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Consolidation mechanism
 Consolidation is a process by which soils decrease in volume.


 According to Karl Terzaghi "consolidation is any process which involves
  decrease in water content of a saturated soil without replacement of
  water by air.”

 Reduction in volume takes place by expulsion of water under long
  term static loads. It occurs when stress is applied to a soil that causes
  the soil particles to pack together more tightly, therefore reducing its
  bulk volume.

 When this occurs in a soil that is saturated with water, water will be
   squeezed out of the soil.
When a saturated clay is loaded externally,



                                  GL



               saturated clay




the water is squeezed out of the clay over
a long time (due to low permeability of
the clay).
This leads to settlements occurring over a long
time,
        settlement




                                       time


 which could be several years.
-Lowering of the ground water table
-External static loads from structures
-Self weight of recently placed soils
-Desiccation
 The consolidation of a soil deposit can be divided into
 3 stages :

   (1) Initial consolidation
   (2) Primary consolidation
   (3) Secondary Consolidation
 When a load is applied to a partially saturated soil, a
  decrease in volume occurs due to expulsion and
  compression of air in the voids.
 A small decrease in volume also occurs due to
  compression of solid particles .
 The reduction in volume of the soil just after the
  application of the load is known as initial
  consolidation.
 After initial consolidation, further reduction in volume
  of soil mass occurs due to expulsion of water from
  voids. This is known as primary consolidation.
 In fine grain soils, the primary consolidation occurs,
  over a long time.
 On the other hand, in coarse grained soils , the
  primary consolidation occurs rather quickly due to
  high permeability .
 The reduction in volume continues at a very slow rate
  even after the excess pore water pressure developed by
  the applied pressure is fully dissipated and the primary
  consolidation is complete.
 This additional reduction in the volume is known as
  secondary consolidation.
 Secondary consolidation becomes important for
  certain types of soil, such as peats and soft organic
  clays.
 Process of reduction of      It is a rapid process of
 volume under                   reduction of volume by
 sustained, static loading.     mechanical process such
                                as rolling, tamping.
 It causes reduction in       The volume of partially
 volume of a saturated          saturated soil decrease
 soil due to squeezing out      because of expulsion of
 of water from soil.            air from the voids at the
                                unaltered water content.
 It is a process which        It is artificial process
  occurs in nature when         which is done to increase
  the saturated soil            the density of the soil to
  deposits are subjected to     improve its properties
  static load caused by the     before it is put to any
  weight of the buildings &     use.
  other structures.
Several works in the field show
that a temperature increase
induces firstly an increase of
the permeability and
secondly, for normally
consolidated states, an
irreversible contraction and a
modification of the yield limit.
These results point to the fact
that a temperature increase
could lead to an increase of the
settlement rate and an increase
of the final value of settlement.

This figure shows two kinetics of consolidation process obtained at 25
and at 60°C
Consolidation mechanism
Consolidation mechanism
Consolidation mechanism

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Consolidation mechanism

  • 2.  Consolidation is a process by which soils decrease in volume.  According to Karl Terzaghi "consolidation is any process which involves decrease in water content of a saturated soil without replacement of water by air.”  Reduction in volume takes place by expulsion of water under long term static loads. It occurs when stress is applied to a soil that causes the soil particles to pack together more tightly, therefore reducing its bulk volume.  When this occurs in a soil that is saturated with water, water will be squeezed out of the soil.
  • 3. When a saturated clay is loaded externally, GL saturated clay the water is squeezed out of the clay over a long time (due to low permeability of the clay).
  • 4. This leads to settlements occurring over a long time, settlement time which could be several years.
  • 5. -Lowering of the ground water table -External static loads from structures -Self weight of recently placed soils -Desiccation
  • 6.  The consolidation of a soil deposit can be divided into 3 stages : (1) Initial consolidation (2) Primary consolidation (3) Secondary Consolidation
  • 7.  When a load is applied to a partially saturated soil, a decrease in volume occurs due to expulsion and compression of air in the voids.  A small decrease in volume also occurs due to compression of solid particles .  The reduction in volume of the soil just after the application of the load is known as initial consolidation.
  • 8.  After initial consolidation, further reduction in volume of soil mass occurs due to expulsion of water from voids. This is known as primary consolidation.  In fine grain soils, the primary consolidation occurs, over a long time.  On the other hand, in coarse grained soils , the primary consolidation occurs rather quickly due to high permeability .
  • 9.  The reduction in volume continues at a very slow rate even after the excess pore water pressure developed by the applied pressure is fully dissipated and the primary consolidation is complete.  This additional reduction in the volume is known as secondary consolidation.  Secondary consolidation becomes important for certain types of soil, such as peats and soft organic clays.
  • 10.  Process of reduction of  It is a rapid process of volume under reduction of volume by sustained, static loading. mechanical process such as rolling, tamping.  It causes reduction in  The volume of partially volume of a saturated saturated soil decrease soil due to squeezing out because of expulsion of of water from soil. air from the voids at the unaltered water content.
  • 11.  It is a process which  It is artificial process occurs in nature when which is done to increase the saturated soil the density of the soil to deposits are subjected to improve its properties static load caused by the before it is put to any weight of the buildings & use. other structures.
  • 12. Several works in the field show that a temperature increase induces firstly an increase of the permeability and secondly, for normally consolidated states, an irreversible contraction and a modification of the yield limit. These results point to the fact that a temperature increase could lead to an increase of the settlement rate and an increase of the final value of settlement. This figure shows two kinetics of consolidation process obtained at 25 and at 60°C