Biotechnology

1. Maulana Azad National Institute Of Technology
Bhopal
Seminar on
Microelectronic Pill: New emerging trend in diagnosis
and treatment
By- Nirmal Kumar
MANIT Bhopal
Department- Biological Science and Engineering

2. Contents:
Introduction
History
Parts of micro electric pill
How its work inside the body
Structure of micro electric pill
Sensors and Chip
Advantages
Disadvantage
Application
References

3. Introduction
A "Microelectronic pill" is basically a multichannel sensor
based device that contain sensors or tiny cameras to collect
information and data inside the body as they travel through the
gastrointestinal tract before being excreted from the body a day or
two later.

4. History
 Scientists discovered electronic capsule in 1972.
 Use of discrete & relatively large component’s, poor reliability, short lifetimes &
low sensitivity makes it outdated.
 To overcome all these problems Professor Jon Cooper and Dr. Erik Johanessen from
Glasgow University, U.K has led to the development of a modern microelectronic
pill.
 When Microelectronic pill is swallowed, then it will travel through the Gastro
Intestinal Tract & simultaneously perform multiparameter in situ physiological
analysis.

6. Parts

7. Capsule is swallowed by the patient like
a conventional pill.
It takes images as it is propelled
forward by peristalsis.
A wireless recorder, worn on a belt,
receives the images transmitted by the
pill.
A computer workstation processes the
data and produces a short video clip or
still images.
How It Works Inside The Body

10. Sensors and Chips
 Silicon Diode (Sensor A):
Silicon diodes are the commonly used temperature sensors in electronic equipments.
 ISFET(Sensor B):
It can reveal pathological conditions associated with abnormal pH levels.
 Direct Contact Gold Electrode (Sensor C):
Conductivity measures are done by measuring the contents of water and salt absorption,
breakdown of organic compounds into charged colloids and the bile secretion.
 3 Electrode Electrochemical cell (Sensor D):
It detects activity of aerobic bacteria in large intestine and small intestine.

11. Control Chip
 The ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) is the control unit that connects
together other components of the micro system.
 It contains an analogue signal conditioning module operating the sensors, 10-bit
analogue to digital (ADC) & digital to analogue (DAC) converters, & digital data
processing module
 The pH ISFET sensor is biased as a simple source at constant current with the
source voltage changing with threshold voltage & pH.
 The conductivity circuit operates at D.C. It measures the resistance across the
electrode pair as an inverse function of solution conductivity.
 ASIC & sensors consume 5.3 mW power corresponding to 1.7 mA
of current.

12. Silver Oxide Batteries
 Two Ag2O batteries are used.
 Operating Time > 40 hours.
 Power Consumption = 12.1 mW
 Corresponding current consumption = 3.9mA
 Supply Voltage = 3.1 V

13. Radio Transmitter
 Size of transmitter = 8×5×3 mm
 It consumes 6.8 mW power at 2.2 mA of current
 Data Transfer Rate = 1 kbps
 Bandwidth of the signal generated 10 KHz
 Modulation Scheme = FSK

14. Advantages
 It is being beneficially used for disease detection & abnormalities in human body.
Therefore it is also called as MAGIC PILL FOR HEALTH CARE.
 Very long life of the cells(40 hours), Less Power, Current & Voltage requirement .
 Less transmission length & hence has zero noise interference.
 Quick diagnosis
 Minimizing patient discomfort
 the patient can relax in comfort and walk about, without a hospital stay
 Accurate diagnosis
 Provide a large number of images so easy to diagnose from all the
sides

15. Disadvantage
It is unable to detect radiation abnormalities.
The size of pill is small but it is not as small that can be
digested by small babies.

16. Application
Crohn's Disease
Obscure GI Bleeding
Ulcerative colitis
Colorectal cancer
Tumors of the small intestine & Vascular Disorders.
Medication Related To Small Bowel Injury
It can be used in industries in evaluation of water quality,
Pollution Detection, fermentation process control
& inspection of pipelines.

17. Conclusion
Microelectronic pill widely used in advanced countries due to lack of
advantages over endoscopy. It is too effective and provide a large number
of collective form of data within a minutes. It is concluded from various
research that it is more advanced technique and most suitable for diagnosis
of the small intestine, Colon and Jejunum. The role of the swallowable
camera capsule can be understood by detecting its action against cancer
cell. The recent advanced form of swallowable camera capsule are more
effective in detecting cancerous cell from a number of normal cells and also
effective in targeted drug delivery to destroy the cancerous cell.

18. Refference
 Mrs. Shital Baghel1, Nikhil Kumar Yadav2Volume 3 Issue VI, June
2015 ISSN: 2321-9653
 Ashish Kumar Pareek*, Piush Sharma, Shiv Garg, Manoj Kumar and
Sardar Mal YadavISSN : 0975-7384 CODEN(USA) : JCPRC52015,
7(6):804-809
 K. B. Pandey*, S. Kumar, Y. Yasin and S. Rahman