The knee joint is a complex synovial joint formed by the fusion of the femur, tibia, and patella. It allows for flexion, extension, and rotation. The knee joint is supported by numerous ligaments including the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments. It contains menisci to deepen the tibial surfaces and distribute weight. The knee joint has a synovial membrane and 13 bursae to reduce friction.

2. FORMATION OF KNEE
JOINT
 IT IS A LARGE AND
COMPLICATED JOINT OF THE
BODY.
 IT IS COMPLEX DUE TO FUSION
OF THREE JOINTS.
 IT IS MADE UP OF FEMUR, TIBIA
AND PATELLA.

3. JOINT TYPE
 IT IS A COMPOUND SYNOVIAL
JOINT.
 IT INCORPORATES TWO
CONDYLER JOINTS BETWEEN THE
CONDYLES OF FEMUR AND TIBIA.
 AND THIRD ONE IS SADDLE
JOINT BETWEEN THE FEMUR AND
THE PATELLA.

4. ARTICULAR SURFACES
THE ARTICULAR SURFACES OF
KNEE JOINT ARE AS
FOLLOWING.
 THE CONDYLES OF FEMUR.
 THE PATELLA.
 THE CONDYLES OF TIBIA.

5. LIGAMENTS
THE KNEE JOINT IS SUPPORTED BY
FOLLOWING LIGAMENTS.
 FIBROUS CAPSULE.
 LIGAMENTUM PATELLAE.
 TIBIAL COLATERAL LIGAMENT.
 FIBULAR COLATERAL LIGAMENT.

6. LIGAMENTS
 ARCUATE POPLITEAL LIGAMENT.
 ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT.
 POSTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT.
 MEDIAL MENISCUS.
 OBLIQUE POPLITEAL LIGAMENT.
 LATERAL MENISCUS.
 TRANSVERSE LIGAMENT.

8. FIBROUS CAPSULE
 IT IS VERY THIN CAPSULE.
 IT SURROUNDS THE SIDES AND
POSTERIOR ASPECT OF JOINT.
 IT IS ANTERIORLY DEFICIENT.
 LATERALLY IT ENCLOSES THE
POPLITEUS.

9. FIBROUS CAPSULE
IT IS STRENGTHENED BY THE FOLLOWINGS.
 ANTERIORLY: VASTUS MEDIALIS, VASTUS
LATERALIS.
 LATERALLY: ILLIOTIBIAL TRACT.
 MEDIALLY: TENDONS OF
SARTORIUS, SEMIMEMBRANOSUS.
 POSTERIORLY: OBLIQUE POIPLITEAL LIGAMENT
.

10. LIGAMENTUM PATELLAE
 IT IS THE CENTRAL PORTION OF TENDON OF
QUADRICEPS FEMORIS.
 IT IS RELATED TO SUPERFICIAL AND DEEP
INFRAPATELLAR BURSAE AND INFRAPATELLAR PAD
OF FAT.
 ATTACHMENTS: ABOVE: APEX OF PATELLA.
 BELOW: TIBIAL TUBEROSITY.

11. TIBIAL COLATERAL
LIGAMENT
 IT IS A LONG BAND OF GREAT STRENGTH.
 IT COVERS THE INFERIOR MEDIAL GENICULAR VESSELS AND
NERVES AND TENDON OF SEMIMEMBRANOSUS.
 ATTACHMENTS: SUPERIORLY: MEDIAL EPICONDYLE OF FEMUR.
 INFERIORLY: DIVIDES INTO ANTERIOR & POSTERIOR PARTS.
 POSTERIORLY: CAPSULE, MEDIAL MENISCUS.

12. FIBULAR COLATERAL
LIGAMENT
 IT IS STRONG AND CORD LIKE
LIGAMENT.
 IT EXTENDS FROM LATERAL
EPICONDYLE OF FEMUR TO HEAD OF
FIBULA.
 IT IS FREE FROM THE CAPSULE.
 IT REPRESENTS FEMORAL
ATTACHMENTS OF PERONEUS LONGUS.

13. OBLIQUE POPLITEAL
LIGAMENT
 THIS IS EXPANSION OF TENDON OF
SEMIMEMARNOSUS.
 IT IS ATTACHED TO INTERCONDYLAR LINE AND
LATERAL CONDYLE OF FEMUR.
 AND RELATED TO THE POPLITEAL ARTERY AND
THE POSTERIOR DIVISION OF OBTURATOR NERVE.

14. ARCUATE POPLITEAL
LIGAMENT
 IT’S THE EXPANSION OF
LATERAL LIGAMENT.
 IT EXTENDS FROM THE
HEAD OF FIBULA TO THE
INTERCONDYLAR AREA
OF THE TIBIA.

15. ANTERIOR CRUCIATE
LIGAMENT
 ITS THICK FIBROUS BAND TO
MAINTAIN STABILITY OF KNEE JOINT.
 IT EXTENDS FROM
INTERCONDYLAR AREA OF TIBIA TO
MEDIAL SURFACE OF LATERAL
CONDYLE OF FEMUR.
 IT IS TAUT DURING KNEE
EXTENSION.
ACL

16. POSTERIOR CRUCIATE
LIGAMENT
 THE STRONG AND THICK
FIBROUS JOINT.
 IT EXTENDS FROM
INTERCONDYLAR AREA OF TIBIA
TO MEDIAL SURFACE OF LATERAL
CONDYLE OF FEMUR.
 IT TAUTS DURING KNEE
FLEXION.

17. MEDIAL MENISCUS
 IT HAS TWO ENDS, TWO BORDERS
AND TWO SURFACES.
 IT IS RELATIVELY IMMOBILE.
 ITS PERIPHERAL MARGIN IS
ADHERENT TO IT IS C-SHAPED
FIBROCARTILAGENOUS DISC.
 TIBIAL COLATERAL LIGAMENT.
 MORE LIABLE TO INJURY.

18. LATERAL MENISCUS
 IT IS MORE ROUND IN SHAPE.
 HAS TWO ENDS, TWO BORDERS AND
TWO SURFACES.
 THE OUTER BORDER IS CONVEX AND
THICK.
 THE INNER BORDER IS CONCAVE AND
THIN.
 THE UPPER SURFACE IS CONCAVE AND
LOWER SURFACE IS FLAT.

19. TRANSVERSE LIGAMENT
 IT CONNECTS THE
ANTERIOR ENDS OF
MEDIAL AND LATERAL
MENISCI.

20. SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE
 IT LINES THE JOINT CAPSULE EXCEPT
POSTERIORLY WHERE CRUCIATE
LIGAMENTS FOUND.
 IN FRONT, IT IS ABSENT FROM PATELLA.
 BELOW THE PATELLA, IT COVERS THE
INFRAPATELLAR PAD OF FAT.
 THE FREE BORDERS OF INFRAPATELLR
FOLD ARE CALLED AS ALAR FOLD.

21. BURSAE
 THERE ARE 13 BURSAE IN THE KNEE JOINT.
 THE FOUR ARE ANTERIOR, FOUR ARE LATERAL
AND FOUR ARE MEDIAL.

23. ANTERIOR BURSAE
THESE ARE FOUR IN NUMBERS.
 SUBCUTANEOUS PREPATELLAR BURSA.
 SUBCUTANEOUS INFRAPATELLAR BURSA.
 DEEP INFRA PATELLAR BURSA.
 SUPRAPATELLAR BURSA.

24. LATERAL BURSAE
THERE ARE FOUR LATERAL BURSAE.
 A BURSA DEEP TO LATERAL HEAD OF GASTROCNEMIUS.
 A BURSA B/W FIBULAR COLATERAL LIGAMENT AND THE
BICEPS FEMORIS.
 A BURSA B/W FIBULAR COLATERAL LIGAMENT AND
TENDON OF POPLITEUS.
 A BURSA B/W TENDON OF POPLITEUS AND LATERAL
CONDYLE OF THE TIBIA.

25. MEDIAL BURSAE
THE FOUR MEDIAL BURSAE ARE AS FOLLOWS.
 A BURSA DEEP TO THE MEDIAL HEAD OF
GASTROCNEMIUS.
 THE ANSERINE BURSA.
 A BURSA DEEP TO THE TIBIAL COLLATERAL
LIGAMENT.
 A BURSA DEEP TO SEMIMEMBRANOSUS.

26. RELATIONS OF KNEE
ANTERIORLY: ANTERIOR BURSA, LIGAMENTUM PATELLAE, PATELLAR
PLEXUS.
POSTERIORLY: POPLITEAL VESSEL, TIBIAL NERVE, PERONEAL NERVE,
GASTROCNEMIUS, PLANTARIS, SEMITENDINOSUS,
SEMIMEMBRANOSUS, GRACILIS, POPLITEUS.

27. RELATIONS OF KNEE
MEDIALLY: SARTORIUS, GRACILIS, SEMITENDINOSUS, SAPHE
NOUS VEIN, SAPHENOUS
NERVE, SEMIMEMBRANOSUS.
LATERALLY: BICEPS FEMORIS, TENDON OF POPLITEUS

28. BLOOD SUPPLY
KNEE JOINT IS SUPPLIED BY ANASTOMOSES AROUND IT.
 5 GENICULAR BRANCHES OF POPLITEAL ARTERY.
 DESCENDING GENICULAR BRANCH OF FEMORAL ARTERY.
 DESCENDING BRANCH OF LATERAL CIRCUMFLEX
FEMORAL ARTERY.
 2 BRANCHES OF ANTERIOR TIBIAL ARTERY.
 CIRCUMFLEX FIBULAR BRANCH OF TIBIAL ARTEY.

30. NERVE SUPPLY
FOLLOWING NERVES
SUPPLY THE KNEE
JOINT.
 FEMORAL NERVE
 SCIATIC NERVE
 OBTURATOR NERVE

31. MOVEMENTS OF KNEE
JOINT
ACTIVE MOVEMENTS: FLEXION
 EXTENSION

32. MOVEMENTS OF KNEE
JOINT
ROTATORY MOVEMENTS: LOCKING OF KNEES
 MECHANISM THAT ALLOWS
THE KNEE TO REMAIN IN
POSITION OF FULL
EXTENSION AS IN STANDING
WITHOUT MUSCULAR EFFORT.

33. MOVEMENTS OF KNEE
ROTATORY MOVEMENTS: UNLOCKING OF KNEES
 IT IS BROUGHT ABOUT
BY LATERAL ROTATION OF
THE FEMUR.