1. With your teachers: Natasha and
Delaney
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

2. Prefixes and suffixes of Alkanes
• Refer back to this when you hit the naming slides
• Prefixes for the amount of carbon in a strand
• 1=mono, 2=di, 3=tri, 4=tetra, 5=penta, 6=hexa, 7=hepta, 8=octa, 9=nona,
10=deca
• Alkanes
• The suffix/ending=ane
• Suffix/ ending for branches=‘yl’
• Prefixes for the branches (also goes by the amount of carbon)
• 1=meth, 2=eth, 3=prop, 4=but, 5=penta, 6=hexa, 7=hepta, 8=octa, 9=nona,
10=deca

3. Prefix and suffixes of Halo groups
• Prefix for the amount of carbon in the strand
• 1=mono, 2=di, 3=tri, 4=tetra, 5=penta, 6=hexa, 7=hepta, 8=octa, 9=nona,
10=deca
• Branches (which consist of chluorine, bromine, iodine and fluorine
• Cl=chloro, I=Iodo, Br=Bromo, F=Fluoro

4. Prefixes and suffixes of Alkenes and Alkynes
• Prefixes to the amount of carbon in the chain
• 1=mono, 2=di, 3=tri, 4=tetra, 5=penta, 6=hexa, 7=hepta, 8=octa, 9=nona,
10=deca
• Prefixes for the branches (also goes by amount of carbon)
• 1=meth, 2=eth, 3=prop, 4=but, 5=penta, 6=hexa, 7=hepta, 8=octa, 9=nona,
10=deca
• Alkene:
• Suffix/ending= ene
• Suffix/ending for branches= yl
• Alkyne
• Suffix/ending=yne
• Suffix/ending for branches=yl

5. Prefixes and Suffixes for others
• Aldehydes: suffix=al
• Ethers: suffix= oxy
• Ketone: suffix=one
• Amines: prefix= amino
• Amides: suffix=amide
• Carboxylic acid: suffix=anic acid

6. Alkanes
• A straight chained, single bonded carbons
• Ex: C-C-C-C
• The general formula is CnH2n+2
• The general formula is used to help find the amount of H’s
• Example: You have C4 how many H’s are there?
• Well, the 4 represents the n, so plug the 4 into the equation where ever there is
an n and do the math kids!
• Answer: there would be H10

7. Naming Alkanes
• When naming an alkane there is a different suffix used at the end of
a prefix which is ‘ane’
• Looking at the first slide there is a table of what prefix is used to
how much carbons are in a chain
• Example: if there is are 5 carbons in a chain what would be the prefix?
• Penta
• Now lets look at how to name some types of branched alkanes
• There are 3 steps when naming a branched alkane
• 1) Find the longest continuous C chain and name it
• 2)Note and number the position of the branch
• 3) Name the branch (ending is ‘yl’)
• 4) Then name the hydrocarbon

8. Branched Alkanes #1
• 1) the longest carbon chain is highlighted which is 4 carbons=butane
• 2) The position of the branch is on the second carbon, since you
want to go by the lowest number position
• 3) Since the branched carbon has only 1 carbon, the name of the
branched carbon would be methyl
• 4)Naming the hydrocarbon you want to take the answers from step
2-3-1 which should look like this: 2-methylbutane

9. Branched Alkanes #2
• 1) The longest carbon chain contains 8 carbons
w = octane
•
• 2) The position of the branch is on the 3rd
carbon carbon
• 3) The name of the branch has 1 carbon=methyl
• 4) The hydrocarbon name= 3-methyloctane
•

10. Branched Alkanes #3
• 1) the longest chain has 8=octane
• 2)the branch is on the 4th carbon
• 3) there are 2 carbons in the branch=ethyl

11. Branched Alkanes #4
1) the longest branch has 7 carbons=heptane
2) Number the position of the branches going
f from lowest position =2,2,4,6 (there are
t two 2’s two 2’s because 2 branches are on
t the 2nd carbon
3)1 carbon branch=methyl
-1 carbon branch=methyl
-2carbon branch=ethyl
1-carbon branch=methyl

12. Con’t branched alkanes #4
• Since there are 2 different types of branches (ethyl and methyl) you
want to start in alphabetically
• So first you would have the 4-ethyl: since the 4 is the position and ethyl is
the prefix for the 2 carbons in the branch
• Next you want to list all the positions of the same # carbon branch (which
is the methyl).So: 2-2-6-trimethyl
• The tri prefix represents that there are 3 methyl's (1+1+1=3 which is tri)
• Finally you want to put the heptane at the end
• The final answer is 4-ethyl-2-2-6-trimethylheptane

13. 1 carbon (methane)
• When you have 1 carbon…..
• The structural formula=
• The molecular formula= CH4
• Why Because around the 1 carbon there are 4 H’s thus the CH4
• The condensed formula= CH4
• Why? Because the condensed formula looks at the groups of CH’s instead
of the amount of C and H by itself. Since there is only one hydrocarbon
group it will have the same answer as the molecular formula.
• Line formula= Doesn’t have one

14. 2 carbons (Ethane)
• When you have 2 carbons…..
• The structural formula=
• The molecular formula=C2H6
• Why? Because the molecular focuses on the amount of the C and the H by
itself. Do the math and you should have C2 and H6
• The condensed formula: CH3CH3
• Why? Because when looking at the structural formula you are looking for
the groups of CH’s. There are 2 groups and each C is surrounded by 3 H,
thus CH3CH3
• The line formula=
• Why? Because there are 2 carbons which equals to 2 points

15. 3 carbons(Propane)
• When you have 3 carbon…..
• The structural formula=
• Molecular formula=C3H8
• Why? Because there are 3 individual C’s and 8 individual H’s
• Condensed formula=CH3 CH2CH3
• Why? Because when looking at the structural formula, you are looking for
the groups of CH’s. There are 3 groups of CH’s, the first and last C have 3
H’s surrounding them (CH3) and the middle C, since it already has a bond
between the other 2 carbons is only able to hold 2 H’s (CH2).
• Line formula=
• Why? Because there are three C’s which equals to 3 points

16. 4 carbons(Butane)
• When you have 4 carbons…..
• The structural formula=
• The molecular formula=C4H10
• Why? Because there are 4 individuals C’s and 10 individuals H’s
• The condensed formula=CH3CH2CH2CH3
• Why? The first and last group have 3 H’s surrounding the C’s hence the CH3
and the 2 middle C’s are bonded to the C’s on either side only giving room
to bond with 2 H’s hence the CH2
• Line formula=
• Why? Because there are 4 carbons thus 4 points

17. Questions
• Name the following hydrocarbons:
• 1) Answer: 3-methylhexane
• 2) Answer: 3-methlyheptane
• 3) Answer: 2-methylhexane
• 4) Answer: 3,4-dimethylheptane

18. Questions
• Draw the following:
• 1) 4-proplynonane 3) 3-ethylheptane
• 2) 4-ethyl-2-methyloctane 4) 3,4-diethylhexane

19. Alkanes in everyday life
• 1) commercial fuels (propane)
• 2) Components of gasoline (pentane)
• 3) Natural gas (methane)
• 4) In plant hormones
• 5) Paraffin wax

20. Isomers
• Compounds which have the same molecular formula but a different
arrangement of atoms
• Each structural isomer has a set of chemical and physical properties
which differ form those of other isomers with the same chemical
formula
• Ex) CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 or
• Ex) CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 or

21. Isomer questions
• 1) Write the condensed structure and name for the three structural
isomers having the molecular formula C5H12.
• Answers:
• pentane: CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 methylbutane:
• Dimethylpropane:
• 2) Write the condensed structure and name for the two structural isomers
that involve a single methyl group attached to hexane.
• Answers:
• 2-methylhexane:
• 3-methylhexane:

22. Cyclo Alkane
• They are hydrocarbon chains that are connected in a ‘head to tail’
format
• The general formula=CnH2n
• So if you have C5, how many H’s would you have
• Plug in the 5 for the n, and times it by 2
• Answer=H10

23. Naming
• Ex)
• Cyclopropane
• Why? Since there is no branches, the cyclo is first in the name. In the picture there are 3
carbons=prop as well since this group is part of the alkane group the ending is ‘ane’
• Ex)
• Methlycyclotetrane
• Note: when there is an attachment on a cyclo single bond: you do not use numbers to
indicate its position.
• Why? Because since there is a branch (and it only has 1 carbon making it methyl) it is
placed at the beginning of the name. To follow is cyclo and lastly since there are 4
carbons in the main chain it equals to tetra and the ending would be ‘ane’

24. Cyclopropane
• When you have cyclopropane…..
• The structural formula=
• The molecular formula=C3H6
• The condensed formula=CH2CH2CH2
• The line formula=

25. Cyclobutane
• When you have cyclobutane…..
• The structural formula:
• The molecular formula=C4H8
• The condensed formula=CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2
• The line formula=

26. Questions
• Name the following
• 1) Answer: methylcyclopropane
• 2) Answer: ethylcyclohexane
• Draw the following
• 1) propylcyclopropane 2)methylcyclohexane

27. Everyday use
• 1) pharmaceutical drugs
• 2) important components of food

28. Alkyl halides(halo groups)
• Cholorpropyl
• The structural formula:
• The molecular formula: C3H7Cl
• The condensed formula: CH3-CH2-CH2-Cl
• Line formula:

29. Halo groups
• Fluoroethyl
• The structural formula:
• Molecular formula:C2H4F
• Condensed formula: CH3CH2F
• Line formula:

30. Drawing Halo
• Chloroethane= CH3-CH2-Cl
• Why there are 2 carbons=ethane and there is only 1 chloro
• Fluorocyclopentane=
• Why since the structure is closed it is a cyclo, the F=fluro and there are 5
carbons=pentane

31. Naming Halo groups
• CH3-Cl=Chloromethane
• Why? Because one carbon=methane and one Halo alkyl (Cl)=Choloro
• 2-fluoropropane
• Why? 3 carbons=propane, 1 F=fluoro and the alkyl is on the 2nd carbon
• 2-bromo-1,4-diiodobutane
• Why? Carbons=butane, 2 groups of I=diiodo, 1 group of Br=bromo and the
Alkyls are on the 1st, 2nd and 4th carbon. Remember when writing the name
you want to go in alphabetical order

32. Questions
• Draw the following
• 1) 1,2-dichloroehtane Answer: Cl-CH2-CH2-Cl
• 2) 1-iodo-4-methylpentane Answer:
• Name the following
• 1) Answer: 1,3,5-tribromocyclohexane
• 2) Answer: 1,1-dichloro-2-fluoroethane

33. Everyday uses
• Chloroform: an anesthetic
• Chlorofluorocarbons: used in refrigerators

34. Alkenes
• An alkene is an organic compound containing a carbon-carbon
double bond
• Their general formula=CnH2n
• Alkenes are known as unsaturated hydrocarbons because the have
less hydrogen atoms equivalent to alkanes. On contrast, alkanes are
saturated because they hold the max number of hydrogen's

35. Naming
• CH3-CH=CH-CH2-CH2-CH3=2-hexene
• Why? There are 6 carbons=hexa, drop the a and add ene. The 2 represent
which carbon the double bond starts from
• 2-methyl-1-butene
• Why? There are 4 carbons=butene. The 1 represents where the double
bond starts from. The methyl is the branch and the 2 represents which
carbon the branch is off of
• 3,3-dimethyl-1-cyclopentene
• Why? The 3,3 represents which carbon the branch is off
o of, since there are 2 methyl's (di methyl) off the same
f carbon that’s why there is 3,3. The 1 represents where
the double bond begins and the structure is closed so that’s why there is
the cyclo. Lastly since there are 5 carbons=pentene
•

36. Drawing
• 2-butene= CH3-CH=CH-CH3
• Why? There are 4 carbons= butene, and the 2 represents where the double
bond begins
• 3-methly-3-hexene
Why? The 3 represents where the branch is and since the
bran branch only has 1 carbon=methyl. The 3 in front of the
hexene represents where the double bond begins and since there are 6
carbons=hexene
2,2-dibromo-3-iodo-4-propyl-1-hexene
Why? There are 2 bromo’s(dibromo) on the
2nd carbon d second carbon which is why it is 2,2. there
is an iodo on the 3rd carbon, a propyl on the 4th carbon and 1 represents the
double bond starting at the 1st carbon. Since there 6 carbons=hexene

37. Questions
• Draw the following:
• 1) 3-hexene: CH3-CH2-CH=CH-CH2CH3
• 2) 3,6-dimethyl-1-cyclohexene:
• 3) 3,3-dimethyl-1-pentene

38. Questions
• Name the following:
• 1) CH3-CH=CH-CH3 Answer: 2-butene
• 2) Answer: 1,3,4-trimethyl-1-cyclobutene
• 3) Answer: 3-methyl-3-hexene

39. Everyday uses
• Used to artificially ripen fruit
• Extremely important in the manufacturing of plastics

40. Alkynes
• Are organic compounds that contain a triple bond
• Their general formula=CnH2n-2
• Alkynes are known as unsaturated hydrocarbons because the have
less hydrogen atoms equivalent to alkanes. On contrast, alkanes are
saturated because they hold the max number of hydrogen's

41. Naming
• When naming the ending of the prefix becomes “yne”
• Ex) 2-butyne
• Why? There are 4 carbons=butyne and the
triple bond begins on the 2nd carbon
Ex) 5,6-dimethyl-1-cyclooctyne
Why? The 5, 6 represent the carbon that the branches are on. And
since there are 2 methyls=dimethyl. The 1 represents on what carbon
the triple bond starts from, the cyclo=it’s a closed structure and
there are 8 carbons=octyne

42. Naming
•
• 1,3,4-tribromo-2-chloro-3-fluoro-2-iodo-4-propyl-3-hexene
• Why? On the 1st, 3rd and 4th carbon there are bromo (3=tribromo). On the
2nd carbon there is a chloro and an iodo hence the 2 in front of chloro and
iodo. On the 3rd carbon there is a fluoro branch. On the 4th branch there is
also a chain of 3 carbons=proply. The 3 represents the triple bond starting
from the 3rd carbon. And since there is 6 carbons=hexene.

43. Drawing
• 1-heptyne
• Why? The 1 represents where the triple bond starts and since there are 7
carbons=heptyne
• Cyclopropyne
• Why? Since it’s a closed structure it has the cyclo in the name and since
there are 3 carbons=propyne
• 3,6-diethyl-2-methyl-4-octyne
• Why? Remember when naming you want to go in alphabetical order. The
3, 6 represent the carbons where the branch ethyl in on. Since there are 2
branches of ethyl's=diethyls. Next the 2 represents the carbon where the
methyl is on. The 4 represents where the triple bond starts from and
since there are 8 carbons=octyne

44. Questions
• Name the following:
• 1) Answer: 3-methyl-4-octyne
• 2) Answer: 3-hexyne
• 3) Answer:1,1-dibromo-2,2-difluoro-1-propyne

45. Questions(draw the following)
1)2-methyl-1-pentyne
• 2)2,2-diethyl-3-pentyne
• 3)Cyclooctyne

46. Everyday uses
• Used for metal cutting and wielding
• Can be used as an illuminant

47. alcohols
• Organic compounds that contain –OH
• When naming:
• Make sure the branch number of the alcohol is before the parent chain
(the longest carbon chain) name
• Number the branch carbons from the lowest carbon position
• The ending of the branch name drops the ‘e’ and an ‘ol’ is added

48. Functional groups
• A specific group of atoms which exists in molecules and gives a
molecule an ability to react in a specific manner or giver it special
properties
• Why is alcohol is there own functional group? Because they consist
of OH’s where as hydrocarbons consist of H’s and C’s.

49. Naming alcohols
• CH3-OH= methanol
• Why? 1 carbon=methane but drop the e and add ol
• 2-butanol
• Why? 4 carbons=butane but drop the e and add ol. And the 2 represents
what carbon the branch is on

50. Drawing alcohols
• 4,4,4-trifluoro-2-butanol
• Why? It’s on the 4th carbon because you cannot make the carbon 1 when
it’s has a fluoro surrounding it. The 3 F’s give the tri in front of the fluoro. 4
carbons= butane drop the e and add ol and the 2 represents the OH on the
2nd carbon.
• 2-propanol
• Why? 3 carbons=propane, drop the e and add ol and the 2 represents the
OH on the second carbon

51. Questions
• Name the following:
• 3-methyl-1-butane
• 2-methyl-2-propanol

52. Questions
• Draw the following:

53. Everyday uses of alcohols
• Ethanol: it is the least toxic of the alcohols and is used in perfumes
to stop the plant and animal extracts from going off
• Cleaners: gets rid of bacteria and oil, can also be used as mouth
wash
• Antiseptic: is safer on skin because it works at lower levels of
concentration
• Sedative: preparing patients for surgery

54. Other functional groups
• Aldehydes: an organic compound containing C=O
• Group at the end of a hydrocarbon chain
• Ex) =methanal
• Why? One carbon=methane, and c=o group at end gives ‘al’ ending so you
have to drop the e to add it
• Ex) =2-methylpentanal
• Why? Five carbons=pentane (drop the e), the CHO gives ‘al’ ending, and the
branch is on the 2nd carbon (1 branch carbon=methyl).
• Real life uses
• Manufacture of resins, dyes and organic acids
• Formaldehyde can be used to preserve dead animals

55. Other functional groups
• Ketones: an organic compound containing C=O
• Grouped at any position other than at the end of a hydrocarbon chain
• Ex) propanone
• Why? 3carbons=propane(drop the e) and the C=O gives ‘one’ ending
• Ex) cyclohexanone
• Why? 6 carbons=hexane(drop the e), the C=O gives ‘one’ ending and since
the structure is head to tail (closed) it’s a cyclo
• Real life uses
• Acetone: used to remove nail polish
• Butanone: added to commercial bottles of cleaning alcohol so it makes it
undrinkable and seller can avoid it being taxed as an alcoholic beverage

56. Other Functional Groups
• Ethers: a compound in which an oxygen joins 2 hydrocarbons
• Ex) ethoxyethane
• Why? Before the oxygen there are 2 carbons=eth, oxygen is in the
middle=oxy and after the oxygen there are 2 carbons=ethane
• Ex) 1-methoxy-3,3-dimethylbutane
• Why? 4 carbons=butane, branches on 3rd carbon (since there is 2 on the
same it becomes 3,3) also because there are 2 methyl branches it becomes
dimethyl. Oxygen-I carbon =meth(oxy) because its on the first carbon
• Everday uses
• Sedative: main ingerdient in morphines
• Industrial purposes: ethoxyehtane is quite volatie and can be used as a
started fluid for diseasel engines and gasoline enginges in cold weather

57. Other Functional Groups
• Amines: organic compound that contains an NH2 group
• Ex) CH3-CH2-NH2=aminoethane
• Why? 2 carbons=ethane and 1 NH2=amino
• Ex) NH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-NH2=1,4-diaminobutane
• Why? 4 carbons=butane, the branches of NH2 are on the 1st and 4th carbon,
and since there are two NH2 it becomes diamino.
• Everyday uses
• For solubilizing herbicides
• Fabric softeners

58. Other Functional Groups
• Amides: organic comppounds that contain CONH2(pic)
• Ex) CH3-CONH2= ethanamide
• Why 2 carbons-ehtane drop the e and add –amide since there is only 1
CONH2
• Ex) 3,3-dimethylbutanamide
• Why 4 carbons=butane drop the e and add –amid since there is only 1
CONH2. Since there are 2 methyl on the 3rd carbon, it becomes dimethyl
and that’s why there 3,3 since there are 2 methyls on the 3rd carbon.
• Everyday uses:
• Polyacryamide: treatment of drinking and sewage water
• Polyacryamide: used in paper industry since it is used as a binder and
rententions aids for fibers. It also retains the coour pigmnet on the paper

59. Other Functional groups
• Carboxylic acid: organic acids are organic compounds that contain
COOH
• Ex) CH3-COOH ethanoic acid
• Why 2 carbons=ethane drop the e and add –oic acid since there is only 1
COOH
• Ex) 2-aminopropanoic acid
• Why 3 carbons=propane drop the e and add –oic acid since there is only 1
COOH. 1 NH2=amino and the amino is on the 2nd carbon.
• Note: amino acids are carboxylic acid with an amino on 2nd carbon (NH2)
• Everyday uses
• Acetic acid: found in vinegar
• Methanoic acid: found in many insect stings

60. • WE HOPE YOU KIDS ACTUALLY LEARNT SOMETHING!!!! 
• THANK YOU