Software is changing the way traditional business operate. People now have smartphones in their pockets - a supercomputer that is 25,000 times more powerful and the minicomputers of the 1960s. This is changing people's behaviour and how people shop and use services. The organisational structure created in the 20th century cannot survive when new digital solution are being offered. Software is changing the way traditional business operate. People now have smartphones in their pockets - a supercomputer that is 25,000 times more powerful and the minicomputers of the 1960s. This is changing people's behaviour and how people shop and use services. The organisational structure created in the 20th century cannot survive when new digital solution are being offered. The hierarchical structure of these established companies assumes high coordination cost due to human activity. But when the coordination cost drops
The organisational structure that companies in the 20th century established was based on the fact that employees needed to do all the work. The coordination cost was high due to the effort and cost of employees, housing etc. Now we have software that can do this for use and the coordination cost drops to close-to-zero. Another thing is that things become free. Consider Flickr. Anybody can sign up and use the service for free. Only a fraction of the users get pro account and pay. How can Flickr make money on that? It turns out that services like this can.
Many businesses make money by giving things away. How can that possibly work? The music business has suffered severely with digital distribution of content. Should musicians put all their songs on YouTube? What is the future business model for music?
5. In about 2006 we entered the second half of
the chess board
6. On the Second half of the Chess board
Tech Giants
Companies and services we have never in the
history of the world seen before
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
15. Web browser is used to get a page from a web server
Web Service
HTTP is a communication protocol
HTML is markup language for formatting text
Web Server
Data Center
Web
Page
HTTP Request for data
HTML response with data
Web Browser
16. App (computer, phone, washing machine etc.) send requests
over the internet (the cloud) to a software service that is stored
on a server in data centre
Software Service
HTTP is a communication protocol
json is a standard for data
Software Service
Data Center
App
HTTP Request for data
Json response with data
17. When a client calls cloud based software service and gets data,
it calls using an API — Application Programming Interface
APIs is a definition of rules for communication and consists of
commands and parameters that are sent with requests, and the
response and data that is sent back to the client
The world is defined by API today
APIs
18. API based software services in the cloud is the foundation for
the digital transformation
Facebook, Airbnb and Uber work using APIs
Internet of things work using APIs
APIs
Software Service
Data Center
App
Request
Response
API
21. Cloud Architectures
Software and data belongs to data centers
Cloud software solutions open up new types of architectures that
were previously not possible — microservice architecture
Agile teams work to build services with APIs
Continuous delivery and A/B testing
SERVICE
implementation
Service API
Service
uses
other service
22. Monolith Microservices
Instead of one giant solution and single deployment
that takes years in development, multiple small
services with API are created — microservices
Microservices
23. Software
Server in server room, backup,
security issues, unreliable
uptime, disk space problems
BEFORE
Cloud, more security, automatic
backup, reliable uptime, software
problem not hardware problem
NOW
28. Media in the 20th Century
Print Radio TV CD/DVDs
1900 2000
Analog, Broadcast, One-2-many, copies to sell
29. Communication in the 20th Century
Phone call Postal Letter Talk with Clerk
Analog, slow and expensive - coordination cost is high
1900 2000
Fax
30. Travelling in the 20th Century
How would you organise a
vacation at a beach resort
in the Mediterranean in
1971?
How many people would
need to become involved?
34. All of the financial cost and institutional difficulties
arranging group output
In institutional coordination formats the cost is
manual, people intensive, and unscalable —
therefore it is high
Coordination Cost
35. Institutional Coordination
Form an institution - get resources together
1. Management Problem
2. Structure - economic, legal, physical etc.
3. Inherently exclusionary
4. Professional class
36. Put the cooperation into the infrastructure
Design a system that coordinates the output of the
system as a byproduct of operating the system
without regard to institutional models
The coordination cost tends to be low, automatic, and
highly scaleable
Cooperative Coordination
37. New Solutions
Napster in 1999
Music Industry goes
crazy
New solutions get built on the Internet infrastructure
38. BitTorrent in 2001
Music Industry goes
even more crazy
New Solutions
New solutions get built on the Internet infrastructure
39. New solutions get built on the Internet infrastructure
Youtube 2005
Content creators go crazy
New Solutions
40.
41.
42.
43.
44. Airbnb
Airbnb is bigger than Hilton
Has more than 2 millions listing
Does not own any rooms or apartments
51. THE
DIGITAL DECADE
THE CONTENT
ESCAPES
THE FORM
INTERNET
DISRUPTION
BEGINS
1900 2000
From hierarchical structure to networks
From broadcasting to streaming - long tail
From Read-only culture to read-write culture
The Move to Networks
THE
TRANSFORMATION
DECADE
BUSINESS MODELS
CHANGE
SMARTPHONES
REAL TIME SOFTWARE
CLOUD AND AI
2010
52. Defined Industry Boundaries
Single-purpose Products
Producers and Consumers
Buying Economy
Hierarchical Structure
Platforms, ecosystems
Connected Smart Products
User as producer, co-creation
Sharing economy
Network Structure
The Transformation Decade
Broadcasting Streaming
Gatekeepers Algorithms
2010 2020
53. What is happening to traditional businesses is
that they are getting challenged by digital real-
time software base network companies
It the transformation of old established physical
way of doing business into new ways that are
optimized around real-time software systems
This is called Digital Transformation
Digital Transformation
54. Software is becoming the change agent of all
business
If the internet has not disrupted a business, it will
Traditional industries like retail, shipping,
banking, insurance, law firms, health and the list
goes on…
Digital Transformation
55. Any business that is built around a
hierarchy with high coordination
cost, will be crushed by a
networked software solution with
low coordination cost
Digital Transformation
59. Digital Masters
What do these companies do differently?
They use digital technology as a base for everything they do and
have the leadership skills to use it
60. To become successful in digital transformation and become
„digital master“ companies need two things:
Digital
Capacity
Leadership
Capacity
Digital Masters
61. Digital technology is a tool to
get to customers, encourage
employees and transform
work processes
Digital Capacity
Digital Masters
62. Management of digital transformation
begins at the top with strong leaders
that set direction, motivate
employees, trust them and follow up
Create the vision and environment so
other can thrive
Leadership Capacity
Digital Masters
64. DigitalCapability
Leadership Capability
Beginners
Fashionistas Digital Masters
Conservatives
Is the Company ready to become Digital?
• Many advanced digital features (e.g.
social, mobile) in silos
• No overarching vision
• Underdeveloped coordination
• Digital culture may exist in silos
• Strong overarching digital vision
• Excellent governance across silos
• Many digital initiative generating
business value in measurable way
• Strong digital culture
• Management sceptical of the
business value of advanced digital
technologies
• May be carrying out some
experiments
• Immature digital culture
• Overarching digital vision, but may be
underdeveloped
• Few advanced digital features, though
traditional digital capabilities may be mature
• Strong digital governance across silos
• Active steps to build digital skills and culture
Heimild: Digital Transformation: A Roadmap for Billion-Dollar Organisations
68. Digital Transformation
Transforming a company from traditional company to a
digital company
All work processes are rethought
Software and automation take out coordination cost
Customers help themselves
Data used to make decisions
69. What does Digital mean?
In traditional companies employees do multiple of tasks
Answer the phone, print out papers, meet, create reports
and read reports etc.
In digital companies this is not needed
Customers use app or web, reports are in apps, digital
signatures and AI to process data
72. Traditional Banking
Highly established and
structured organisations
Conservative and
secretive
Slow and expensive
Not very transparent with
endless “hidden fees”
81. “Retail guys are going to go out of business
and ecommerce will become the place
everyone buys. You are not going to have a
choice. We’re still pre-death of retail, and
we’re already seeing a huge wave of growth.
The best in class are going to get better and
better. We view this as a long term
opportunity.”
— Mark Andreessen
82. Retail is fundamentally implausible economic structure
You combine the fixed cost of real estate with inventory
Every retailer is put in a highly leveraged position
Few can survive a decline of 20 to 30 percent in revenues
There is fundamentally a better model
85. A) People that just steals, they will never pay
B) People that want to try before buy - if they like they pay
C) People that want something but it is not available
D) Copyright laws don’t apply anymore - its not piracy
Reasons for Piracy
91. In the LP/CD era, the industry was based in scarcity
model of economics
Only few artists became popstarts - professionalised
and limited
Today, consumers don’t want to pay as much as they
did for music
Add to that, the fact that anybody can be a musician
and be on Soundcloud or Spotify
World of Music
102. Free web software and services, some content
Free to the users of the basic version
Varying tiers of content, from free to
expensive, or a premium "pro" version
The 1% Rule - 1% of a community
does all the work
F2P in the video games industry
Freemium
103. Free content, services, software, and more
Examples
Yahoo's pay-per-pageview banners
Google's pay-per-click text ads
Amazon's pay-per-transaction "affiliate ads"
Paid inclusion in search results
Paid listing in information services
Lead generation
Advertising
104.
105. Things that can be distributed
without an appreciable cost to
anyone
Digital reproduction and peer-to-
peer distribution, the real cost of
distributing music has truly hit
bottom
Zero Marginal Cost
106. Things that are fee, be it open source software or
user-generated content
Wikipedia
Zero-cost distribution has turned
sharing into an industry
Gift Economy
107. Traditional products exist in the economy of scarcity
When the cost of copying and distributing becomes
close to nothing, the economy shifts
You can’t sell copies – their worthless
It’s not only about money - time and respect are also
important
So is your digital footprint
Economy of Abundance
138. Discoverability
Online web sites and
product reviews
Social media, Facebook,
Pinterest, Twitter etc
Youtube, Vimeo etc
Buying
Buying online
Show rooming and buying
online
Buying in-store has to be an
experience - shareable
Rating
Social media, Facebook,
Pinterest, Twitter etc
If it is not shareable, it did
not happen
Use the medium people use