION AND CHANGE: 11.4 THE M...CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - PRODUCTION, LOCATION AND CHANGE: 11.4 THE M...
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - PRODUCTION, LOCATION AND CHANGE: 11.4 THE M...George Dumitrache
 

La actualidad más candente (20)

CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: ENVIRONMENTAL DEG...
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: ENVIRONMENTAL DEG...CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: ENVIRONMENTAL DEG...
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: ENVIRONMENTAL DEG...
 
Hazardous environments
Hazardous environmentsHazardous environments
Hazardous environments
 
13.4 Global Interdependence: The management of a tourist destination - Jamaica
13.4 Global Interdependence: The management of a tourist destination - Jamaica13.4 Global Interdependence: The management of a tourist destination - Jamaica
13.4 Global Interdependence: The management of a tourist destination - Jamaica
 
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - PRODUCTION, LOCATION AND CHANGE: 11.2 THE M...
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - PRODUCTION, LOCATION AND CHANGE: 11.2 THE M...CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - PRODUCTION, LOCATION AND CHANGE: 11.2 THE M...
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - PRODUCTION, LOCATION AND CHANGE: 11.2 THE M...
 
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS RESULTING FROM MASS ...
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS RESULTING FROM MASS ...CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS RESULTING FROM MASS ...
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS RESULTING FROM MASS ...
 
CAMBRIDGE AS GEOGRAPHY REVISION: POPULATION - 4.3 POPULATION RELATIONSHIP
CAMBRIDGE AS GEOGRAPHY REVISION: POPULATION - 4.3 POPULATION RELATIONSHIPCAMBRIDGE AS GEOGRAPHY REVISION: POPULATION - 4.3 POPULATION RELATIONSHIP
CAMBRIDGE AS GEOGRAPHY REVISION: POPULATION - 4.3 POPULATION RELATIONSHIP
 
AS GEOGRAPHY - ATMOSPHERE AND WEATHER - WEATHER PHENOMENA
AS GEOGRAPHY - ATMOSPHERE AND WEATHER -  WEATHER PHENOMENAAS GEOGRAPHY - ATMOSPHERE AND WEATHER -  WEATHER PHENOMENA
AS GEOGRAPHY - ATMOSPHERE AND WEATHER - WEATHER PHENOMENA
 
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS RESULTING FROM ATMOS...
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS RESULTING FROM ATMOS...CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS RESULTING FROM ATMOS...
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS RESULTING FROM ATMOS...
 
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS - HAZARDS RESULTING FROM ATMOS...
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS - HAZARDS RESULTING FROM ATMOS...A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS - HAZARDS RESULTING FROM ATMOS...
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS - HAZARDS RESULTING FROM ATMOS...
 
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS - HAZARDS RESULTING FROM TECTO...
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS - HAZARDS RESULTING FROM TECTO...A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS - HAZARDS RESULTING FROM TECTO...
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS - HAZARDS RESULTING FROM TECTO...
 
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - TROPICAL ENVIRONMENTS: SUSTAINABLE MANAGEME...
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - TROPICAL ENVIRONMENTS: SUSTAINABLE MANAGEME...CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - TROPICAL ENVIRONMENTS: SUSTAINABLE MANAGEME...
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - TROPICAL ENVIRONMENTS: SUSTAINABLE MANAGEME...
 
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - PRODUCTION, LOCATION AND CHANGE: 11.3 MANUF...
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - PRODUCTION, LOCATION AND CHANGE: 11.3 MANUF...CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - PRODUCTION, LOCATION AND CHANGE: 11.3 MANUF...
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - PRODUCTION, LOCATION AND CHANGE: 11.3 MANUF...
 
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS - CORAL REEFS
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS - CORAL REEFSA2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS - CORAL REEFS
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS - CORAL REEFS
 
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - TROPICAL ENVIRONMENTS: TROPICAL CLIMATES
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - TROPICAL ENVIRONMENTS: TROPICAL CLIMATESCAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - TROPICAL ENVIRONMENTS: TROPICAL CLIMATES
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - TROPICAL ENVIRONMENTS: TROPICAL CLIMATES
 
AS geography - Bangladesh case study for river flooding
AS geography - Bangladesh case study for river floodingAS geography - Bangladesh case study for river flooding
AS geography - Bangladesh case study for river flooding
 
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - TROPICAL ENVIRONMENTS: TROPICAL ECOSYSTEMS
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - TROPICAL ENVIRONMENTS: TROPICAL ECOSYSTEMSCAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - TROPICAL ENVIRONMENTS: TROPICAL ECOSYSTEMS
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - TROPICAL ENVIRONMENTS: TROPICAL ECOSYSTEMS
 
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: GLOBAL INTERDEPENDENCE - THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATI...
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: GLOBAL INTERDEPENDENCE - THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATI...A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: GLOBAL INTERDEPENDENCE - THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATI...
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: GLOBAL INTERDEPENDENCE - THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATI...
 
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS - SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT IN HA...
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS - SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT IN HA...A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS - SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT IN HA...
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS - SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT IN HA...
 
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEMA...
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEMA...CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEMA...
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEMA...
 
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - PRODUCTION, LOCATION AND CHANGE: 11.4 THE M...
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - PRODUCTION, LOCATION AND CHANGE: 11.4 THE M...CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - PRODUCTION, LOCATION AND CHANGE: 11.4 THE M...
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - PRODUCTION, LOCATION AND CHANGE: 11.4 THE M...
 

Similar a A2 Human Geography - Economic transition

Globalization & managing change
Globalization & managing changeGlobalization & managing change
Globalization & managing changeKomal Sahi
 
global trading environment in international business
global trading environment in international businessglobal trading environment in international business
global trading environment in international businessryan gementiza
 
Production and trade structure 2.pptx
Production and trade structure 2.pptxProduction and trade structure 2.pptx
Production and trade structure 2.pptxDramaneGermainThiomb1
 
EngManagement - Lecture 3.pptx
EngManagement - Lecture 3.pptxEngManagement - Lecture 3.pptx
EngManagement - Lecture 3.pptxshayanzafar2
 
Impact of globalisation on business, government and society
Impact of globalisation on business, government and societyImpact of globalisation on business, government and society
Impact of globalisation on business, government and societygeoffrey-cip
 
Globalisation and the indian economy
Globalisation and the indian economyGlobalisation and the indian economy
Globalisation and the indian economyUshaJoy
 
Ch08 economic dev pt ii
Ch08 economic dev pt iiCh08 economic dev pt ii
Ch08 economic dev pt iiSusan White
 
keegan_gm7_stppt_02.ppt
keegan_gm7_stppt_02.pptkeegan_gm7_stppt_02.ppt
keegan_gm7_stppt_02.pptSanaji
 
Business environment
Business environmentBusiness environment
Business environmentAmlin David
 
Chapter 19 economic development
Chapter 19 economic developmentChapter 19 economic development
Chapter 19 economic developmenttelliott876
 

Similar a A2 Human Geography - Economic transition (20)

Trade pattern
Trade patternTrade pattern
Trade pattern
 
BREXIT Unit 1 IBE.pptx
BREXIT Unit 1 IBE.pptxBREXIT Unit 1 IBE.pptx
BREXIT Unit 1 IBE.pptx
 
Globalisation
GlobalisationGlobalisation
Globalisation
 
Globalization & managing change
Globalization & managing changeGlobalization & managing change
Globalization & managing change
 
Economic growth main
Economic growth mainEconomic growth main
Economic growth main
 
Globalization
GlobalizationGlobalization
Globalization
 
global trading environment in international business
global trading environment in international businessglobal trading environment in international business
global trading environment in international business
 
Production and trade structure 2.pptx
Production and trade structure 2.pptxProduction and trade structure 2.pptx
Production and trade structure 2.pptx
 
economics.pptx
economics.pptxeconomics.pptx
economics.pptx
 
EngManagement - Lecture 3.pptx
EngManagement - Lecture 3.pptxEngManagement - Lecture 3.pptx
EngManagement - Lecture 3.pptx
 
Impact of globalisation on business, government and society
Impact of globalisation on business, government and societyImpact of globalisation on business, government and society
Impact of globalisation on business, government and society
 
Globalisation and the indian economy
Globalisation and the indian economyGlobalisation and the indian economy
Globalisation and the indian economy
 
Make in india
Make   in   indiaMake   in   india
Make in india
 
Ch08 economic dev pt ii
Ch08 economic dev pt iiCh08 economic dev pt ii
Ch08 economic dev pt ii
 
Globalisation
GlobalisationGlobalisation
Globalisation
 
keegan_gm7_stppt_02.ppt
keegan_gm7_stppt_02.pptkeegan_gm7_stppt_02.ppt
keegan_gm7_stppt_02.ppt
 
keegan_gm7_stppt_02.ppt
keegan_gm7_stppt_02.pptkeegan_gm7_stppt_02.ppt
keegan_gm7_stppt_02.ppt
 
Business environment
Business environmentBusiness environment
Business environment
 
Chapter 19 economic development
Chapter 19 economic developmentChapter 19 economic development
Chapter 19 economic development
 
Circular flow
Circular flow Circular flow
Circular flow
 

Más de nazeema khan

Geographical enquiry - Alternative to course work- paper 4 IGCSE
Geographical enquiry - Alternative to course work-  paper 4 IGCSE Geographical enquiry - Alternative to course work-  paper 4 IGCSE
Geographical enquiry - Alternative to course work- paper 4 IGCSE nazeema khan
 
As geography migration
As geography migrationAs geography migration
As geography migrationnazeema khan
 
AS Human Geography - Population dynamics
AS Human Geography - Population dynamicsAS Human Geography - Population dynamics
AS Human Geography - Population dynamicsnazeema khan
 
A2 Geography - Environmental management
 A2 Geography  - Environmental management A2 Geography  - Environmental management
A2 Geography - Environmental managementnazeema khan
 
A2 Physical Geography - Hot arid and Semi Arid Environment
 A2 Physical Geography - Hot arid and Semi Arid Environment A2 Physical Geography - Hot arid and Semi Arid Environment
A2 Physical Geography - Hot arid and Semi Arid Environmentnazeema khan
 
AS Geography - factors affecting temperature and Humidity
AS Geography - factors affecting temperature and HumidityAS Geography - factors affecting temperature and Humidity
AS Geography - factors affecting temperature and Humiditynazeema khan
 

Más de nazeema khan (6)

Geographical enquiry - Alternative to course work- paper 4 IGCSE
Geographical enquiry - Alternative to course work-  paper 4 IGCSE Geographical enquiry - Alternative to course work-  paper 4 IGCSE
Geographical enquiry - Alternative to course work- paper 4 IGCSE
 
As geography migration
As geography migrationAs geography migration
As geography migration
 
AS Human Geography - Population dynamics
AS Human Geography - Population dynamicsAS Human Geography - Population dynamics
AS Human Geography - Population dynamics
 
A2 Geography - Environmental management
 A2 Geography  - Environmental management A2 Geography  - Environmental management
A2 Geography - Environmental management
 
A2 Physical Geography - Hot arid and Semi Arid Environment
 A2 Physical Geography - Hot arid and Semi Arid Environment A2 Physical Geography - Hot arid and Semi Arid Environment
A2 Physical Geography - Hot arid and Semi Arid Environment
 
AS Geography - factors affecting temperature and Humidity
AS Geography - factors affecting temperature and HumidityAS Geography - factors affecting temperature and Humidity
AS Geography - factors affecting temperature and Humidity
 

Último

The Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentThe Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentXsasf Sfdfasd
 
General views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepGeneral views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepobaje godwin sunday
 
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxPractical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxKatherine Villaluna
 
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxClinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxraviapr7
 
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesHow to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesCeline George
 
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxAUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxiammrhaywood
 
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxPatterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxMYDA ANGELICA SUAN
 
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICEQuality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICESayali Powar
 
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...CaraSkikne1
 
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?TechSoup
 
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17Celine George
 
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfP4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfYu Kanazawa / Osaka University
 
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxM-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxDr. Santhosh Kumar. N
 
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
 
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education  and Educational PhilosophyPhilosophy of Education  and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education and Educational PhilosophyShuvankar Madhu
 
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptxmary850239
 
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsThe Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsEugene Lysak
 
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...raviapr7
 
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17Celine George
 

Último (20)

The Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentThe Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
 
General views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepGeneral views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and step
 
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxPractical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
 
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxClinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
 
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesHow to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
 
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxAUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
 
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxPatterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
 
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICEQuality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
 
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
 
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quizPrelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
 
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
 
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
 
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfP4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
 
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxM-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
 
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
 
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education  and Educational PhilosophyPhilosophy of Education  and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
 
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
 
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsThe Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
 
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
 
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
 

A2 Human Geography - Economic transition

  • 4. TASK 1 Choose any product. Research the manufacturing of this product and describe its chain of production
  • 5. COMPARING EMPLOYMENT STRUCTURES IN HIC AND LIC’S
  • 7. TASK 2 Choose an HIC and an LIC, using various graphs, compare the employment structure in each country
  • 8. HOW EMPLOYMENT STRUCTURES HAVE CHANGED IN HIC COUNTRIES • Many HICs are called POST-INDUSTRIAL SOCIEITIES – due to a decline in their secondary industry- a shift from manufacturing to services and technological development • OUTSOURCING is the main reasons for the decline in the secondary industries in HIC • Increased mechanization has led to fewer workers being employed e.g. spray painting of cars can be done more efficiently using robots • Primary sector in HICs e.g. agriculture is highly mechanization so employment decreases • The quaternary sector is rapidly increasing in importance – 10-15% of all workers in the UK are employed in the quaternary sector TASK 3 - Using an example, explain the concept of outsourcing
  • 9. WHAT IS A POST INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY?????
  • 10. IS OUTSOURCING GOOD OR BAD????
  • 11. REASONS OF OUTSOURCING • HIC companies search for the cheapest location for the manufacturing and the assembling of component • Cheap labor • Lower taxes • Lower locational costs • Access to resources in the outsourced location • Lower manufacturing and development costs
  • 14. 1970 – 1980 – 4 Asian tigers Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan Late 2000s – BRICs Brazil, Russia , India, China, South Africa MINTs Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey • NICs attract FDIs from TNCs that wish to take advantage of: • -lower land cost • -lower wage rate • -better business environment
  • 15. THE 4 ASIAN TIGERS
  • 16. BRICS
  • 17. EMPLOYMENT STRUCTURE IN LICS • Dependent on primary activities e.g. Malawi 80% of the working population is dependent on agriculture , 30% on the manufacturing of agricultural products 20% of the labor force works in the tertiary sector • In both NICs and LICs employment in the informal sector is very important e.g. in South Africa 10% of the workforce is employed in the informal sector of the economy • Many LICs are reliant on resources that are the product of the primary sector. E.g. Malawi - 50% of the exports are tobacco, 64% of Zambia’s exports are made up of copper and Cobalt • Reliance on a single commodity makes many LICs susceptible to fluctuations in market prices.
  • 18. HOW EMPLOYMENT STRUCTURE CHANGES – CLARK-FISHER MODEL PRE-INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIAL POST INDUSTRIAL
  • 21. The way people work has also changed in the last 50 years • Shorter work week • Longer annual holidays • Development of the internet has radically changed the way people work Some companies also exist solely on the internet
  • 24. ACCORDING TO THE CAMBRIDGE ENGLISH DICTIONARY – DEVELOPMENT
  • 25. FACTORS LIMITING DEVELOPMENT IN LIC - Climate related diseases - Lack of natural resources - Resource curse theory - Landlock countries - Climatic hazards
  • 26. WHY ARE SOME COUNTRIES RICH AND SOME COUNTRIES POOR????
  • 28. HOW IS DEVELOPMENT MEASURED??? 1981 – West German Chancellor Willy Brandt Produced the Brandt report The report identified the development gap
  • 29. Development is measured mainly through development indicators: - Development indicators can be broken up into economic indicators and social indicators ECONOMIC INDICATORS - GDP – total value of all goods and services produced in a country over a period of one year This is the ranking of countries according to nominal GDP
  • 30. PROS AND CONS OF USING THE GDP/GNI/GNP AS A MEASUREMENT OF DEVELOPMENT • PROS • It takes the economy of the whole country into consideration. • It is a good measure to compare the economies of different countries in the world • It is a good way to determine whether the economy of a country is expanding or contracting. • It indicates the overall living standards of a population because as the GDP increases, the living standards of a population also increases. • CONS – DISADVANTAGES • It does not show how equitable a countries income is distributed • It does not take into consideration life expectancy, quality of life, pollution, environmental degradation, health care, education • It only includes market transactions, it does not describe income distribution • It does not describe what is being produced • It ignore externalities - e.g. the exploitation of resources in the production process
  • 31. GNI – Gross national income – income received by a country Like GDP but also includes income from overseas investments – As such it is a better measure than GDP Like GDP it is given as a per capita value. [per person] It is shown in US$ using a conversion method known as the ATLAS method (Using exchange rates averaged out over 3 years – to smooth fluctuations) – method used by the world b To work out the size of the economy of a country
  • 32. WHAT IS WRONG WITH THESE MEASURES • Non of them take into consideration PERCHASING POWER PARITY (PPP) i.e. what is this income actually worth in terms of cost of living
  • 34. PPP as a development indicator has some weaknesses • Some countries have huge disparities with regards to income and equality e.g. in the UAE the expat population have low purchasing power but the Emiratis have huge purchasing power. They live in luxury housing paid for by the state and they drive high end vehicles. • Governments also vary in how they spend the money they earn e.g. some governments spend the money on funding wars and buying weapons rather than on health and education e.g. DRC Economist also use other indicators to determine the differences in the cost of living e.g. iPad Mini index Big Mac index
  • 35. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX [HDI] Research the following • What is the Human Development index? • How is it used to measure development? • What are the advantages and disadvantages of using this as a measure of development?
  • 36. HUMAN POVERTY INDEX [HPI] - Developed by the united nations to complement the HDI - It is an indication of the standard of living within a country - The HPI focuses on – health care, safe water, plentiful food and quality of life. - A higher value in HPI is an indication of greater poverty
  • 40. THE GLOBALIZATION OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES DEFINITION – integration of economies, industries, markets, cultures, and policy-making around the world Initially globalization was focused on trade,FDI,and international capital flow Recently globalization has been expanded to include culture,media, technology,socio-cultural, politicaland even biological factors.
  • 41. • Globalization and Trade Global trade has grown since the second world war. This can be attributed to a number of factors - Liberalization of world trade – world trade organization - Outsourcing – moving manufacturing to newly emerging economies - Containerization – China dominates container traffic – 26% of container traffic originates in China. 97% of all containers are made in China Read page 351 in your textbook and highlight the important factors about containerization
  • 42. • Globalization and communication - Communication costs have declined – allowing easy daily access via the telephone and internet - Outsourcing of IT to other countries like India has resulted in greater global work teams • Globalization and immigration - The international organization for migration estimates that there are 200 million migrants - Migrants move from LIC to MIC and HIC - Entertainers, sports players and the rich move freely from one country to another influencing globalization • Globalization and transport - Transportation of people and goods has increased substantially - Massive growth in the aviation industry - Emergence of budget airlines e.g. Air Asia - The growth of air port hubs e.g. Dubai - In 2013 there were 36 million flights world wide, carrying around 3 billion passengers
  • 44. • Foreign direct investment – investment from one country into another – usually involves TNC’s and MNC’s There are 5 types of FDI’s 1. Horizontal FDI – a company carries out the same activities at home and in the other country e.g. Toyota 2. Vertical FDI – different stages of activities are added abroad e.g. when a manufacturing company acquires an interest in a foreign company that supplies parts or raw materials for the the company e.g. Apple (America) Foxconn (China) 3.Forward vertical FDI – an MNC establishing a company in a foreign country near the market e.g. Hyundai acquiring a car distributorship in the UK 4.Backward vertical FDI – where an MNC acquires a company that produces the raw materials for its products e.g. McDonalds acquiring a cattle farm that produces the beef for its burgers 5.Conglomerate FDI – FDI that is unrelated to its existing business in the home country e.g. British petroleum acquiring a cell phone company. Since the two businesses are unrelated this often takes the form of a Joint venture
  • 45. FDI’s can also take the form of: - GREENFIELDS ENTRY – MNC establishing a company from scratch on the outskirts of an urban area (country side) e.g. Honda established a manufacturing plant on the edge (periphery) of Swindon in the UK TAKE OVER – MNC/TNC can take over/buy out an existing foreign company e.g. Tata (MNC from India) took over Jaguar Land Rover from Ford (American MNC)
  • 47. REASONS FOR MNC/TNC CHOOSING A PARTICULAR LOCATION FOR AN FDI • Low labor cost • Availability of resources • Relaxed laws • Tax breaks • Political stability • Size of the domestic market • Availability of land • Availability of skilled labor • Good infrastructure • Government incentives and investments CAN YOU THINK OF MORE REASONS?????
  • 49. Definition – global division of labor associated with the growth of TNC’s and the de-industrialization of advanced economies • More economically developed countries • HIC’S Research and development • Less economically developed countries • LIC’s Production- manufacturing
  • 51. TNC’S Large company with subsidiaries or manufacturing in more than 1 country Grown by merges and acquisitions – FDI’s Most of the manufacturing is outsourced to 3rd parties in MIC’s and LIC’s Over 60 000 TNC’S and they control 25% of the worlds market and they employ 1% of the worlds labour force e.g. Cadbury and Oreo are owned by Mondelez (American TNC) TNC’s links groups of countries through production of goods - build connections between people Control production and sales to keep costs low and make a profit Many TNC’s outsource the design of software to Indian based companies in Mumbai and Bangalore
  • 52. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES - Job creation - Fosters relationships between countries and people - Brings about cultural exchange - Develops infrastructure - They bring FDI to foreign nations - Allows workers to contribute tax revenue to the government - Stimulates growth of local services - Exploiting host countries - Paying workers low wages - Avoid paying corporation tax - Conducting industrial processes that might be illegal their home country - Many TNC’s don’t care about pollution or workers rights e.g. an American company Union Carbide was responsible for a chemical leak in Bhopal India that killed 3000 people in 1984
  • 53. CASE STUDY – TOYOTA – TNC’S BACK GROUND - established in Japan in 1937 - 1959 first overseas plant in Brazil - 2004 – 3rd largest manufacturer of automobiles in the world - 12 plants and 11 subsidiary companies in Japan - 51 manufacturing plants in 26 countries - Employs a quarter of a million people world wide - 90% of the companies business is automobiles and the other 10% is telecommunications, prefabricated housing, leisure boats
  • 54. TOYOTA – ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY - The Toyota production system – main goal is to eliminate waste - Reduce pollution and production costs - Toyota’s 2 factories in the USA have achieved 0 landfill status - Sells or gives away its waste products to recycling companies. JIT – just in time – allows production to stop in the event of a problem JIDOKA – automation with human intelligence. Allows a problem to be detected, production stops, problem is solved and improved upon. – Self monitoring machines
  • 55. TOYOTA IN EUROPE 1990 – invested more than 7 billion in Europe Employs over 90 000 people in 9 manufacturing plants in seven European countries Toyota adapts its vehicles to meet the needs of the European consumer When the EU was formed, in order to avoid tariffs and quotas, Toyota chose the UK Why??? - Excellent skilled and flexible work force - Engineering - Favorable working practices - Large domestic market - Good transport links - 230 British and European based supply partners - English was the common language (English is the second language in Japan)
  • 56. TOYOTA’S EXPANSION IN EUROPE 2001 – new factory built in Valenciennes on the border of France and Germany building the Yaris car 2002 - new factory in Poland building transmissions 2005 – new factory in Jelcz- Laskowice Poland making diesel engines 2007 – new factory in St. Petersburg Russia producing Camry models New plant in Portugal producing Mini buses New plant in Kolin Czech Republic producing Aygo model
  • 59. NEW INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES - MIC’s - Stronger, developed, export led economy CHARACTERISTICS - Increase economic freedom - Increased personal freedom (liberties) - Transition from agriculture to manufacturing - Presence of TNC’s - Strong FDI’s - Rapid growth in urban areas due to rural- urban migration
  • 60. EMERGING MARKETS - Nations in the process of rapid economic growth and industrialization - Export led economy - Growing working population World Bank identified 96 countries as being emerging markets based on: - GNI per capita - Economic diversity - Sophistication of the financial markets Morgan Stanley Capital investments (MSCI) developed the emerging market index (EMI) and they have identified Countries as emerging markets
  • 61. Characteristics of emerging markets - Moving from a closed economy to an open market economy - Young and growing population – the negative of this is that a young population can lead to more political instability - Under-developed infrastructure – in the early stages of infrastructure development - Increased foreign direct investment – FDI BRICs [2001] BRAZIL, RUSSIA, INDIA,CHINA, SOUTH AFRICA N-11 [2005] BANGLADESH, EGYPT, INDONESIA, IRAN, MEXICO, NIGERIA, PAKISTAN, PHILLIPPINES, SOUTH KOREA, TURKEY, VIETNAM CIVERTS [2009] COLOMBIA,INDONESIA,VIETNAM,EGYPT,TURKEY, SOUTH AFRICA MINTs [2011] MEXICO,INDONESIA,NIGERIA, TURKEY
  • 62. REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT WITHIN COUNTRIES Disparities can be found within countries in terms of - Income distribution - Educational opportunities - Access to health care - Job opportunities - Social services e.g. US census bureau in 2015 estimated that the top 5% of the population earned over 30% of the US income Oxfam – wealth of 85 of the riches people in the world is equivalent to the total wealth of 3,5 billion of the poorest people in the world
  • 63. GINI COEFFICIENT AND THE LORENZ CURVE
  • 65. CONCEPT OF CORE- PERIPHERY
  • 67. UK - North – South divide – riches regions to the south and east [core areas] and the peripheral regions are found to the North African countries – core regions are generally found around ports and capital cities Argentina – southern regions around the capital Buenos Aires – much more prosperous than the regions in the north. The economy in the south is based on mining and the economy in the north is based on agriculture HOW DID ARGENTINA TRY TO SOLVE THIS REGIONAL DISPARATY? - Tax incentives for companies who open branches in the north - FDI – TNC – Samsung is a major employer in the city of Rio Grande Switched on places – core Switched off places – periphery