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Chap06
1.
Chapter 6 © Prentice
Hall, 2002 DECISION MAKING: THE ESSENCE OF THE MANAGER’S JOB 6-1
2.
Learning Objectives You should
learn to: – Outline the steps in the decision-making process – Explain why decision making is so pervasive in organizations – Describe the rational decision maker – Contrast the perfectly rational and boundedly rational approaches to decision making – Explain the role that intuition plays in the decision-making process © Prentice Hall, 2002 6-2
3.
Learning Objectives (cont.) You
should learn to: – Identify the two types of decision problems and the two types of decisions that are used to solve them – Differentiate the decision conditions of certainty, risk, and uncertainty – Describe the different decision-making styles © Prentice Hall, 2002 6-3
4.
Decision Making Decisions – choices
from two or more alternatives – all organizational members make decisions Decision-Making Process – a comprehensive, 8-step process – Step 1 - Identifying a Problem • problem - discrepancy between an existing and a desired state of affairs – must be such that it exerts pressure to act – manager is unlikely to characterize a situation as a problem unless s/he has resources necessary to act © Prentice Hall, 2002 6-4
5.
The Decision-Making Process Problem Identification “My
salespeople need new computers” Analysis of Alternatives Acer Compaq Gateway HP Micromedia NEC Sony Toshiba © Prentice Hall, 2002 Identification of Decision Criteria Price Weight Warranty Screen type Reliability Screen size Selection of an Alternative Acer Compaq Gateway HP Micromedia NEC Sony Toshiba Allocation of Weights to Criteria Reliability 10 Screen size 8 Warranty 5 Weight 5 Price 4 Screen type 3 Development of Alternatives Acer Compaq Gateway HP Micromedia NEC Sony Toshiba Implementation of an Alternative Gateway Evaluation of Decision Effectiveness 6-5
6.
Decision Making (cont.) Decision-Making
Process (cont.) – Step 2 - Identifying Decision Criteria • decision criteria - what’s relevant in making a decision – Step 3 - Allocating Weights to the Criteria • must weight the criteria to give them appropriate priority in the decision – Step 4 - Developing Alternatives • list the viable alternatives that could resolve the problem without evaluating them – Step 5 - Analyzing Alternatives • each alternative is evaluated against the criteria © Prentice Hall, 2002 6-6
7.
Assessed Values of
Notebook Computer Alternatives Against Decision Criteria © Prentice Hall, 2002 6-7
8.
Evaluation of Laptop
Computer Alternatives Against Criteria and Weights © Prentice Hall, 2002 6-8
9.
Decision Making (cont.) Decision-Making
Process (cont.) – Step 6 - Selecting an Alternative • choosing the best alternative from among those considered – Step 7 - Implementing the Alternative • implementation - conveying the decision to those affected by it and getting their commitment to it – participation in decision-making process inclines people to support the decision – decision may fail if it is not implemented properly – Step 8 - Evaluating Decision Effectiveness • determine whether the problem is resolved © Prentice Hall, 2002 6-9
10.
Decisions in the
Management Functions © Prentice Hall, 2002 6-10
11.
The Manager As
Decision Maker Rational Decision Making – decisions are consistent, value-maximizing choices within specified constraints – managers assumed to make rational decisions – Assumptions of Rationality - decision maker would: – be objective and logical – carefully define a problem – have a clear and specific goal – select the alternative that maximizes the likelihood of achieving the goal – make decision in the firm’s best economic interests • managerial decision making seldom meets all the tests © Prentice Hall, 2002 6-11
12.
Assumptions Of Rationality Single,
welldefined goal is to be achieved All alternatives and consequences are known Preferences are clear Preferences are constant and stable © Prentice Hall, 2002 Problem is clear and unambiguous Rational Decision Making Final choice will maximize payoff No time or cost constraints exist 6-12
13.
The Manager As
Decision Maker (cont.) Bounded Rationality – behave rationally within the parameters of a simplified decision-making process that is limited by an individual’s ability to process information – satisfice - accept solutions that are “good enough” – escalation of commitment - increased commitment to a previous decision despite evidence that it may have been wrong • refusal to admit that the initial decision may have been flawed © Prentice Hall, 2002 6-13
14.
The Manager As
Decision Maker (cont.) Role of Intuition – intuitive decision making - subconscious process of making decisions on the basis of experience and accumulated judgment • does not rely on a systematic or thorough analysis of the problem • generally complements a rational analysis © Prentice Hall, 2002 6-14
15.
What Is Intuition? Decisions
based on ethical values or culture Values or ethics-based decisions Subconscious mental processing Decisions based on subconscious data © Prentice Hall, 2002 Decisions based on experience Experiencedbased decisions Intuition Decisions based on feelings and emotions Affectinitiated decisions Cognitivebased decisions Decisions based on skills, knowledge, or training 6-15
16.
The Manager As
A Decision Maker (cont.) Types of Problems and Decisions – Well-Structured Problems - straightforward, familiar, and easily defined – Programmed Decisions - used to address structured problems – minimize the need for managers to use discretion – facilitate organizational efficiency • procedure - series of interrelated sequential steps used to respond to a structured problem • rule - explicit statement of what to do or not to do • policy - guidelines or parameters for decision making © Prentice Hall, 2002 6-16
17.
The Manager As
A Decision Maker (cont.) Types of Problems and Decisions (cont.) – Poorly-Structured Problems - new, unusual problems for which information is ambiguous or incomplete – Nonprogrammed Decisions - used to address poorlystructured problems • produce a custom-made response • more frequent among higher-level managers – few decisions in the real world are either fully programmed or nonprogrammed © Prentice Hall, 2002 6-17
18.
Types Of Problems,
Types Of Decisions, And Level In The Organization Ill-structured Type of Problem Top Nonprogrammed Decisions Level in Organization Programmed Decisions Well-structured © Prentice Hall, 2002 Lower 6-18
19.
The Manager As
A Decision Maker (cont.) Decision-Making Conditions – Certainty - outcome of every alternative is known • idealistic rather than realistic – Risk - able to estimate the probability of outcomes stemming from each alternative • expected value - the conditional return from each possible outcome – multiply expected revenue from each outcome by the probability of each outcome © Prentice Hall, 2002 6-19
20.
Expected Value for
Revenues from the Addition of One Ski Lift © Prentice Hall, 2002 6-20
21.
The Manager As
A Decision Maker (cont.) Decision-Making Conditions (cont.) – Uncertainty - not certain about outcomes and unable to estimate probabilities • psychological orientation of decision maker – maximax choice - optimistic » maximizing the maximum possible payoff – maximin choice - pessimistic » maximizing the minimum possible payoff – minimax - minimize the maximum “regret” © Prentice Hall, 2002 6-21
22.
Payoff Matrix © Prentice
Hall, 2002 6-22
23.
Regret Matrix © Prentice
Hall, 2002 6-23
24.
The Manager As
A Decision Maker (cont.) Decision-Making Styles – two dimensions define the approach to decision making • way of thinking - differs from rational to intuitive • tolerance for ambiguity - differs from a need for consistency and order to the ability to process many thoughts simultaneously – define four decision-making styles • Directive - fast, efficient, and logical • Analytic - careful and able to adapt or cope with new situations • Conceptual - able to find creative solutions • Behavioral - seek acceptance of decisions © Prentice Hall, 2002 6-24
25.
Decision-Making Styles Tolerance for
Ambiguity High Analytic Conceptual Directive Behavioral Low Rational © Prentice Hall, 2002 Way of Thinking Intuitiv e 6-25
26.
Managing Workforce Diversity Diversity
in Decision Making – Advantages - diverse employees: • provide fresh perspectives • offer differing interpretations of problem definition • increase the likelihood of creative and unique solutions – Disadvantages - diverse employees: • require more time to reach a decision • may have problems of communication • may create a more complex, confusing, and ambiguous decision-making process • may have difficulty in reaching agreement © Prentice Hall, 2002 6-26
27.
Overview Of Managerial
Decision Making Decision-Making Approach • Rationality • Bounded Rationality • Intuition Types of Problems and Decisions • Well-structured - programmed • Poorly structured - nonprogrammed Decision-Making Conditions • Certainty • Risk • Uncertainty © Prentice Hall, 2002 Decision-Making Process Decision Maker Style • Directive • Analytic • Conceptual • Behavioral Decision • Choose best alternative - maximizing - satisficing • Implementing • Evaluating 6-27
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