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11/10/2012 This talk addresses fundamental concepts of cloud computing which are related to parallel and distributed environments. Cloud Computing: This is followed by a discussion of challenges faced by this computational paradigm in order to meet the requirements of Evolution or Redefinition applications from different domains. Additionally, limitations of the cloud computing paradigm will be highlightedand finally commercial and academic study cases will be presented. Prof. Mario Dantas Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC) Informatics and Statistics Department (INE) Florianópolis - Brazil E-mail: mario.dantas@ufsc.brMotivation for this talk Motivation for this talka) Internet x Web b) Downsizing x Rightsizing (90s)Number of computers connected to the internet From centralised environments to distributed computing Date Computers Web Server 1979, Dec 188 0 1989,July 130,000 0 1999, July 56,218,000 5,560,866Motivation for this talk Motivation for this talkc) Unix x Linux d) wired x wireless networks (90s and early 00s)Standards (BSD and AT&T) against standard Reliable, high speed links against unsecure and slow networks 1

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11/10/2012Motivation for this talk Motivation for this talke) HPC x Cloud Environments f) Academic x Commercial ApproachAre these environments excludents Several challenges in the computer industryor complementaries paradigms? were studied in the past with an initial collaboration from the academic community. BUT, without this approach we can have figures like these: Motivation for this talk Agenda > Concepts g) A special user view > Challenges “I’ve never seen something more powerful than this computation combined with > Requirements this network that we now have... In the last seven years, do you know how many times I’ve lost any personal data? Zero. Do you know how many times I’ve backed up > Limitations my computer? Zero.” – Steve Jobs, 1997. > Study Cases > Conclusions and Recommendations ConceptsAgenda l Architecture evolution > Concepts Von Neumann Architecture > Challenges l > Requirements > Limitations • CPU • Memory l Main bus > Study Cases > Conclusions and Recommendations l I/O bus • Output • Input • Device • Device 2

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11/10/2012Concepts Concepts l Architecture evolution l Architecture evolution l Fermi Architecture l Old fashion clusters l Source: [www.nvidia.com]Concepts Concepts l Architecture evolution l Cloud computing buzzwords l PaaS l PaaS l SaaS • Remote Viz. • Groupware • Virtualization • • Web Portal • Collaboration l EC2 l Google l APPs l Private l Public l Cloud l Cloud • [Dominic Lam, IBM]Concepts Concepts Cloud computing is a model But, how can we understand these > for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network cloud buzzwords? access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) > that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. 3

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11/10/2012Concepts Concepts Essential Characteristics: This cloud model is composed of: 1) On-demand self-service; > five essential characteristics; > three service models; and 2) Broad network access; > four deployment models. 3) Resource pooling; 4) Rapid elasticity; 5) Measured service.Concepts Concepts Service Model: 1) SaaS (Software as a Service); 2) PaaS (Plataform as a Service); 3) IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service). l [Zhang, Cheng, Boutaba, 2010]Concepts Concepts Service Model 4

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11/10/2012 Concepts Concepts Deployment Models: 1) Private cloud. The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for But, is this idea of cloud effort new? exclusive use by a single organization 2) Community cloud. The cloud infrastructure is provisioned “We will probably see the spread of ‘computer utilities’, w for exclusive use by a specific community of consumers like present electric and telephone utilities, will service Individual homes and offices across the country.” 3) Public cloud. The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for [1969, Len Kleinrock] open use by the general public 4) Hybrid cloud. The cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more distinct cloud infrastructures Concepts Agenda > Concepts “A computational grid is a hardware and software > Challenges infrastructure that provides dependable, consistent, pervasive, and inexpensive access to high-end computational > Requirements capabilities.” > Limitations > Study Cases [1998, Ian Foster and Carl Kesselman] > Conclusions and RecommendationsChallenges Challenges But, does the cloud approach have any challenge? Essential characteristics Examples to remember But, does the cloud approach have any challenge? 1) On-demand self-service; Self-service restaurant queues; 2) Broad network access; Different roads from different states/provinces/countries; 3) Resource pooling; Shared or distributed memory; 4) Rapid elasticity; EURO monetary elasticity; 5) Measured service. bills never delay. 5

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11/10/2012Challenges Agenda > Interoperability: Lack of (or to many) standards; > Concepts > Challenges > Human Resources: Small number of people with real good knowledge of distributed systems; > Requirements > Limitations > Security : . Byzantines attacks; > Study Cases . not yet known...... (e.g. Cyber attacks such as Stuxnet and flame) > Conclusions and RecommendationsRequirements Requirements Deployment Models: But, which are the requirements 1) Private cloud. It may be owned, managed, to have a cloud environment? and operated by the organization, a third party, or some combination of them, and it may exist on or off premises. 2) Community cloud. It may be owned, managed, and operated by one or more of the organizations in the community, a third party, or some combination of them, and it may exist on or off premises.Requirements Agenda > Concepts Deployment Models: > Challenges > Requirements 3) Public cloud. It may be owned, managed, and operated by a business, academic, or government > Limitations organization, or some combination of them. It exists on the premises of the cloud provider. > Study Cases 4) Hybrid cloud. cloud infrastructures (private, > Conclusions and Recommendations community, or public) that remain unique entities, but are bound together by standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability (e.g., cloud bursting for load balancing between clouds). 6

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11/10/2012Limitations Limitations > Heterogeneity: cloud providers facilities; But, does the cloud computing approach > Elasticity: this number is not known yet; have any limitation? > (full) Interoperability: between low level applications (e.g. virtual machine tools); > Human resources: developers for this Hybrid environment (shared, distributed memory and GPU environments)Agenda > Concepts Study Cases > Challenges Public Clouds > Requirements > Limitations > Study Cases > Conclusions and Recommendations Study Cases l Public Clouds l [Zhang, Cheng, Boutaba, 2010] 7

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11/10/2012 Study Cases l AZURE (PaaS)Study Cases Study Cases l S3 (PaaS) l S3 (PaaS) l Source: [www.amazon.com] l Source: [www.amazon.com]Study Cases l [Zhang, Cheng, Boutaba, 2010] Study Cases Private Clouds (UFSC/CTC/INE/LaPeSD) 8

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11/10/2012Study Cases Study Cases Private Clouds (UFSC/CTC/INE/LaPeSD) l System l Interface l Management l Provisioning l Tools l Monitoring l Services l Private Cloud l Catalog l [Dantas et al., 2009] Study Cases Study Cases l A) Context oriented approach Resource ReservationStudy Cases Study Cases User Centric Authentication Spatio-Temporal Model l l 9

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11/10/2012Study Cases Study Cases l Experimental Results l Experimental Results l Experimento 1 – Comparação das abordagens de l Experimento 2 – Comparação da eficiência das autenticação adotando o consumo energético como abordagens de autenticação em termos percentuais métricaStudy Cases Study Cases l B) Ontology Approach l Ontology Approach l Reference Brazil Canada l VO-C l # processors l VO-B l # processors l Cluster_01 l 7 l Cluster_1 l 4 l Cluster_02 l 5 l Cluster_2 l 4 l Cluster_03 l 3 l - l - l Multi-cluster (cloud) configuration l [Dantas et al., 2009] l [Dantas et al., 2009]Study Cases Study Cases Experimental Results Experimental Results • Interactive Interface • Interactive Interface • Test without dynamic information • Test with dynamic information l [Dantas et al., 2009] l [Dantas et al., 2009] 10

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11/10/2012Study Cases Study Cases Experimental Results Experimental Results • Interactive Interface • Interactive Interface • No dynamic information considered • Dynamic Information l [Dantas et al., 2009] l [Dantas et al., 2009]Study Cases Agenda C) Advance reservation of resources through augmented reality > Concepts > Challenges > Requirements > Limitations > Study Cases > Conclusions and Recommendations a.b. This centralized environment adopts several approaches from: a. > computer architecture; a. The cloud approach can be considered now as redefinition on how to use several existing a. > computer networks: paradigms, such as: a.> distributed and parallel computing Grid computing; b. paradigms; l Utility computing; l Virtualization; l Autonomic computing. 11

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11/10/2012a.c. The cloud approach has some news d. The cloud approach in the future could be challenges to be considered in large scale: a. considered as an Evolution. if the used paradigms form a new approacha.> heterogemeity (hw & sw);a.> security; anda.> mobile computing interaction. • Recomendations • Recomendations• Consider multi- disciplinary subjects, such as: • When developing to cloud environments, dont forget: DB; > The context aware, ontology and fault tolerance approaches; > How a better computing performance can help Distributed systems (e.g. Mosix, Condor); (e.g. speed up web paradigm); Mobile computing (e.g. sensors); > Mobility facilities; Programming languages (e.g. CUDA, PGAS); > Security issues.●Computer newtorks (e.g. Infiniband, Quadrics);● Computer architectures (e.g.multi-computers, multi-procesores); Cloud Computing: Evolution or Redefinition QUESTIONS? Prof. Mario Dantas Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC) Informatics and Statistics Department (INE) Florianópolis - Brazil E-mail: mario.dantas@ufsc.br 12