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CHAPTER 3
ANCIENT ISRAEL
The First Israelites
 The first Israelites built a small kingdom in Canaan along the
Mediterranean Sea around 1000 B.C.
 A small population who practiced a religion that focused on
only one God
 Monotheism – the belief in only one God
 The Israelite religion became known as Judaism (Jews)
 Judaism influenced Christianity and Islam
 Judaism also helped shape the beliefs and practices of
societies in Europe and America
CHAPTER 3
ANCIENT ISRAEL
The First Israelites
 Spoke a language called Hebrew
 Wrote down much of their history and religious beliefs
 Later became the Hebrew Bible
 Early Israelites were herders and traders from Mesopotamia
 Believed they were descendants of Abraham and were to
worship the one true God
 Abraham’s grandson, Jacob, was also called Israel
 Israel means “one who struggles with God”
CHAPTER 3
ANCIENT ISRAEL
The First Israelites
 Jacob’s 12 sons were each given a portion of land dividing
Canaan into tribes, or separate family groups
 Became known as the 12 tribes of Israel
 After living in Canaan for 100 years, were forced to move to
Egypt due to drought and famine
 Egyptian pharaoh made the Israelites slaves to help build
pyramids and work in the fields
 After some time, the pharaoh became fearful of the large
number of Israelites (Hebrews), ordering all baby boys to be
thrown into the Nile River
CHAPTER 3
ANCIENT ISRAEL
The First Israelites
 One mother put her baby in a papyrus basket and hid it in
the reeds along the riverbank
 The pharaoh’s daughter found the baby and made him her
son, naming him Moses, which means “to draw out”
 After Moses was grown, around 1290 B.C., God told Moses
to lead the Israelites out of Egypt to freedom.

 God sent 10 plagues, a disease or something that causes
problems for a lot of people, to trouble Egypt in an effort to
convince the pharaoh to let the Israelites go
CHAPTER 3
ANCIENT ISRAEL
The First Israelites
 Moses requested that the Pharaoh release the Israelites and
let them go to the wilderness to worship God
 Pharaoh finally agreed, but after releasing the Israelites
changed his mind and sent his army after them
 God parted the Red Sea for the Israelites to cross but let
Pharaoh’s army drown in the sea
 The Israelite escape from Egypt is known as the Exodus
CHAPTER 3
ANCIENT ISRAEL
The First Israelites
 En route to Canaan, the Israelites traveled through the Sinai
desert
 Moses went to the top of Mt. Sinai, where he received the
teachings and laws of the Torah, later the first 5 books of the
Hebrew Bible
 The Torah described a covenant, or agreement, with God
 God promised to return the Israelites to Canaan, the
Promised Land, if they followed his laws
 Most important part of the Torah is the Ten Commandments
CHAPTER 3
ANCIENT ISRAEL
The First Israelites
 The Ten Commandments helped shape the basic moral laws
of many nations
 The Ten Commandments also helped develop a belief in the
“rule of law” – idea that laws should apply to everyone equally
 It took the Israelites 40 years to reach Canaan

 Moses didn’t live to see the Israelites return to Canaan
 After his death, Joshua took over as the Israelite leader
CHAPTER 3
ANCIENT ISRAEL
The First Israelites
 Other people, mostly Canaanites, were found to be living in
the Promised Land when the Israelites arrived
 Following God’s guidance and led by Joshua, the Israelites
went to battle against the Canaanites to take their land back
 Joshua led the Israelites to the city of Jericho for one of the
first battles and three more wars
 After Joshua died the Israelites looked to judges, usually
military leaders, for leadership
CHAPTER 3
ANCIENT ISRAEL
The First Israelites
 Some of the judges were
Barak, Gideon, Samuel, Eli, Samson, and Deborah, a woman
judge
 The Israelites won control of the hilly region in central Canaan
and the Canaanites kept the flat, coastal areas
 Phoenicians – a group of Canaanites who were skilled sailors
and traders, spreading goods and ideas
 One of the most important ideas was an alphabet
 An alphabet made writing simpler and helped people keep
records
CHAPTER 3
ANCIENT ISRAEL
The Kingdom of Israel
 Around 1000 B.C., the strongest people living in Canaan were
the Philistines
 Philistines had strong cities & made iron tools and weapons
 In 1020 B.C., the Israelites asked Samuel, one of the judges
and a prophet, to choose a king
 A king was needed to unite the Israelites against the
Philistines
 Prophet – a person who claims to be instructed by God to
share God’s words
CHAPTER 3
ANCIENT ISRAEL
The Kingdom of Israel
 The Israelites chose a warrior-farmer named Saul to be king
 Saul was a popular warrior who had won many battles
 Next, God chose David, a young shepherd, to be king
 David became famous for killing a giant Philistine, Goliath
 David drove the Philistines from the area and conquered other
neighboring nations, creating an empire
 Conquered people had to pay David and the Israelites tribute
 Tribute – forced payments of money or slaves to a ruler
CHAPTER 3
ANCIENT ISRAEL
The Kingdom of Israel
 David levied heavy taxes on the Israelites to expand his new
capital, Jerusalem, and build a temple
 Regardless, the Israelites viewed David as their greatest
king for centuries
 After David died, his son Solomon became king
 Solomon built a magnificent temple in Jerusalem
 It became the center and symbol of the Jewish religion
 Solomon taxed the people more than David, to pay for his
great buildings, turning many of the Israelites against him
CHAPTER 3
ANCIENT ISRAEL
The Kingdom of Israel
 After Solomon died, ten of the 12 tribes of Israel established
their own kingdom in the north, called Israel (capital – Samaria)
 The southern kingdom was called Judah (capital – Jerusalem)
 Two neighboring kingdoms, Chaldea and Assyria, were also
building empires in southwest Asia
 Wanted to control trade routes through Israel and
Judah, thus, causing them to feel threatened
CHAPTER 3
ANCIENT ISRAEL
The Kingdom of Israel
 In 722 B.C., the Assyrians conquered Israel and scattered the
10 tribes across the empire
 Over time, the Israelites were forced to move and lost their
religion and way of life
 Often called the “lost tribes of Israel”
 Assyrians settled in the land around Samaria and became
known as Samaritans
 In 620 B.C., Judah also fell to the Egyptians but kept their king
CHAPTER 3
ANCIENT ISRAEL
The Kingdom of Israel
 However, the Chaldeans conquered Egypt in 605 B.C. and
became the new rulers of Judah
 The Jews (Judah) and Egyptians then rebelled against the
Chaldeans
 King Nebuchadnezzar of the Chaldeans, however, captured
Jerusalem in 597 B.C.
 In 586 B.C., the Chaldean king crushed Jerusalem, destroying
the temple and sending the Jews to Babylon (known as the
Babylonian Captivity)
CHAPTER 3
ANCIENT ISRAEL
The Growth of Judaism
 The Jews called their time in Babylon an exile
 Exile means “being forced to live in a foreign land”
 While in Babylon, Jews began to worship and rest on the
Sabbath and meet in synagogues, Jewish houses of worship
 During the 500’s B.C., Persians conquered parts of SW Asia
 Persians defeated the Chaldeans, taking over Babylon
 The Persian king, Cyrus, allowed the Jews to return to
Judah, however, some stayed in Babylon
CHAPTER 3
ANCIENT ISRAEL
The Growth of Judaism
 Upon returning to Judah, the Jews rebuilt Jerusalem
and the temple
 Jews looked to their religion for leadership, appointing priests
and scribes as their leaders
 A scribe named Ezra wrote the Torah on parchment
paper, then the priests sewed them together to make long
scrolls
 The five books of the Torah and 34 other books describing
events in Jewish history, added later, came to make up the
Hebrew Bible
CHAPTER 3
ANCIENT ISRAEL
The Growth of Judaism
 In 334 B.C., Alexander the Great, a king from Greece, began a
conquest to take over kingdoms around the Mediterranean Sea
 In 331 B.C., he defeated the Persians, taking control of Judah
 Alexander allowed the Jews to stay in Judah, but introduced
the Greek language and Greek customs to Judah

 Many Jews still lived in other parts of Alexander’s
empire, including Babylon and Egypt
 These Jews became known as the Diaspora, a Greek word
meaning “scattered”
CHAPTER 3
ANCIENT ISRAEL
The Growth of Judaism
 Many Jews of the Diaspora learned the Greek language and
customs but remained loyal to Judaism
 One group copied the Hebrew Bible into Greek, helping to
spread Jewish ideas throughout the Mediterranean world
 In 168 B.C., the Greek ruler of Judah, Antiochus, attempted to
make the Jews worship Greek gods and goddesses
 A priest named Judas Maccabeus and his followers
rebelled and fled to the hills, then formed an army known as
the Maccabees
CHAPTER 3
ANCIENT ISRAEL
The Growth of Judaism
 The Maccabees eventually drove the Greeks out of Judah and
destroyed all traces of Greek gods, goddesses in the temple
 Jews recall the cleansing of the temple each year when
they celebrate Hanukkah
 Priests from Judas Maccabeus’ family became the new
rulers of Judah and took back part of the kingdom of Israel
CHAPTER 3
ANCIENT ISRAEL
The Growth of Judaism
The Jewish Way of Life
 Jewish law influenced much of a Jews daily life, including their
education, their food, and their clothes
 Emphasized self-control and reminded them of their religion
 Placed great importance on:
 Family, especially sons, to carry on the family name
 Education – taught by fathers and mothers, elders
 Diet – could eat only certain animals and food had to be
prepared a certain way
 Food prepared according to Jewish laws is called
kosher
CHAPTER 3
ANCIENT ISRAEL
The Growth of Judaism
The Jewish Way of Life
 Placed great importance on:
 Clothing – used flax or wool to make cloth but did not
combine the two and covered their heads
 Jewish mean wear skull caps called yarmulkes and
Jewish women wear scarves or skull caps
CHAPTER 3
ANCIENT ISRAEL
The Growth of Judaism
The Jews and the Romans
 In 63 B.C. the Romans, from the western side of the
Mediterranean Sea, what is today Italy, conquered Judah and
renamed it Judaea
 The Romans, at first, allowed Jewish rulers to run Judaea
 One of the most famous was King Herod
 Known for his cruelty, changes to the temple in Jerusalem
 Also known as who was king when Jesus was born
CHAPTER 3
ANCIENT ISRAEL
The Growth of Judaism
The Jews and the Romans
 After Herod died, Roman officials ruled Judaea
 Jews wished to regain control but had divided into different
groups and did not have the power
 Pharisees – taught, in synagogues, the Torah and how
to apply its laws to daily life
 Sadducees – priests and scribes who didn’t agree with
the Pharisees’ teachings
 Essenes – priests who broke away from the temple in
Jerusalem and lived in the desert
 Believed to have written the Dead Sea Scrolls, which
were found in a cave near the Dead Sea, 1947 A.D.
CHAPTER 3
ANCIENT ISRAEL
The Growth of Judaism
The Jews and the Romans
 Jewish hatred of Roman rule reached its peak in the 60s A.D.
 Many Jews were still waiting on a Messiah, or deliverer
 Other Jews, called Zealots, wanted to fight the Romans
 In 66 A.D., the Zealots revolted against the Romans and drove
them out of Jerusalem
 However, the Romans retook Jerusalem 4 years
later, killing thousands of Jews and destroying the temple
 The Western, or Wailing, Wall is all that remains of it
today
CHAPTER 3
ANCIENT ISRAEL
The Growth of Judaism
The Jews and the Romans
 Jews managed to survive, but no longer had priests
 Instead, began to follow leaders called rabbis, teachers of
the Torah
 Rabbis continued to save and pass on the teachings of the
Torah and combined the teachings in a book, the Talmud
 For almost 2,000 years most Jews lived outside Judah (now
called Palestine)
 In 1948 A.D., Palestine was divided and a new Jewish nation
called Israel was created

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Chapter 3 - Ancient Israel

  • 1. CHAPTER 3 ANCIENT ISRAEL The First Israelites  The first Israelites built a small kingdom in Canaan along the Mediterranean Sea around 1000 B.C.  A small population who practiced a religion that focused on only one God  Monotheism – the belief in only one God  The Israelite religion became known as Judaism (Jews)  Judaism influenced Christianity and Islam  Judaism also helped shape the beliefs and practices of societies in Europe and America
  • 2. CHAPTER 3 ANCIENT ISRAEL The First Israelites  Spoke a language called Hebrew  Wrote down much of their history and religious beliefs  Later became the Hebrew Bible  Early Israelites were herders and traders from Mesopotamia  Believed they were descendants of Abraham and were to worship the one true God  Abraham’s grandson, Jacob, was also called Israel  Israel means “one who struggles with God”
  • 3. CHAPTER 3 ANCIENT ISRAEL The First Israelites  Jacob’s 12 sons were each given a portion of land dividing Canaan into tribes, or separate family groups  Became known as the 12 tribes of Israel  After living in Canaan for 100 years, were forced to move to Egypt due to drought and famine  Egyptian pharaoh made the Israelites slaves to help build pyramids and work in the fields  After some time, the pharaoh became fearful of the large number of Israelites (Hebrews), ordering all baby boys to be thrown into the Nile River
  • 4. CHAPTER 3 ANCIENT ISRAEL The First Israelites  One mother put her baby in a papyrus basket and hid it in the reeds along the riverbank  The pharaoh’s daughter found the baby and made him her son, naming him Moses, which means “to draw out”  After Moses was grown, around 1290 B.C., God told Moses to lead the Israelites out of Egypt to freedom.  God sent 10 plagues, a disease or something that causes problems for a lot of people, to trouble Egypt in an effort to convince the pharaoh to let the Israelites go
  • 5. CHAPTER 3 ANCIENT ISRAEL The First Israelites  Moses requested that the Pharaoh release the Israelites and let them go to the wilderness to worship God  Pharaoh finally agreed, but after releasing the Israelites changed his mind and sent his army after them  God parted the Red Sea for the Israelites to cross but let Pharaoh’s army drown in the sea  The Israelite escape from Egypt is known as the Exodus
  • 6. CHAPTER 3 ANCIENT ISRAEL The First Israelites  En route to Canaan, the Israelites traveled through the Sinai desert  Moses went to the top of Mt. Sinai, where he received the teachings and laws of the Torah, later the first 5 books of the Hebrew Bible  The Torah described a covenant, or agreement, with God  God promised to return the Israelites to Canaan, the Promised Land, if they followed his laws  Most important part of the Torah is the Ten Commandments
  • 7. CHAPTER 3 ANCIENT ISRAEL The First Israelites  The Ten Commandments helped shape the basic moral laws of many nations  The Ten Commandments also helped develop a belief in the “rule of law” – idea that laws should apply to everyone equally  It took the Israelites 40 years to reach Canaan  Moses didn’t live to see the Israelites return to Canaan  After his death, Joshua took over as the Israelite leader
  • 8. CHAPTER 3 ANCIENT ISRAEL The First Israelites  Other people, mostly Canaanites, were found to be living in the Promised Land when the Israelites arrived  Following God’s guidance and led by Joshua, the Israelites went to battle against the Canaanites to take their land back  Joshua led the Israelites to the city of Jericho for one of the first battles and three more wars  After Joshua died the Israelites looked to judges, usually military leaders, for leadership
  • 9. CHAPTER 3 ANCIENT ISRAEL The First Israelites  Some of the judges were Barak, Gideon, Samuel, Eli, Samson, and Deborah, a woman judge  The Israelites won control of the hilly region in central Canaan and the Canaanites kept the flat, coastal areas  Phoenicians – a group of Canaanites who were skilled sailors and traders, spreading goods and ideas  One of the most important ideas was an alphabet  An alphabet made writing simpler and helped people keep records
  • 10. CHAPTER 3 ANCIENT ISRAEL The Kingdom of Israel  Around 1000 B.C., the strongest people living in Canaan were the Philistines  Philistines had strong cities & made iron tools and weapons  In 1020 B.C., the Israelites asked Samuel, one of the judges and a prophet, to choose a king  A king was needed to unite the Israelites against the Philistines  Prophet – a person who claims to be instructed by God to share God’s words
  • 11. CHAPTER 3 ANCIENT ISRAEL The Kingdom of Israel  The Israelites chose a warrior-farmer named Saul to be king  Saul was a popular warrior who had won many battles  Next, God chose David, a young shepherd, to be king  David became famous for killing a giant Philistine, Goliath  David drove the Philistines from the area and conquered other neighboring nations, creating an empire  Conquered people had to pay David and the Israelites tribute  Tribute – forced payments of money or slaves to a ruler
  • 12. CHAPTER 3 ANCIENT ISRAEL The Kingdom of Israel  David levied heavy taxes on the Israelites to expand his new capital, Jerusalem, and build a temple  Regardless, the Israelites viewed David as their greatest king for centuries  After David died, his son Solomon became king  Solomon built a magnificent temple in Jerusalem  It became the center and symbol of the Jewish religion  Solomon taxed the people more than David, to pay for his great buildings, turning many of the Israelites against him
  • 13. CHAPTER 3 ANCIENT ISRAEL The Kingdom of Israel  After Solomon died, ten of the 12 tribes of Israel established their own kingdom in the north, called Israel (capital – Samaria)  The southern kingdom was called Judah (capital – Jerusalem)  Two neighboring kingdoms, Chaldea and Assyria, were also building empires in southwest Asia  Wanted to control trade routes through Israel and Judah, thus, causing them to feel threatened
  • 14. CHAPTER 3 ANCIENT ISRAEL The Kingdom of Israel  In 722 B.C., the Assyrians conquered Israel and scattered the 10 tribes across the empire  Over time, the Israelites were forced to move and lost their religion and way of life  Often called the “lost tribes of Israel”  Assyrians settled in the land around Samaria and became known as Samaritans  In 620 B.C., Judah also fell to the Egyptians but kept their king
  • 15. CHAPTER 3 ANCIENT ISRAEL The Kingdom of Israel  However, the Chaldeans conquered Egypt in 605 B.C. and became the new rulers of Judah  The Jews (Judah) and Egyptians then rebelled against the Chaldeans  King Nebuchadnezzar of the Chaldeans, however, captured Jerusalem in 597 B.C.  In 586 B.C., the Chaldean king crushed Jerusalem, destroying the temple and sending the Jews to Babylon (known as the Babylonian Captivity)
  • 16. CHAPTER 3 ANCIENT ISRAEL The Growth of Judaism  The Jews called their time in Babylon an exile  Exile means “being forced to live in a foreign land”  While in Babylon, Jews began to worship and rest on the Sabbath and meet in synagogues, Jewish houses of worship  During the 500’s B.C., Persians conquered parts of SW Asia  Persians defeated the Chaldeans, taking over Babylon  The Persian king, Cyrus, allowed the Jews to return to Judah, however, some stayed in Babylon
  • 17. CHAPTER 3 ANCIENT ISRAEL The Growth of Judaism  Upon returning to Judah, the Jews rebuilt Jerusalem and the temple  Jews looked to their religion for leadership, appointing priests and scribes as their leaders  A scribe named Ezra wrote the Torah on parchment paper, then the priests sewed them together to make long scrolls  The five books of the Torah and 34 other books describing events in Jewish history, added later, came to make up the Hebrew Bible
  • 18. CHAPTER 3 ANCIENT ISRAEL The Growth of Judaism  In 334 B.C., Alexander the Great, a king from Greece, began a conquest to take over kingdoms around the Mediterranean Sea  In 331 B.C., he defeated the Persians, taking control of Judah  Alexander allowed the Jews to stay in Judah, but introduced the Greek language and Greek customs to Judah  Many Jews still lived in other parts of Alexander’s empire, including Babylon and Egypt  These Jews became known as the Diaspora, a Greek word meaning “scattered”
  • 19. CHAPTER 3 ANCIENT ISRAEL The Growth of Judaism  Many Jews of the Diaspora learned the Greek language and customs but remained loyal to Judaism  One group copied the Hebrew Bible into Greek, helping to spread Jewish ideas throughout the Mediterranean world  In 168 B.C., the Greek ruler of Judah, Antiochus, attempted to make the Jews worship Greek gods and goddesses  A priest named Judas Maccabeus and his followers rebelled and fled to the hills, then formed an army known as the Maccabees
  • 20. CHAPTER 3 ANCIENT ISRAEL The Growth of Judaism  The Maccabees eventually drove the Greeks out of Judah and destroyed all traces of Greek gods, goddesses in the temple  Jews recall the cleansing of the temple each year when they celebrate Hanukkah  Priests from Judas Maccabeus’ family became the new rulers of Judah and took back part of the kingdom of Israel
  • 21. CHAPTER 3 ANCIENT ISRAEL The Growth of Judaism The Jewish Way of Life  Jewish law influenced much of a Jews daily life, including their education, their food, and their clothes  Emphasized self-control and reminded them of their religion  Placed great importance on:  Family, especially sons, to carry on the family name  Education – taught by fathers and mothers, elders  Diet – could eat only certain animals and food had to be prepared a certain way  Food prepared according to Jewish laws is called kosher
  • 22. CHAPTER 3 ANCIENT ISRAEL The Growth of Judaism The Jewish Way of Life  Placed great importance on:  Clothing – used flax or wool to make cloth but did not combine the two and covered their heads  Jewish mean wear skull caps called yarmulkes and Jewish women wear scarves or skull caps
  • 23. CHAPTER 3 ANCIENT ISRAEL The Growth of Judaism The Jews and the Romans  In 63 B.C. the Romans, from the western side of the Mediterranean Sea, what is today Italy, conquered Judah and renamed it Judaea  The Romans, at first, allowed Jewish rulers to run Judaea  One of the most famous was King Herod  Known for his cruelty, changes to the temple in Jerusalem  Also known as who was king when Jesus was born
  • 24. CHAPTER 3 ANCIENT ISRAEL The Growth of Judaism The Jews and the Romans  After Herod died, Roman officials ruled Judaea  Jews wished to regain control but had divided into different groups and did not have the power  Pharisees – taught, in synagogues, the Torah and how to apply its laws to daily life  Sadducees – priests and scribes who didn’t agree with the Pharisees’ teachings  Essenes – priests who broke away from the temple in Jerusalem and lived in the desert  Believed to have written the Dead Sea Scrolls, which were found in a cave near the Dead Sea, 1947 A.D.
  • 25. CHAPTER 3 ANCIENT ISRAEL The Growth of Judaism The Jews and the Romans  Jewish hatred of Roman rule reached its peak in the 60s A.D.  Many Jews were still waiting on a Messiah, or deliverer  Other Jews, called Zealots, wanted to fight the Romans  In 66 A.D., the Zealots revolted against the Romans and drove them out of Jerusalem  However, the Romans retook Jerusalem 4 years later, killing thousands of Jews and destroying the temple  The Western, or Wailing, Wall is all that remains of it today
  • 26. CHAPTER 3 ANCIENT ISRAEL The Growth of Judaism The Jews and the Romans  Jews managed to survive, but no longer had priests  Instead, began to follow leaders called rabbis, teachers of the Torah  Rabbis continued to save and pass on the teachings of the Torah and combined the teachings in a book, the Talmud  For almost 2,000 years most Jews lived outside Judah (now called Palestine)  In 1948 A.D., Palestine was divided and a new Jewish nation called Israel was created