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Title




        THE ECOLOGICAL WEALTH OF NATIONS
        Earth’s biocapacity as a new framework for international cooperation
                                                                    The Ecological Power of Nations   3
Contents
Foreword	                                            1   EDITORS                     Global Footprint Network, promotes a              Photograph courtesy of NASA was taken by
                                                         Steven Goldfinger           sustainable economy by advancing the              an Expedition 7 crewmember onboard the
	
                                                         Pati Poblete                                                                  International Space Station (ISS).
Exploring a new perspective	                         2                               Ecological Footprint, a tool that makes
                                                         TEXT AND GRAPHICS           sustainability measurable. Together with          Photograph from Patricio Pillajo courtesy of
                                                                                     its partners, the network coordinates             Fundación Terra.
Biocapacity and the sustainability challenge 	       3   Susan Burns
                                                         William Coleman             research, develops methodological
                                                                                                                                       Cover photo: Canada. Quebec Province.
                                                         Brad Ewing                  standards and provides decision makers
Global ecological limits	                            4   Katsunori Iha
                                                                                                                                       Charlevoix forest. © Yann Arthus-Bertrand.
                                                                                     with robust resource accounts to help             Page 2: Plantation. © Juan Alfonso Peña;
                                                         Alessandro Galli                                                              Carrots. © Juan Alfonso Peña; Tomatoes.
                                                                                     the human economy operate within the
Ecological Footprint and biocapacity of nations	     6   Steven Goldfinger                                                             © Juan Alfonso Peña; Corn. © Juan Alfonso
                                                         David Moore                 Earth’s ecological limits.                        Peña; Herbs. © Juan Alfonso Peña; Water.
                                                         Juan Alfonso Peña                                                             © Patricio Pillajo. Page 5: Anvil clouds over
Development that fits on one Earth	                 10   Pati Poblete                                                                  the Pacific Ocean, NASA Human Spaceflight
                                                         Anders Reed                                                                   Collection, ISS007-E-10807, 21 July, 2003.
Human Development Index and Ecological                   Meredith Stechbart                                                            Page 11: Ivory Coast. Crowd at Abengourou.
                                                         Mathis Wackernagel                                                            © Yann Arthus-Bertrand. Page 14: Kenya.
Footprint of countries, 2006	                       12                                                                                 Small African fields. © Yann Arthus-Bertrand.
                                                         NATIONAL FOOTPRINT                                                            Page 22: Ecuador. Sierra region. Fields near
Biocapacity constraints and national well-being	    16   ACCOUNTS                                                                      Quito. © Yann Arthus-Bertrand. Page 23: Mali.
                                                                                                                                       Market gardening near Tombouctou. © Yann
                                                         William Coleman
                                                                                                                                       Arthus-Bertrand.
A new map of the world 	                            18   Brad Ewing
                                                         Alessandro Galli
                                                                                     Published in April 2010 by Global
                                                         David Moore
Investment risks and opportunities 	                20                               Footprint Network, Oakland, California,
                                                         Anna Oursler
                                                                                     United States of America. © 2010 Global
                                                         Anders Reed
                                                                                     Footprint Network. All rights reserved.
Interpreting national Footprint                          Meredith Stechbart
                                                                                     Any reproduction in full or in part of this       This report was made possible through
                                                         Mathis Wackernagel
and biocapacity trends	                             22   Robert Williams
                                                                                     publication must mention the title and            the generous support of the Flora Family
                                                                                     credit the aforementioned publisher as the        Foundation; Foundation for Global
                                                                                     copyright owner.                                  Community; Mental Insight Foundation;
Biocapacity & Ecological Footprint over time             GRAPHIC DESIGN
                                                         Info Grafik Inc.                                                              Skoll Foundation; TAUPO Fund; Luc
  World, Latin America, North America & Oceania 	   24                               This report is a revision of an earlier edition   Hoffmann; André and Rosalie Hoffmann;
                                                         Daniela Arias               that was written and produced by Juan
  Africa	                                           25                                                                                 Catherine Oeri; Lutz Peters; Daniela
                                                         Juan Alfonso Peña           Alfonso Peña, and published in August
  Asia 	                                            26                                                                                 Schlettwein-Gsell; Peter Seidel; Terry and
                                                                                     2009.
  Europe 	                                          27   PRINTER                                                                       Mary Vogt; Marie-Christine Wackernagel
                                                         Hunza Graphics                                                                Burckhardt; and Oliver and Bea
                                                         Oakland, California,                                                          Wackernagel.
Data Tables:                                                                         Photographs
                                                         United States of America.
Ecological Footprint and biocapacity                                                 Photographs courtesy of Yann Arthus-
                                                                                                                                       We would also like to acknowledge Global
of nations, 2005 	                                  28                                                                                 Footprint Network’s partner organizations
                                                                                     Bertrand from the book Earth from Above:
                                                                                     365 Days published by Harry N. Abrams,            and the Global Footprint Network National
                                                                                     Inc., © 2001 Harry N. Abrams, Inc. See www.       Accounts Committee for their guidance,
References and further reading 	                    36                               yannarthusbertrand.org and www.goodplanet.        contributions and commitment to robust
                                                                                     org.                                              National Footprint Accounts.
Global Footprint Network partner organizations	     37
Foreword
When I was born in 1962 most of the            stocks; or we can take out a loan to          course, one which all too often seems to
world’s countries were using resources         be “repaid” at a future date, putting         be more about maintaining the “right to
and emitting carbon dioxide at a rate          more carbon into the air than nature          collapse.” We must work with nature’s
that their own ecosystems could keep           can currently absorb. But for how long        budget, not against it, if we are to secure
up with. Today, less than 20 percent of        can we do this, and at what cost in the       human well-being for both current and
the world’s population lives in countries      interim? Based on current United Nations      future generations.
where this is still the case.                  agencies’ projections of moderate              
                                               population growth, a slight decline in        To succeed, and to make this success
How do we know this? By using                  world hunger, partial decarbonization of      last, we need to alter the path we are
Ecological Footprint accounting, a             global energy systems, and a continued        on today. I am an unwavering optimist
method for calculating society’s use of        increase in agricultural productivity, by     and am convinced we can. Consider
nature’s assets. Based on data from            the late 2030s humanity will need the         this: If the current trends in biocapacity
the United Nations, as well as in-country      equivalent of two Earths to keep up with      and Footprint represented financial
statistical sources, it compares humanity’s    our demands.                                  trajectories, every planner, economist
Ecological Footprint (the demand our                                                         or minister would recognize the urgency       Mathis Wackernagel, Ph.D.
consumption places on the biosphere)           With demand so far out of synch with          of changing course, and develop an            President, Global Footprint Network
with biocapacity (the biosphere’s ability      supply, and ecological debt accumulating      aggressive agenda for rectifying the
to meet this demand), providing a kind         from decades of ecological overspending,      situation. Nothing less is required with
of bank statement for the planet. The          it is unrealistic to assume we can even       our current ecological trajectory. After
results for 2006, which are presented in       reach this level of consumption. There just   all, more money can be printed, but
this report: Our Footprint now overshoots      are not that many fisheries to overfish,      nature’s assets cannot.
the Earth’s biocapacity by more than 40        forests to deforest, or atmospheres to         
percent. In other words, the planet’s living   fill up with CO2 before climate change
systems need to grow for about a year          wreaks havoc with food and water
and five months to meet the demands we         supplies.
are placing on them in a single year.
                                               We have a choice: Maintaining the “right
Overshoot is possible only for a limited       to develop” – a key motivation behind
time. Similar to the financial world, we       this publication, and more broadly, the
can temporarily eat into our ecological        activities of Global Footprint Network
savings by drawing down our resource           – means moving away from our current


                                                                                                                                                        The Ecological Wealth of Nations   1
Exploring a new perspective




This report documents the demand that humanity is put-         Conversely, what does it mean for those who are run-           Global Footprint Network invites all countries and orga-
ting on the Earth’s ecological assets, and the capacity of     ning an ecological deficit?                                    nizations to participate in this debate, and to explore the
ecosystems to keep up with this demand, both globally                                                                         implications of the Ecological Footprint and biocapacity
and by individual nation. The analysis is primarily based on   What are the political, economic, social and strategic         data for national development, valuation of ecological
statistical information that countries report to the United    implications of eight countries controlling more than half     services, and international agreements, such as those
Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (UN FAO), the        the planet’s biological capacity?                              designed to protect biodiversity. In addition, these data
UN Development Program (UNDP) and other international                                                                         provide an important perspective for shaping and evaluat-
organizations                                                  How can nations work together to best manage ecologi-          ing post-Copenhagen initiatives related to the emission
                                                               cal assets so that they are not depleted or degraded,          and capture of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil
The purpose of this publication is to provide data rather      but rather, can continue to meet human demands while           fuels, deforestation and other sources.
than policy recommendations, and to open a creative            maintaining a healthy biodiversity?
debate over the implications of living in a resource-                                                                         In a world that is confronting simultaneous limits on food,
constrained world. Statistics show that humanity is using      The data presented in this publication are intended to         water, soil, energy, climate and biodiversity, this perspec-
resources and turning them into wastes faster than the         enhance understanding of the extent, use and distribution      tive brings current ecological realities into sharper focus.
Earth’s living systems can absorb these wastes or turn         of ecological assets, and their relationship to human well-    In particular, it can help gauge whether proposed solu-
them back into resources. This information is intended to      being. It provides an objective and measurable starting        tions will result in an absolute reduction in humanity’s
raise awareness and catalyze a discussion of the various       point for politicians, decision-makers, opinion leaders and    ecological overshoot, or will just transfer pressure from
risks and opportunities for individual countries created by    citizens to address the sustainability challenge — how to      one stressed ecosystem to another.
this imbalance, exploring questions such as:                   live well, while living within the means of the planet. This
                                                               challenge is perhaps the key issue of the 21st century,
What does this global ecological overshoot mean to those       and how it is resolved will likely determine the fate of
countries that use less biological capacity than they have     humanity and the rest of the Earth’s species.
available?                                                      


2    The Ecological Wealth of Nations
Biocapacity and the sustainability challenge




                                                                                                                                                                                              Image © The Ministry for the Environment, New Zeland
Increasing economic globalization and        ongoing ecological challenge. We have
a rapidly growing world population are       been running annual ecological deficits
pushing resource consumption and fossil      for at least a quarter of a century, and
fuel emissions to unprecedented levels.      as this debt grows, the ecosystems
The ecosystems that provide society          that support our health and our
with these resources and absorb its          economies are in increasing danger of
carbon emissions can no longer keep up.      deterioration or collapse. We cannot
Just as we are moving toward a single        continue to ignore the importance
global economy, scientists are coming        of our ecological assets, and the
to see the planet as a single, integrated,   fact that they are impacted by both
self-regulating organism. Thus, it is not    poverty and affluence. Now, more                                                                and will help ensure that
surprising that as we surpass ecological     than ever, it is essential to recognize                                                         investments they make
limits, multiple consequences such as        that humanity’s health and well-being                                                           in development today will
climate change, ocean acidification          depend on the health and well-being                                                             continue to pay dividends tomorrow.
and biodiversity loss are emerging           of the Earth’s ecosystems.                     than their own ecosystems can sequester;         The Ecological Footprint helps clarify
simultaneously. Solving this problem                                                        if the world decides that countries will have    these risks and opportunities, laying the
means addressing not just carbon or any      Countries that import food, fiber and timber   to pay for these excess emissions, this may      foundation for ecologically-sound decision-
other single limit in isolation. Instead,    resources or products that incorporate         entail significant new costs.                    making and a new global collaboration, one
a more holistic approach is required to      them are meeting their consumption                                                              based on the sharing of ecological assets,
ensure that pressure is not just being       demands by using ecological assets from        Tracking resource and emissions flows is a       without their depletion or degradation.
shifted from one part of the biosphere to    outside their own borders, and are at risk     key step in addressing pressure on these          
another.                                     if demand outpaces supply, or if resource      overburdened ecosystems. Reducing this            Throughout this publication, you will
                                             shortages develop in the exporting country.    pressure is not just altruistic. While doing     see demonstrated the growing need for
The Ecological Footprint, a resource         Countries exporting these resources are        so will benefit all of humanity and many         nations to recognize the value of their own
accounting tool, takes such a holistic       using their ecological assets to generate      other species, it is also in the self-interest   ecological assets, as well as the need to
approach by tracking flows of resources      revenue flows, in addition to meeting their    of nations to know how much natural              find a way for humanity to live well, within
and carbon emissions through production,     own needs, and thus are at economic risk       capital they have and how much they are          the means of our planet. You will also learn
consumption and trade to show where          if domestic demand for these resources         using. Understanding whose ecological            more about the Ecological Footprint, and
ecological assets are available and          grows, or if resource productivity, and thus   assets they are dependent on and who             what it tells us about the current ecological
where they are being used. Such a tool       export income, declines. In addition, many     is dependent on theirs will help nations         balances of both individual countries and
is vital in addressing the dangers of our    countries generate more carbon emissions       identify both risks and opportunities,           the world as a whole.


                                                                                                                                                           The Ecological Wealth of Nations                                                          3
Global Ecological Limits
12
          Figure 1: Human Demand on the Biosphere, 1961-2006                        The Ecological Footprint measures the        to keep up with our consumption. Stay-
    1.5                                                                             area of biologically productive land and     ing on this course would quickly diminish
                                                                      Biocapacity
                                                                                    water required to provide the resources      our room to maneuver, and the well-being
                                                                                    used and absorb the carbon dioxide           of many of the planet’s residents would
                                                                      Footprint
                                                                                    waste generated by human activity, under     be increasingly at risk.
1 Earth
                                                                                    current technology. Accounting for a          
                                                                                    country’s consumption Footprint starts         In 2006, by September 11, humanity had
                                                                                    with all goods and services produced         used all the combined resource produc-
                                                                                    in that country, then adds imports and       tion and carbon sequestration capacity
    0.5
                                                                                    subtracts exports.                           that the planet’s ecosystems had avail-
                                                                                                                                 able for that entire year. Since the mid-
                      Ecological Footprint                                          Biocapacity is the area of productive land   1980s, when global ecological overshoot
                      Biocapacity
                                                                                    and water available to produce resources     first became a consistent reality, we
    0.0
      1960                     1975               1990         2005
                                                                                    or absorb carbon dioxide waste, given        have been drawing down the biosphere’s
                                                                                    current management practices. Both the       principal rather than living off its annual
                                                                                    Ecological Footprint and biocapacity are     interest. To support our consumption, we
                                                                                    measured in standard units called global     have been liquidating resource stocks
                                  Human Demand                                      hectares (gha). One gha represents a         and allowing carbon dioxide to accumu-
                                                   In 1961 we used a little         hectare of forest, cropland, grazing land    late in the atmosphere.
                                                                                    or fishing grounds with world average
                                               more than half of the Earth’s        productivity.                                Ecological overshoot is possible only for
                                                                                                                                 a limited time before ecosystems begin
                                             biocapacity; in 2006 we used           While economies, populations and             to degrade and possibly collapse. This

                                             44% more than was available.           resource demands grow, the size of the
                                                                                    planet remains the same. In 2006, hu-
                                                                                                                                 can already be seen in water shortages,
                                                                                                                                 desertification, erosion, reduced cropland
                                                                                    manity’s Footprint exceeded global bio-      productivity, overgrazing, deforestation,
                                                                                    capacity by 44 percent (Figure 1). Moder-    rapid extinction of species, collapse of
                                                                                    ate United Nations projections suggest       fisheries and global climate change. New
                                                                                    demand will grow significantly faster than   consequences of overshoot are regularly
                                                                                    biocapacity, and that by the late 2030s,     being discovered, and others may only
                                                                                    the capacity of two Earths will be needed    become apparent long into the future.


4     The Ecological Wealth of Nations
The biosphere is made up of complex, interactive systems that          If these changes exceed certain thresholds conditions could de-       Photo of anvil clouds over the Pacific Ocean. NASA, 21 July, 2003
are often unpredictable. Air, water, land, and life -- including hu-   part from those that were present during the course of human
man life -- combine forces to create a constantly changing world.      evolution, making the planet a less hospitable place to us to live.


                                                                                                                                                                             The Ecological Wealth of Nations   5
Global hectares (millions)                                                                                                                             Global hectares (millions)




                                         0
                                                   500
                                                                                              1000
                                                                                                                                          1500
                                                                                                                                                 2000
                                                                                                                                                        2500
                                                                                                                                                                  0
                                                                                                                                                               3000
                                                                                                                                                                                  500
                                                                                                                                                                                                           1000
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   1500
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2000
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 2500
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        3000




      6
                    United States
                 United States                                                                                     United States
                                                                                                                United States
                             China
                           China                                                                                            China
                                                                                                                          China
             Russian Federation
                          Russia                                                                                              India
                                                                                                                            India
                          Canada
                        Canada                                                                              Russian Federation
                                                                                                                         Russia
                              India
                             India                                                                                          Japan
                                                                                                                          Japan
                        Argentina
                      Argentina                                                                                  United Kingdom
                                                                                                            United Kingdom
                            Bolivia
                          Bolivia                                                                                          Mexico
                                                                                                                        Mexico
                           Mexico
                         Mexico                                                                                         Germany
                                                                                                                      Germany




      The Ecological Wealth of Nations
                        Colombia
                      Colombia                                                                                                 Italy
                                                                                                                              Italy
                           France
                         France                                                                                            France
                                                                                                                        France
                 Congo, DRC
  Congo, Democratic Republic of                                                                                              Spain
                                                                                                                           Spain
                         Germany
                       Germany                                                                                             Nigeria
                                                                                                                        Nigeria
                           Nigeria
                         Nigeria                                                                                           Turkey
                                                                                                                         Turkey
                              Peru
                             Peru                                                                                         Canada
                                                                                                                       Canada
                            Turkey
                          Turkey                                                                                              Iran
                                                                                                       Iran, Islamic Republic of
                            Sudan
                          Sudan                                                                                Korea, South
                                                                                                              Korea, Republic of
                          Ukraine
                        Ukraine                                                                                            Poland
                                                                                                                        Poland
                  United Kingdom
             United Kingdom                                                                                          South Africa
                                                                                                                  South Africa
                      South Africa
                   South Africa                                                                                           Ukraine
                                                                                                                       Ukraine




                                                                            Figure 3. Total Biocapacity, by country, 2006
                             Japan
                           Japan                                                                                        Pakistan
                                                                                                                      Pakistan
                        Myanmar
                      Myanmar                                                                                          Argentina
                                                                                                                     Argentina
                                                                                                                                                                                                            Figure 2. Total Ecological Footprint, by country, 2006




                    Venezuela
Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of                                                                                       Thailand
                                                                                                                      Thailand
                           Poland
                         Poland                                                                                              Egypt
                                                                                                                           Egypt
                              Iran
        Iran, Islamic Republic of                                                                                       Viet Nam
                                                                                                                      Viet Nam
                           Finland
                         Finland                                                                                       Colombia
                                                                                                                     Colombia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Ecological Footprint and biocapacity of nations




                         Thailand
                       Thailand                                                                                     Saudi Arabia
                                                                                                                 Saudi Arabia
                              Chile
                            Chile                                                                                           Sudan
                                                                                                                          Sudan
                      Kazakhstan
                   Kazakhstan                                                                                        Netherlands
                                                                                                                  Netherlands
                        Paraguay
                      Paraguay                                                                                       Kazakhstan
                                                                                                                  Kazakhstan
                               Italy
                              Italy                                                                                       Greece
                                                                                                                        Greece
                     Madagascar
                  Madagascar                                                                                               Algeria
                                                                                                                        Algeria
                         Pakistan
                       Pakistan                                                                                    Venezuela
                                                                                              Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of
                             Spain
                           Spain                                                                                         Belgium
                                                                                                                       Belgium
                           Angola
                         Angola                                                                                         Romania
                                                                                                                      Romania
                    New Zealand
                 New Zealand                                                                                     Czech Republic
                                                                                                            Czech Republic
                         Romania
                       Romania                                                                                                Chile
                                                                                                                            Chile
                            Congo
                          Congo                                                                                               Peru
                                                                                                                             Peru
                         Viet Nam
                       Viet Nam                                                                                      Myanmar
                                                                                                                       Myanmar
                       Cameroon
                    Cameroon                                                                                          Uzbekistan
                                                                                                                   Uzbekistan
       CentralAfrican Republic
        Central African Rep.                                                                                             Portugal
                                                                                                                       Portugal
                              Chad
                            Chad                                                                                 Congo, DRC
                                                                                                 Congo, Democratic Republic of
                       Tanzania
    Tanzania, United Republic of                                                                          United Arab Emirates
                                                                                                     United Arab Emirates
                           Zambia
                         Zambia                                                                                      Switzerland
                                                                                                                  Switzerland
                           Belarus
                        Belarus                                                                                         Morocco
                                                                                                                      Morocco
                     Saudi Arabia
                  Saudi Arabia                                                                                            Belarus
                                                                                                                        Belarus
                     Côte d'Ivoire
                  Côte d'Ivoire                                                                                            Austria
                                                                                                                        Austria
                        Ecuador
                          Ecuador                                                                                     Tanzania
                                                                                                   Tanzania, United Republic of
                               Mali
                              Mali                                                                                      Denmark
                                                                                                                      Denmark
                           Norway
                         Norway                                                                                                Iraq
                                                                                                                              Iraq
                         Denmark
                       Denmark                                                                                             Ghana
                                                                                                                         Ghana
                         Morocco
                       Morocco                                                                                               Israel
                                                                                                                           Israel
                           Algeria
                         Algeria                                                                                           Ireland
                                                                                                                         Ireland
                           Guinea
                         Guinea                                                                                  Korea, North
                                                                                         Korea, Democratic People's Republic of
                  Czech Republic
             Czech Republic                                                                                             Hungary
                                                                                                                      Hungary
                            Niger
                              Niger                                                                                New Zealand
                                                                                                                New Zealand
                         Hungary
                       Hungary                                                                            Syrian Arab Republic
                                                                                                                            Syria
                            Ghana
                          Ghana                                                                                           Finland
                                                                                                                        Finland
                         Austria
                           Austria                                                                                      Slovakia
                                                                                                                      Slovakia
                    Uzbekistan
                       Uzbekistan                                                                                            Cuba
                                                                                                                            Cuba
                           Egypt
                             Egypt                                                                                     Ecuador
                                                                                                                         Ecuador
        Papua New Guinea
             Papua New Guinea                                                                                          Bulgaria
                                                                                                                         Bulgaria
                        Bulgaria
                          Bulgaria                                                                                          Niger
                                                                                                                             Niger
                 Burkina Faso
                    Burkina Faso                                                                                         Bolivia
                                                                                                                           Bolivia
                                             Cropland
                                                                                                                                                                                  Cropland




                    Mauritania                                                                                   Madagascar
                                                                                                                                                                                                         Fishing G




                       Mauritania                                                                                   Madagascar
                                                        Grazing L
                                                                                                                                                                                             Grazing L




                                                                    Fishing Gr
                                                                                                                                                                      Carbon Fo




                                                                                            Forest Lan
                                                                                                                            Built-up La
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Forest Lan
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Built-up La
Ghana
                               Ghana                                                                                                  Finland
                                                                                                                                   Finland
                               Austria
                                 Austria                                                                                            Slovakia
                                                                                                                                  Slovakia
                         Uzbekistan
                            Uzbekistan                                                                                                  Cuba
                                                                                                                                       Cuba
                                 Egypt
                                   Egypt                                                                                          Ecuador
                                                                                                                                    Ecuador
              Papua New Guinea
                   Papua New Guinea                                                                                               Bulgaria
                                                                                                                                    Bulgaria
                             Bulgaria
                               Bulgaria                                                                                                Niger
                                                                                                                                        Niger
                       Burkina Faso
                          Burkina Faso                                                                                               Bolivia
                                                                                                                                       Bolivia




                                               Cropland
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Cropland
                          Mauritania
                            Mauritania                                                                                       Madagascar
                                                                                                                                Madagascar




                                                                                          Forest Land
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Forest Land
                          Nicaragua
                             Nicaragua                                                                                        Guatemala
                                                                                                                                 Guatemala




                                                                                                        Built-up Land



                                                          Grazing Land
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Built-up Land



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Grazing Land




                                                                         Fishing Ground
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Fishing Ground
                               Ireland
                                 Ireland                                                                                                 Mali
                                                                                                                                          Mali




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Carbon Footprint
                             Namibia
                               Namibia                                                                                              Kuwait
                                                                                                                                      Kuwait
                        Netherlands
                           Netherlands                                                                                              Yemen
                                                                                                                                      Yemen
                                  Syria
                  Syrian Arab Republic                                                                                          Paraguay
                                                                                                                                   Paraguay
                      Turkmenistan
                         Turkmenistan                                                                                          Cameroon
                                                                                                                                  Cameroon
                                 Latvia
                                  Latvia                                                                                       Singapore
                                                                                                                                  Singapore
                             Senegal
                               Senegal                                                                                             Norway
                                                                                                                                     Norway
                              Greece
                                Greece                                                                                      Burkina Faso
                                                                                                                               Burkina Faso
                               Yemen
                                 Yemen                                                                                         Azerbaijan
                                                                                                                                  Azerbaijan
                             Slovakia
                               Slovakia                                                                                             Tunisia
                                                                                                                                      Tunisia
                       Korea, South
                    Korea, Republic of                                                                                                 Libya
                                                                                                                     Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
                         Guatemala
                            Guatemala                                                                                      Turkmenistan
                                                                                                                              Turkmenistan
                           Honduras
                             Honduras                                                                                                  Chad
                                                                                                                                        Chad
                             Somalia
                                Somalia                                                                                         Sri Lanka
                                                                                                                                   Sri Lanka
                          Cambodia
                             Cambodia                                                                                       Côte d'Ivoire
                                                                                                                               Côte d'Ivoire
                       Korea, North
Korea, Democratic People's Republic of                                                                                              Angola
                                                                                                                                      Angola
                             Portugal
                               Portugal                                                                                         Honduras
                                                                                                                                   Honduras
                            Lithuania
                              Lithuania                                                                                             Croatia
                                                                                                                                      Croatia
                                  Cuba
                                   Cuba                                                                                           Senegal
                                                                                                                                    Senegal
                              Estonia
                                Estonia                                                                                        Zimbabwe
                                                                                                                                  Zimbabwe
                              Tunisia
                                 Tunisia                                                                                           Zambia
                                                                                                                                     Zambia
                             Belgium
                                Belgium                                                                                             Guinea
                                                                                                                                      Guinea
                             Panama
                               Panama                                                                              BosniaHerzegovina
                                                                                                                   Bosnia and Herzegovina
                          Zimbabwe
                             Zimbabwe                                                                                    Dominican Rep.
                                                                                                                        Dominican Republic
                         Switzerland
                           Switzerland                                                                                            Somalia
                                                                                                                                     Somalia
                                  Libya
               Libyan Arab Jamahiriya                                                                                          Cambodia
                                                                                                                                  Cambodia
                               Liberia
                                 Liberia                                                                                       Nicaragua
                                                                                                                                  Nicaragua
                          Azerbaijan
                            Azerbaijan                                                                                        Costa Rica
                                                                                                                                 Costa Rica
                              Croatia
                                 Croatia                                                                                            Jordan
                                                                                                                                      Jordan
                                Eritrea
                                 Eritrea                                                                                         Lithuania
                                                                                                                                   Lithuania
                                  Laos
     Lao People's Democratic Republic                                                                               Papua New Guinea
                                                                                                                         Papua New Guinea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               1 Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1.5




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           0.0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  0.5




                         Costa Rica
                            Costa Rica                                                                                            Panama
                                                                                                                                    Panama
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1960




                         Kyrgyzstan
                            Kyrgyzstan                                                                                                Latvia
                                                                                                                                       Latvia
                           Botswana
                             Botswana                                                                                          Mauritania
                                                                                                                                  Mauritania
                                    Iraq
                                     Iraq                                                                                            Oman
                                                                                                                                       Oman
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1965




                           Sri Lanka
                              Sri Lanka                                                                                               Benin
                                                                                                                                        Benin
                                 Benin
                                   Benin                                                                                         Lebanon
                                                                                                                                    Lebanon
             BosniaHerzegovina
             Bosnia and Herzegovina                                                                                                Estonia
                                                                                                                                     Estonia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Global biocapacity




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1970




                                Oman
                                  Oman                                                                                             Albania
                                                                                                                                     Albania
            United Arab Emirates
                 United Arab Emirates                                                                                             Slovenia
                                                                                                                                    Slovenia
                       Sierra Leone
                          Sierra Leone                                                                                          Botswana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1975




                                                                                                                                  Botswana
                    Guinea-Bissau
                        Guinea-Bissau                                                                                         Kyrgyzstan
                                                                                                                                 Kyrgyzstan
                   Dominican Rep.
                   Dominican Republic                                                                                             Moldova
                                                                                                                                    Moldova
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1980




                            Slovenia
                               Slovenia                                                                                           Namibia
                                                                                                                                    Namibia
                             Moldova
                               Moldova                                                                             CentralAfrican Republic
                                                                                                                    Central African Rep.
                           Tajikistan
                              Tajikistan                                                                                               Laos
                                                                                                           Lao People's Democratic Republic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1985




                              Albania
                                Albania                                                                                          Tajikistan
                                                                                                                                   Tajikistan
                                   Haiti
                                    Haiti                                                                                         Armenia
                                                                                                                                    Armenia
                                 Israel
                                   Israel                                                                                               Haiti
                                                                                                                                         Haiti
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1990




                             Armenia
                               Armenia                                                                                      Sierra Leone
                                                                                                                               Sierra Leone
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Figure x. Humanity’s Ecological Footprint, by component, 1961-2006




                                      Fiji
                                       Fiji                                                                                         Liberia
                                                                                                                                      Liberia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Figure 4. Humanity’s Ecological Footprint, by component, 1961-2006




                              Gambia
                                Gambia                                                                                               Eritrea
                                                                                                                                       Eritrea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1995




                  Solomon Islands
                      Solomon Islands                                                                                                Congo
                                                                                                                                       Congo
                            Lebanon
                               Lebanon                                                                                                     Fiji
                                                                                                                                            Fiji
            The Ecological Wealth of Nations




                               Jordan
                                 Jordan                                                                                            Gambia
                                                                                                                                     Gambia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2000




                               Kuwait
                                 Kuwait                                                                                   Guinea-Bissau
                                                                                                                             Guinea-Bissau
            7
                                                                                                                                          data point doesn’t show up on the graph, white boxes were placed to cover them up.




                              Djibouti
                                Djibouti                                                                                Solomon Islands
                                                                                                                           Solomon Islands
                          Singapore
                             Singapore                                                                                             Djibouti
                                                                                                                                     Djibouti
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2005




                                                                                                                                          Note: in order to get x-axis starting at 1960, a data point of zero was included. So that this
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Fishing




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Carbon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Built-up




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Croplan
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Grazing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Forest L
Ecological wealth of_nations
Ecological wealth of_nations
Ecological wealth of_nations
Ecological wealth of_nations
Ecological wealth of_nations
Ecological wealth of_nations
Ecological wealth of_nations
Ecological wealth of_nations
Ecological wealth of_nations
Ecological wealth of_nations
Ecological wealth of_nations
Ecological wealth of_nations
Ecological wealth of_nations
Ecological wealth of_nations
Ecological wealth of_nations
Ecological wealth of_nations
Ecological wealth of_nations
Ecological wealth of_nations
Ecological wealth of_nations
Ecological wealth of_nations
Ecological wealth of_nations
Ecological wealth of_nations
Ecological wealth of_nations
Ecological wealth of_nations
Ecological wealth of_nations
Ecological wealth of_nations
Ecological wealth of_nations
Ecological wealth of_nations
Ecological wealth of_nations

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Ecological wealth of_nations

  • 1. Title THE ECOLOGICAL WEALTH OF NATIONS Earth’s biocapacity as a new framework for international cooperation The Ecological Power of Nations 3
  • 2. Contents Foreword 1 EDITORS Global Footprint Network, promotes a Photograph courtesy of NASA was taken by Steven Goldfinger sustainable economy by advancing the an Expedition 7 crewmember onboard the Pati Poblete International Space Station (ISS). Exploring a new perspective 2 Ecological Footprint, a tool that makes TEXT AND GRAPHICS sustainability measurable. Together with Photograph from Patricio Pillajo courtesy of its partners, the network coordinates Fundación Terra. Biocapacity and the sustainability challenge 3 Susan Burns William Coleman research, develops methodological Cover photo: Canada. Quebec Province. Brad Ewing standards and provides decision makers Global ecological limits 4 Katsunori Iha Charlevoix forest. © Yann Arthus-Bertrand. with robust resource accounts to help Page 2: Plantation. © Juan Alfonso Peña; Alessandro Galli Carrots. © Juan Alfonso Peña; Tomatoes. the human economy operate within the Ecological Footprint and biocapacity of nations 6 Steven Goldfinger © Juan Alfonso Peña; Corn. © Juan Alfonso David Moore Earth’s ecological limits. Peña; Herbs. © Juan Alfonso Peña; Water. Juan Alfonso Peña © Patricio Pillajo. Page 5: Anvil clouds over Development that fits on one Earth 10 Pati Poblete the Pacific Ocean, NASA Human Spaceflight Anders Reed Collection, ISS007-E-10807, 21 July, 2003. Human Development Index and Ecological Meredith Stechbart Page 11: Ivory Coast. Crowd at Abengourou. Mathis Wackernagel © Yann Arthus-Bertrand. Page 14: Kenya. Footprint of countries, 2006 12 Small African fields. © Yann Arthus-Bertrand. NATIONAL FOOTPRINT Page 22: Ecuador. Sierra region. Fields near Biocapacity constraints and national well-being 16 ACCOUNTS Quito. © Yann Arthus-Bertrand. Page 23: Mali. Market gardening near Tombouctou. © Yann William Coleman Arthus-Bertrand. A new map of the world 18 Brad Ewing Alessandro Galli Published in April 2010 by Global David Moore Investment risks and opportunities 20 Footprint Network, Oakland, California, Anna Oursler United States of America. © 2010 Global Anders Reed Footprint Network. All rights reserved. Interpreting national Footprint Meredith Stechbart Any reproduction in full or in part of this This report was made possible through Mathis Wackernagel and biocapacity trends 22 Robert Williams publication must mention the title and the generous support of the Flora Family credit the aforementioned publisher as the Foundation; Foundation for Global copyright owner. Community; Mental Insight Foundation; Biocapacity & Ecological Footprint over time GRAPHIC DESIGN Info Grafik Inc. Skoll Foundation; TAUPO Fund; Luc World, Latin America, North America & Oceania 24 This report is a revision of an earlier edition Hoffmann; André and Rosalie Hoffmann; Daniela Arias that was written and produced by Juan Africa 25 Catherine Oeri; Lutz Peters; Daniela Juan Alfonso Peña Alfonso Peña, and published in August Asia 26 Schlettwein-Gsell; Peter Seidel; Terry and 2009. Europe 27 PRINTER Mary Vogt; Marie-Christine Wackernagel Hunza Graphics Burckhardt; and Oliver and Bea Oakland, California, Wackernagel. Data Tables: Photographs United States of America. Ecological Footprint and biocapacity Photographs courtesy of Yann Arthus- We would also like to acknowledge Global of nations, 2005 28 Footprint Network’s partner organizations Bertrand from the book Earth from Above: 365 Days published by Harry N. Abrams, and the Global Footprint Network National Inc., © 2001 Harry N. Abrams, Inc. See www. Accounts Committee for their guidance, References and further reading 36 yannarthusbertrand.org and www.goodplanet. contributions and commitment to robust org. National Footprint Accounts. Global Footprint Network partner organizations 37
  • 3. Foreword When I was born in 1962 most of the stocks; or we can take out a loan to course, one which all too often seems to world’s countries were using resources be “repaid” at a future date, putting be more about maintaining the “right to and emitting carbon dioxide at a rate more carbon into the air than nature collapse.” We must work with nature’s that their own ecosystems could keep can currently absorb. But for how long budget, not against it, if we are to secure up with. Today, less than 20 percent of can we do this, and at what cost in the human well-being for both current and the world’s population lives in countries interim? Based on current United Nations future generations. where this is still the case. agencies’ projections of moderate     population growth, a slight decline in To succeed, and to make this success How do we know this? By using world hunger, partial decarbonization of last, we need to alter the path we are Ecological Footprint accounting, a global energy systems, and a continued on today. I am an unwavering optimist method for calculating society’s use of increase in agricultural productivity, by and am convinced we can. Consider nature’s assets. Based on data from the late 2030s humanity will need the this: If the current trends in biocapacity the United Nations, as well as in-country equivalent of two Earths to keep up with and Footprint represented financial statistical sources, it compares humanity’s our demands. trajectories, every planner, economist Ecological Footprint (the demand our   or minister would recognize the urgency Mathis Wackernagel, Ph.D. consumption places on the biosphere) With demand so far out of synch with of changing course, and develop an President, Global Footprint Network with biocapacity (the biosphere’s ability supply, and ecological debt accumulating aggressive agenda for rectifying the to meet this demand), providing a kind from decades of ecological overspending, situation. Nothing less is required with of bank statement for the planet. The it is unrealistic to assume we can even our current ecological trajectory. After results for 2006, which are presented in reach this level of consumption. There just all, more money can be printed, but this report: Our Footprint now overshoots are not that many fisheries to overfish, nature’s assets cannot. the Earth’s biocapacity by more than 40 forests to deforest, or atmospheres to   percent. In other words, the planet’s living fill up with CO2 before climate change systems need to grow for about a year wreaks havoc with food and water and five months to meet the demands we supplies. are placing on them in a single year.   We have a choice: Maintaining the “right Overshoot is possible only for a limited to develop” – a key motivation behind time. Similar to the financial world, we this publication, and more broadly, the can temporarily eat into our ecological activities of Global Footprint Network savings by drawing down our resource – means moving away from our current The Ecological Wealth of Nations 1
  • 4. Exploring a new perspective This report documents the demand that humanity is put- Conversely, what does it mean for those who are run- Global Footprint Network invites all countries and orga- ting on the Earth’s ecological assets, and the capacity of ning an ecological deficit? nizations to participate in this debate, and to explore the ecosystems to keep up with this demand, both globally implications of the Ecological Footprint and biocapacity and by individual nation. The analysis is primarily based on What are the political, economic, social and strategic data for national development, valuation of ecological statistical information that countries report to the United implications of eight countries controlling more than half services, and international agreements, such as those Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (UN FAO), the the planet’s biological capacity? designed to protect biodiversity. In addition, these data UN Development Program (UNDP) and other international provide an important perspective for shaping and evaluat- organizations How can nations work together to best manage ecologi- ing post-Copenhagen initiatives related to the emission   cal assets so that they are not depleted or degraded, and capture of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil The purpose of this publication is to provide data rather but rather, can continue to meet human demands while fuels, deforestation and other sources. than policy recommendations, and to open a creative maintaining a healthy biodiversity? debate over the implications of living in a resource-   In a world that is confronting simultaneous limits on food, constrained world. Statistics show that humanity is using The data presented in this publication are intended to water, soil, energy, climate and biodiversity, this perspec- resources and turning them into wastes faster than the enhance understanding of the extent, use and distribution tive brings current ecological realities into sharper focus. Earth’s living systems can absorb these wastes or turn of ecological assets, and their relationship to human well- In particular, it can help gauge whether proposed solu- them back into resources. This information is intended to being. It provides an objective and measurable starting tions will result in an absolute reduction in humanity’s raise awareness and catalyze a discussion of the various point for politicians, decision-makers, opinion leaders and ecological overshoot, or will just transfer pressure from risks and opportunities for individual countries created by citizens to address the sustainability challenge — how to one stressed ecosystem to another. this imbalance, exploring questions such as: live well, while living within the means of the planet. This challenge is perhaps the key issue of the 21st century, What does this global ecological overshoot mean to those and how it is resolved will likely determine the fate of countries that use less biological capacity than they have humanity and the rest of the Earth’s species. available?   2 The Ecological Wealth of Nations
  • 5. Biocapacity and the sustainability challenge Image © The Ministry for the Environment, New Zeland Increasing economic globalization and ongoing ecological challenge. We have a rapidly growing world population are been running annual ecological deficits pushing resource consumption and fossil for at least a quarter of a century, and fuel emissions to unprecedented levels. as this debt grows, the ecosystems The ecosystems that provide society that support our health and our with these resources and absorb its economies are in increasing danger of carbon emissions can no longer keep up. deterioration or collapse. We cannot Just as we are moving toward a single continue to ignore the importance global economy, scientists are coming of our ecological assets, and the to see the planet as a single, integrated, fact that they are impacted by both self-regulating organism. Thus, it is not poverty and affluence. Now, more and will help ensure that surprising that as we surpass ecological than ever, it is essential to recognize investments they make limits, multiple consequences such as that humanity’s health and well-being in development today will climate change, ocean acidification depend on the health and well-being continue to pay dividends tomorrow. and biodiversity loss are emerging of the Earth’s ecosystems. than their own ecosystems can sequester; The Ecological Footprint helps clarify simultaneously. Solving this problem   if the world decides that countries will have these risks and opportunities, laying the means addressing not just carbon or any Countries that import food, fiber and timber to pay for these excess emissions, this may foundation for ecologically-sound decision- other single limit in isolation. Instead, resources or products that incorporate entail significant new costs. making and a new global collaboration, one a more holistic approach is required to them are meeting their consumption based on the sharing of ecological assets, ensure that pressure is not just being demands by using ecological assets from Tracking resource and emissions flows is a without their depletion or degradation. shifted from one part of the biosphere to outside their own borders, and are at risk key step in addressing pressure on these   another. if demand outpaces supply, or if resource overburdened ecosystems. Reducing this  Throughout this publication, you will shortages develop in the exporting country. pressure is not just altruistic. While doing see demonstrated the growing need for The Ecological Footprint, a resource Countries exporting these resources are so will benefit all of humanity and many nations to recognize the value of their own accounting tool, takes such a holistic using their ecological assets to generate other species, it is also in the self-interest ecological assets, as well as the need to approach by tracking flows of resources revenue flows, in addition to meeting their of nations to know how much natural find a way for humanity to live well, within and carbon emissions through production, own needs, and thus are at economic risk capital they have and how much they are the means of our planet. You will also learn consumption and trade to show where if domestic demand for these resources using. Understanding whose ecological more about the Ecological Footprint, and ecological assets are available and grows, or if resource productivity, and thus assets they are dependent on and who what it tells us about the current ecological where they are being used. Such a tool export income, declines. In addition, many is dependent on theirs will help nations balances of both individual countries and is vital in addressing the dangers of our countries generate more carbon emissions identify both risks and opportunities, the world as a whole. The Ecological Wealth of Nations 3
  • 6. Global Ecological Limits 12 Figure 1: Human Demand on the Biosphere, 1961-2006 The Ecological Footprint measures the to keep up with our consumption. Stay- 1.5 area of biologically productive land and ing on this course would quickly diminish Biocapacity water required to provide the resources our room to maneuver, and the well-being used and absorb the carbon dioxide of many of the planet’s residents would Footprint waste generated by human activity, under be increasingly at risk. 1 Earth current technology. Accounting for a   country’s consumption Footprint starts In 2006, by September 11, humanity had with all goods and services produced used all the combined resource produc- in that country, then adds imports and tion and carbon sequestration capacity 0.5 subtracts exports. that the planet’s ecosystems had avail-   able for that entire year. Since the mid- Ecological Footprint Biocapacity is the area of productive land 1980s, when global ecological overshoot Biocapacity and water available to produce resources first became a consistent reality, we 0.0 1960 1975 1990 2005 or absorb carbon dioxide waste, given have been drawing down the biosphere’s current management practices. Both the principal rather than living off its annual Ecological Footprint and biocapacity are interest. To support our consumption, we measured in standard units called global have been liquidating resource stocks Human Demand hectares (gha). One gha represents a and allowing carbon dioxide to accumu- In 1961 we used a little hectare of forest, cropland, grazing land late in the atmosphere. or fishing grounds with world average more than half of the Earth’s productivity. Ecological overshoot is possible only for a limited time before ecosystems begin biocapacity; in 2006 we used While economies, populations and to degrade and possibly collapse. This 44% more than was available. resource demands grow, the size of the planet remains the same. In 2006, hu- can already be seen in water shortages, desertification, erosion, reduced cropland manity’s Footprint exceeded global bio- productivity, overgrazing, deforestation, capacity by 44 percent (Figure 1). Moder- rapid extinction of species, collapse of ate United Nations projections suggest fisheries and global climate change. New demand will grow significantly faster than consequences of overshoot are regularly biocapacity, and that by the late 2030s, being discovered, and others may only the capacity of two Earths will be needed become apparent long into the future. 4 The Ecological Wealth of Nations
  • 7. The biosphere is made up of complex, interactive systems that If these changes exceed certain thresholds conditions could de- Photo of anvil clouds over the Pacific Ocean. NASA, 21 July, 2003 are often unpredictable. Air, water, land, and life -- including hu- part from those that were present during the course of human man life -- combine forces to create a constantly changing world. evolution, making the planet a less hospitable place to us to live. The Ecological Wealth of Nations 5
  • 8. Global hectares (millions) Global hectares (millions) 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0 3000 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 6 United States United States United States United States China China China China Russian Federation Russia India India Canada Canada Russian Federation Russia India India Japan Japan Argentina Argentina United Kingdom United Kingdom Bolivia Bolivia Mexico Mexico Mexico Mexico Germany Germany The Ecological Wealth of Nations Colombia Colombia Italy Italy France France France France Congo, DRC Congo, Democratic Republic of Spain Spain Germany Germany Nigeria Nigeria Nigeria Nigeria Turkey Turkey Peru Peru Canada Canada Turkey Turkey Iran Iran, Islamic Republic of Sudan Sudan Korea, South Korea, Republic of Ukraine Ukraine Poland Poland United Kingdom United Kingdom South Africa South Africa South Africa South Africa Ukraine Ukraine Figure 3. Total Biocapacity, by country, 2006 Japan Japan Pakistan Pakistan Myanmar Myanmar Argentina Argentina Figure 2. Total Ecological Footprint, by country, 2006 Venezuela Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of Thailand Thailand Poland Poland Egypt Egypt Iran Iran, Islamic Republic of Viet Nam Viet Nam Finland Finland Colombia Colombia Ecological Footprint and biocapacity of nations Thailand Thailand Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia Chile Chile Sudan Sudan Kazakhstan Kazakhstan Netherlands Netherlands Paraguay Paraguay Kazakhstan Kazakhstan Italy Italy Greece Greece Madagascar Madagascar Algeria Algeria Pakistan Pakistan Venezuela Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of Spain Spain Belgium Belgium Angola Angola Romania Romania New Zealand New Zealand Czech Republic Czech Republic Romania Romania Chile Chile Congo Congo Peru Peru Viet Nam Viet Nam Myanmar Myanmar Cameroon Cameroon Uzbekistan Uzbekistan CentralAfrican Republic Central African Rep. Portugal Portugal Chad Chad Congo, DRC Congo, Democratic Republic of Tanzania Tanzania, United Republic of United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates Zambia Zambia Switzerland Switzerland Belarus Belarus Morocco Morocco Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia Belarus Belarus Côte d'Ivoire Côte d'Ivoire Austria Austria Ecuador Ecuador Tanzania Tanzania, United Republic of Mali Mali Denmark Denmark Norway Norway Iraq Iraq Denmark Denmark Ghana Ghana Morocco Morocco Israel Israel Algeria Algeria Ireland Ireland Guinea Guinea Korea, North Korea, Democratic People's Republic of Czech Republic Czech Republic Hungary Hungary Niger Niger New Zealand New Zealand Hungary Hungary Syrian Arab Republic Syria Ghana Ghana Finland Finland Austria Austria Slovakia Slovakia Uzbekistan Uzbekistan Cuba Cuba Egypt Egypt Ecuador Ecuador Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea Bulgaria Bulgaria Bulgaria Bulgaria Niger Niger Burkina Faso Burkina Faso Bolivia Bolivia Cropland Cropland Mauritania Madagascar Fishing G Mauritania Madagascar Grazing L Grazing L Fishing Gr Carbon Fo Forest Lan Built-up La Forest Lan Built-up La
  • 9. Ghana Ghana Finland Finland Austria Austria Slovakia Slovakia Uzbekistan Uzbekistan Cuba Cuba Egypt Egypt Ecuador Ecuador Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea Bulgaria Bulgaria Bulgaria Bulgaria Niger Niger Burkina Faso Burkina Faso Bolivia Bolivia Cropland Cropland Mauritania Mauritania Madagascar Madagascar Forest Land Forest Land Nicaragua Nicaragua Guatemala Guatemala Built-up Land Grazing Land Built-up Land Grazing Land Fishing Ground Fishing Ground Ireland Ireland Mali Mali Carbon Footprint Namibia Namibia Kuwait Kuwait Netherlands Netherlands Yemen Yemen Syria Syrian Arab Republic Paraguay Paraguay Turkmenistan Turkmenistan Cameroon Cameroon Latvia Latvia Singapore Singapore Senegal Senegal Norway Norway Greece Greece Burkina Faso Burkina Faso Yemen Yemen Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Slovakia Slovakia Tunisia Tunisia Korea, South Korea, Republic of Libya Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Guatemala Guatemala Turkmenistan Turkmenistan Honduras Honduras Chad Chad Somalia Somalia Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Cambodia Cambodia Côte d'Ivoire Côte d'Ivoire Korea, North Korea, Democratic People's Republic of Angola Angola Portugal Portugal Honduras Honduras Lithuania Lithuania Croatia Croatia Cuba Cuba Senegal Senegal Estonia Estonia Zimbabwe Zimbabwe Tunisia Tunisia Zambia Zambia Belgium Belgium Guinea Guinea Panama Panama BosniaHerzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Zimbabwe Zimbabwe Dominican Rep. Dominican Republic Switzerland Switzerland Somalia Somalia Libya Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Cambodia Cambodia Liberia Liberia Nicaragua Nicaragua Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Costa Rica Costa Rica Croatia Croatia Jordan Jordan Eritrea Eritrea Lithuania Lithuania Laos Lao People's Democratic Republic Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea 1 Earth 1.5 0.0 0.5 Costa Rica Costa Rica Panama Panama 1960 Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Latvia Botswana Botswana Mauritania Mauritania Iraq Iraq Oman Oman 1965 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Benin Benin Benin Benin Lebanon Lebanon BosniaHerzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Estonia Estonia Global biocapacity 1970 Oman Oman Albania Albania United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates Slovenia Slovenia Sierra Leone Sierra Leone Botswana 1975 Botswana Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan Dominican Rep. Dominican Republic Moldova Moldova 1980 Slovenia Slovenia Namibia Namibia Moldova Moldova CentralAfrican Republic Central African Rep. Tajikistan Tajikistan Laos Lao People's Democratic Republic 1985 Albania Albania Tajikistan Tajikistan Haiti Haiti Armenia Armenia Israel Israel Haiti Haiti 1990 Armenia Armenia Sierra Leone Sierra Leone Figure x. Humanity’s Ecological Footprint, by component, 1961-2006 Fiji Fiji Liberia Liberia Figure 4. Humanity’s Ecological Footprint, by component, 1961-2006 Gambia Gambia Eritrea Eritrea 1995 Solomon Islands Solomon Islands Congo Congo Lebanon Lebanon Fiji Fiji The Ecological Wealth of Nations Jordan Jordan Gambia Gambia 2000 Kuwait Kuwait Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau 7 data point doesn’t show up on the graph, white boxes were placed to cover them up. Djibouti Djibouti Solomon Islands Solomon Islands Singapore Singapore Djibouti Djibouti 2005 Note: in order to get x-axis starting at 1960, a data point of zero was included. So that this Fishing Carbon Built-up Croplan Grazing Forest L