ACCESS Mars - IAC2009 Daejeon
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ACCESS Mars - The Role of Caves and other Subsurface Habitats in the Future Exploration of Mars Presentation to Paper A5-1.4 at the IAC 2009 in Daejeon, South Korea
![ACCESS MARS The Role of Caves and other Subsurface Habitats in the Future Exploration of Mars Olivia Haider [email_address]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/iacpresentationfinal-091022074641-phpapp01/85/ACCESS-Mars-IAC2009-Daejeon-1-320.jpg)
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ACCESS Mars - IAC2009 Daejeon
- 1. ACCESS MARS The Role of Caves and other Subsurface Habitats in the Future Exploration of Mars Olivia Haider [email_address]
- 4. Martian Caves Credit: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona Credit: NASA/JPL/ASU
- 5. Lava Tubes Credit: ESA / NASA Credit: Line Drube
- 8. Site Selection Credit: NASA /JPL (Background )
- 9. ACCESS Mars Roadmap Remote Sensing Observation Precursor Missions Cargo Human
- 10. ACCESS Mars Mission Architecture T-14 months T+6 months T+10 months T+32 months T+36 months T+50 months
- 15. CONCLUSIONS Acknowledgments International Space University NASA Ames Research Center NASA Exploration System Mission Directorate (ESDM) Khalid Al-Ali, Cristina Borrera del Pino, Penny Boston, Nathan Brumall, Natalie Cabrol, Axelle Cartier, James Chartres, Ed Chester, Stephen Clifford, Marc Cohen, Cassie Conley, Joseph Conley, Joy Crisp, Pascale Ehrenfreund, Alberto Fairen, Lauren Fletcher, Steve Frankel, Arthur Guest, Felipe A. Hernandez, Scott Hovland, Donald James, Hajime Jano, Dave Kendall, Mark Kliss, Larry Lemke, Gary Martin, Tahir Merali, Chistopher McKay, David Miller, John M. Olsen, Laurie Peterson, Ricardo Amils Pibernat, Florian Selch, Raj Shea, Michael Sims, Paul Spudis, Carol Stoker, Jim Thompson and S. Pete Worden
Editor's Notes
- ACCESS Mars – A ssessing C ave C apabilities & E stablishing S pecific S olutions context of the International Space University Space Studies Program 56 individuals from 15 different countries & various backgrounds
- “ To develop a mission architecture for an initial settlement on Mars by assessing the feasibility of cave habitation as an alternative to proposed surface-based solutions. “ We (ACCESS Mars team) t ook on the task of presenting a feasibility analysis of cave habitation as an alternative to proposed surface solutions for an initial settlement of Mars In the report we present a set of guidelines, intended for consultation during future Mars mission planning NASA and ESA design reference missions were used as a baseline/starting point for the ACCESS Mars mission analysis
- Introduction Proposed human Mars missions identified challenges: high levels of radiation harsh climate limited launch windows. Recently discovered lava tubes on Mars present potential solutions to some of these issues. However, caves also pose a variety of intriguing new challenges Technological and engineering challenges legal, ethical and societal issues such as planetary protection and crew safety.
- Several types of caves may exist on Mars: glacial caves, ice volcanism caves, dissolution caves, lava tubes. Lave tubes have been observed on Mars (e.g. Mars Orbiter camera data) and of course on Earth (analogues) Therefore any mentioning of caves refers to lava tubes Recent Mars Orbiter camera data have proven the existence of lava tubes on Mars Image left: A Pair of Small Pit Craters (PSP_009488_1745) Credit: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona Image right: Mars Odyssey Themis Data These lava flows and collapse features are part of Ascraeus Mons. mage Credit: NASA/JPL/ASU
- A lava tube is a cave created when low viscosity basaltic lava flows from a non-explosive volcano. The shape is predictable compared to other cave types – simplifies subsurface habitat planning On Earth lave tube < 15 m On Mars believed 100 of m due to lower gravity Lave tube – several types of entrances: cave skylights, horizontal slopes or diagonal slopes. Skylights, formed from the collapse of the roof, have been found on Mars Horizontal - difficult to locate The thermal skin depth * of the Martian regolith- order of several * Thermal skin depth: The depth at which diurnal and seasonal surface temperature variations are attenuated by a factor of the mathematical constant e. Top-Left- Partially-collapsed Martian lava tube (Photo: ESA, NASA), Right- Lava tube interior on Earth (Photo: Line Drube)
- Caves historically provide natural protection against a hostile environment. That’s probably true for Mars Surface hazard mitigation (like dust storms, micrometeorites, shielding against solar radiation) Radiation: Reduced by 3 orders of magnitude as compared to a surface stay. Meteorites: lava tubes covered by tens of meters of basalt would provide excellent protection from most small impacts and secondary fragmentation Dust storms: Only entrances of the caves would be affected / Even during a dust storm, subsurface exploration would still be possible within the habitat’s cave Fixed temperature value Potential for finding life Mission cost optimization with respect to launch mass – immediatly availabilty for habitation CAVE HAZARD: Cave Instability: Caves are generally assumed to be stable vibrations due to human and robotic activity may threaten its stability Sharp Volcanic material surrounding the lava tubes poses danger to space suits of the crew. -> future spacesuit more flexible Electric discharge
- Mission cost optimization with respect to launch mass – immediatly availabilty for habitation No excavation required Lightweight, rapid construction Structural stability Expandable within cave network Potential access to underground resources Deeper drilling capability CAVE HAZARD: Cave Instability: Caves are generally assumed to be stable vibrations due to human and robotic activity may threaten its stability Sharp Volcanic material surrounding the lava tubes poses danger to space suits of the crew. -> future spacesuit more flexible Electric discharge
- SITE SELECTION Criteria for choosing sites: evidence of lava tubes & volcanism Potential for ISRU Terrain and scientific merit Largest volcanoes and volcanic provinces are located in the Tharsis and Elysium regions -> lava tubes strong scientific value are Nili Fossae, contains abundant aqueous minerals and Isidis Planitia
- NASA & ESA Design Reference Missions studied Baseline: 540 day surface stay 6 crewmembers Roadmap: remote sensing satellites to further investigate the promising regions identified (satellite based thermal sensors, ballon based GPR) 2) Two to three sites will be selected for robotic exploration focussed on astrobiological implications and ISRU capability (Use of ARV?? To image & map cave) FINAL CAVE selected 3) Robotic Cargo delivery (initial habitat built robotically) 4) Human arrival and settlement ACCESS Mars DRM requires : Main Habitat Cargo Rover Transports Main Habitat Temporary Surface Habitat Same as Agency Habitat 3 more launches
- The use of caves as a habitat solution enables other mission scenarios, which are different from NASA or ESA reference missions. The Extended Design Reference Mission (EDRM) considers a crew of six which stays for two rotations (1320 days) on the Mars surface, creating an overlap of twelve people in the habitat for eighteen months. This produces benefits and risks: Benefit: allow continuous operations & maintenance, operations are simplified by knowledge hand-overs between crews. Risks: pyschological & medicine issues crew of 12
- Structure Reduced structure inside cave – no rigid protection against surface hazard necessary – probably inflatable struture Power systems: Photovoltaics and regenerative fuel cells: for robots Nuclear fission: for long term human settlement Thermal systems: Stable temperature conditions in caves simplifies requirement Lighting design: Energy efficient LED’s Need to simulate sunlight in caves Life support systems (closed loop) Air revitaliztion: Impact of CO 2 removal strategy Water regeneration: Dehumidification of air easier in caves Waste Management: Caves considered as potential storage sites for waste packages Food supply: Sub-surface greenhouse
- E xtra V ehicular A ctivity (EVA) -> surface & sub-surface EVA’s -> more EVA’s because of reduced radiation inside the cave Sub-surface communications: Martian soil impermeable to EM waves Need to investigate new and innovative solutions E.g. simple multi-hop wireless network Sub-surface navigation: Need for an advanced underground communications and navigation system as human settlements grow. CREW TRAINING: Need for Earth-based preparatory training program Use of Earth and Lunar analogues for crew training SPACE MEDICINE Reduced lighting in caves may increase risk of Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) Use earth analogs such as polar over wintering, terrestrial caving Use of caves may increase the risk for traumas Advantages of using caves Radiation shielding, protection from Mars dust and air-filtering etc
- Mars exploration subject to COSPAR (Committee on Space Research) guidelines Precursor missions to explore caves: careful instrument-sterilization and anti-contamination measures necessary Depending on initial exploration data: If all caves harbor life: Need to re-assess all future cave-exploration strategies If some caves are sterile (no extent/extinct life): Best suited for human settlements Need for COSPAR guidelines to evolve as our understanding about Mars increases. Wether life detected or not – profoundly affect human society (religious, space policies, philosophical thinking, cultural imaginings, scientific theories…) -> paradigm shift in human civilization comparable to Copernian shift.
- ACCESS Mars assessed role of caves / found lava tubes feasible Due benefits cave utilization – mission architecture developed to extend duration & permanent presence -> initial human settlement Benefits Hazard mitigation (radiation, dust storms, meteorites) Thermal stability Lightweight habitat construction Increased scientific output – increased EVA frequency ISRU potential – Access to subsurface resources Presence of lava tubes on Earth and Moon – analogue research Challenges additional requirements for Earth and Moon analog studies Precursor missions needed to develop the prerequisite technologies and locate an appropriate cave. additional risks of a cave-in, EVA difficulties, and psychological effects on the crew. technological & engineering challenges for robotic technologies for cave location but also making habitat habitable for humans Results of this study are preliminary findings &require further quantification and research, they demonstrate a strong argument for caves, despite their associated challenges.
- ACCESS Mars assessed role of caves / found lava tubes feasible Due benefits cave utilization – mission architecture developed to extend duration & permanent presence -> initial human settlement Benefits Hazard mitigation (radiation, dust storms, meteorites) Thermal stability Lightweight habitat construction Increased scientific output – increased EVA frequency ISRU potential – Access to subsurface resources Presence of lava tubes on Earth and Moon – analogue research Challenges additional requirements for Earth and Moon analog studies Precursor missions needed to develop the prerequisite technologies and locate an appropriate cave. additional risks of a cave-in, EVA difficulties, and psychological effects on the crew. technological & engineering challenges for robotic technologies for cave location but also making habitat habitable for humans Results of this study are preliminary findings &require further quantification and research, they demonstrate a strong argument for caves, despite their associated challenges.