1. Congenital neck masses are abnormal growths present from birth between the clavicles and mandible. The most common congenital neck mass is a thyroglossal cyst, which forms from a persistent thyroglossal duct during development. 2. Other congenital neck masses include branchial cysts, dermoid cysts, cystic hygromas, hamartomas, and teratomas. 3. Evaluation of congenital neck masses involves inspection, imaging like ultrasound or CT to determine if the mass is solid or cystic in nature, and biopsy if needed to arrive at a definitive diagnosis. Surgical excision is usually the treatment for congenital neck masses.

1. Congenital Neck Masses
DONE BY
Dr Duong

2. Landmarks
1. Hyoid bone
2. Thyroid cartilage
3. Cricoid cartilage
4. Trachea
5. Sternocleidomastoid
muscles

4. Anatomy of the neck
• The sternocleidomastoid muscle divides each side of the neck
into 2 major triangles:
1. Anterior triangle (digastric & sup. Belly of omohyoid)
– Submandibular triangle
– Submental triangle
– Carotid triangle
– Muscular triangle
1. Posterior triangle (inf. Belly of omohyoid)
– Occiptal triangle
– Supraclavicular triangle

5. Anterior triangle
Borders:
1. Laterally: anterior border of the SCM
2. Medially: midline
3. Superiorly: lower border of the mandible
Posterior triangle
Borders:
• Anteriorly: posterior border of the SCM
• Inferiorly: clavicle
• Posteriorly: anterior border of trapezius muscle

9. Subclavian triangle
Occipital triangle

12. Neck masses
• Defintion: any abnormal enlargement, swelling, or
growth between clavicles & mandible.
• Lymphadenopathy is the most common cause

13. Classification of neck masses
1. True & pseudo masses
2. Acquired & congenital

14. Congenital
– Midline
• Thyroglossal cyst
• Dermoid cyst
– Lateral
• Branchial cyst
Acquired
– Inflammatory
– Neoplastic
– Traumatic (hematoma)

15. Congenital neck masses
1. Thyroglossal Cyst (most common).
2. Branchial Cyst.
3. Dermoid.
4. Cystic Hygroma.
5. Hamartoma.
6. Teratoma.
7. Lipoma.
8. Laryngocele.
9. Diverticulum.

17. THYROGLOSSAL CYST
• Fibrous cyst that forms from a
persistent thyroglossal duct
• Most common congenital neck mass
• Childhood
• Midline mass
• Elevated with tongue protrusion
• Painless (if infected  painfull)
• Smooth and cystic
Presentations:
• Dysphagia.
• Breathing difficulty.
• Dyspepsia especially if large mass.
Rx:
• Total resection with central part of
hyoid bone to avoid recurrence.

23. Branchial Cyst
• Remnants of embryonic
development
• Result from failure of obliteration
of the branchial cleft
• Cystic mass
• Develops under the skin between
SCM & pharynx.
Presentation:
• Asymptomatic (mostly)
• Painful if become infected.
Rx:
• Surgical excision
• Complete surgical excision may
be difficult, so they can recur.

32. Dermoid cyst
• Cystic teratoma
• Contains mature skin complete with hair follicles and sweat gland.
sometimes clumps of hair, and often pockets of sebum, blood, fat.
• Almost always benign and rarely malignant.
• Midline mass
• Not move with protruding the tongue
• Solid or hard in consistency.
• Usually limitted to the skin
Rx:
• Complete surgical removal.

34. 1. Inspection :
a. site b. shape .
c. color . d. relation to swallowing.
e. relation to tongue protrusion .
Physical examination

35. Investigations
Rules of investigations:
1. Effective in Dx & or assessment of the disease.
2. Harmless.
3. Cost-effective.
4. Guided by medical suspecion.
Types of investigation:
1. Radiological
2. Labs
3. Endoscopy & biopsy
4. FNA (diagnostic)

36. Radiological
• X-ray (not helpful).
• Barium swallow in hypopharyngeal
diverticulum.
• US: differentiate btw solid & cystic masses
• CT: assessment of the mass itself.
• MRI: nature of the mass

37. US

38. CT
Benefits:
1.Distinguish cystic from solid
lesions.
2.Define the origin and full extent of
deep, ill-defined masses.
3.When used with contrast can
delineate vascularity or blood flow.
4.Detect an unknown primary
lesion.
5.To help with staging purposes.
Signs of metastatic carcinoma
•Lucent changes within nodes
•Size larger than 1.5cm
•Loss of sharpness of nodal borders are often.

39. MRI
• Provides much of the same
information as CT.
• It is currently better for upper neck
and skull base masses due to motion
artifact on CT.
• With contrast it is good for vascular
delineation and may even substitute
for arteriography in the pulsatile mass
or mass with a bruit or thrill.

40. Labs
• TB
• Sarcoidosis
• Hematological (lymphoma, leukemia)

41. Endoscopy & Biopsy
• Fibro-optic or rigid endoscopy
• Nose-larynx-pharynx-esophagus-mouth.
• Take biopsy:
– If u cannot find the primary lesion in the neck, take Bx
from suspected places.
• Base of the tongue.
• Tonsils.
• Nasopharynx.
• Pyriform fossa.
• Supraglottic.

42. • 90% of cases it gives true Dx.
• Could have false –ve or false +ve.
• Differentiate btw inflammatory & neoplastic masses.

44. RADIONUCLEOTIDE SCANNING
• Differentiate a mass from
within or outside a glandular
structure.
• Also indicate the functionality
of the mass.
• Important for salivary and
suspected thyroid gland
masses.

46. Cause Suggestive Findings Diagnostic Approach
Congenital disorders
Branchial cleft cyst Lateral mass
Usually overlying the
sternocleidomastoid muscle
Often with a sinus or fistula
Ultrasonography (children)
CT (adults)
Dermoid or sebaceous
cyst
Rubbery and nontender
(unless infected)
Thyroglossal duct cyst Midline, nontender mass
Other
Simple, nontoxic goiter Nontender diffuse thyroid
enlargement
Thyroid function testing
Thyroid scan
Subacute thyroiditis Fever, usually thyroid
tenderness and
enlargement
Ultrasonography

47. Thank you