35. Wasps, bees, and stinging ants
(hymenoptera)
Clinical Features
✘ Local reactions
✗ pain, erythema, edema, and pruritus at the sting site
✘ Systemic reactions
✗ urticaria, angioedema, hypotension, and bronchospasm
✗ massive envenomation may develop severe vomiting,
diarrhea, rhabdomyolysis, myocardial injury, hepatic failure,
and renal failure
✘ Delayed reactions
✗ 5-14 days post-envenomation, infrequently occur, but
resemble serum sickness
✗ characterized by fever, malaise, headache, urticaria,
lymphadenopathy, and polyarthritis
36.
37. Anaphylaxis
Clinical Features
✘ Majority: within 60 min
✘ biphasic phenomenon
✗ 3-20% of patients
✗ caused by a second phase of mediator release, peaking 8-
11 hours after the initial exposure and exhibiting itself
clinically 3-4 hours after the initial clinical manifestations
have cleared
✘ late-phase allergic reaction
✗ primarily mediated by the release of newly generated
cysteinyl leukotrienes, the former slow-reacting substance of
anaphylaxis
39. Wasps, bees, and stinging ants
(hymenoptera)
Emergency Department
Care and Disposition
✘ ABC
✘ The stinger should
be removed after
the patient has been
stabilized.
✘ Oral antihistamines
and analgesics
40. Anaphylaxis
First-Line Therapy Adult dose
Epinephrine IM: 0.3–0.5 milligram (0.3–0.5 mL
of 1:1000 dilution); or EpiPen®
0.3 milligram epinephrine (or
equivalent preformulated product)
IV bolus: 100 micrograms over 5–
10 min; mix 0.1 milligram (0.1 mL
of 1:1000 dilution) in 10 mL NS
and infuse over 5–10 min
IV infusion: start at 1
microgram/min; mix 1 milligram (1
mL of 1:1000 dilution)
in 500 mL NS and infuse at 0.5
mL/min; titrate dose as needed
42. Anaphylaxis
Second-Line Therapy Adult dose
H1 Blockers
Diphenhydramine 25–50 milligrams every 6 h IV, IM, or
PO
H2 Blockers
Ranitidine 50 milligrams IV over 5 min
Cimetidine 300 milligrams IV
43. Anaphylaxis
Second-Line Therapy Adult dose
Corticosteroids
Hydrocortisone 250–500 milligrams IV
Methylprednisolone 80–125 milligrams IV
Prednisone 40–60 milligrams/d PO divided twice a
day or daily
To be used after initial IV dose (for
outpatients: 3–5 d; tapering not
required)
44. Wasps, bees, and stinging ants
(hymenoptera)
Emergency Department Care and Disposition
✘ Patients with a single sting who have only
minor symptoms can be discharged home
after a period of observation.
✘ For patients with multiple stings, disposition is
as follows:
a. Admit if more than 100 stings, substantial comorbidities,
extremes of age, or severe systemic manifestations
b. Patients with <100 stings, and who remain asymptomatic
without laboratory evidence of complications (e.g., no
rhabdomyolysis and normal renal function) following an
observation period of 6 hours can be discharged from the ED.
60. PEP for rabies-exposed individuals
who can document previous PrEP or
PEP
✘ ≤6 เดือน
✗ IM: 1 amp d 0
✗ ID: 0.1 ml x 1 site d 0
✘ >6 เดือน (ไม่คานึงว่าผู้ป่วยได้รับมานานเท่าใดก็ตาม)
✗ IM: 1 amp d 0, 3
✗ ID: 0.1 ml x 1 site d 0, 3
✗ ID: 0.1 ml x 4 sites d 0
✘ ไม่ต้องให้อิมมูโนโกลบุลิน
61. Pre-exposure rabies prophylaxis
(PrEP)
✘ ประชาชนทั่วไป
✗ IM: 1 amp d 0,7
✗ ID: 0.1 ml x 2 sites d 0, 7 or 21
✘ ผู้ที่มีปัจจัยเสี่ยงสูงในการสัมผัสโรคตลอดเวลาหรือผู้ที่มีภูมิคุ้มกันบกพร่อง
✗ IM: 1 amp d 0, 7, 21 or 28
✗ ID: 0.1 ml x 1 site d 0, 7, 21 or 28
62. Reference
✘ Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine: A
Comprehensive Study Guide, 8/E
✘ Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine Manual, 8/E
✘ แนวทางการดูแลรักษาผู้ป่วยถูกงูกัดและได้รับพิษจากสัตว์ พ.ศ. 2555
✘ หนังสือยาต้านพิษ 3
✘ แนวทางการดูแลรักษาผู้สัมผัสโรคพิษสุนัขบ้า สถานเสาวภา สภากาชาดไทย
พ.ศ. 2561 และคาถามที่พบบ่อย
✘ Rabies vaccines and immunoglobulins: WHO
position
Notas del editor
ไม่แนะนำให้ทำ skin test
20WBCT: blood 2 ml
Simons FER, Ardusso LRF, Bilo MB, El-Gamal YM, Ledford DK, Ring J, et al. World Allergy Organization Anaphylaxis Guidelines: Summary. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;127(3):587–93.
Exhibit: จัดแสดง
Pediatric dose: IV infusion: 0.1–0.3 microgram/kg per min; titrate dose as needed; maximum, 1.5 micrograms/kg per min