3. THE VIDEO DISK - 1961. David Paul Gregg first envisioned the
VIDEODISK in 1958 He patented it in 1961 and again in 1969.
4. VIDEODISK CAMERA - 1963.
D. Gregg, an inventor at Stanford University, created a crude
forerunner to digital photography. The videodisk camera could
photograph and store images for several minutes. Although they
were transient, videodisk images foreshadowed emerging
technology.
5. THE CCD, CHARGE-COUPLED DEVICE - 1969. Willard Boyle and
George Smith originated the basic design for the CCD. The CCD is a
light-sensitive integrated circuit used in a wide variety of
applications, primarily imaging. In the space of an hour on October
17, 1969, Boyle and Smith sketched out the CCDs basic structure,
defined its principles of operation, and outlined applications
including imaging as well as memory.
8. BAYER COLOR FILTER ARRAY - 1975.
Bryce Bayer invented the color filter array that bears his name (the
Bayer filter), which is incorporated into nearly every digital camera
and camera phone on the market today. Described in U.S. Patent
3,971,065, "Color Imaging Array," filed in 1975, color filters are
arranged in a checkerboard pattern to best match how people
perceive images, and provide a highly detailed color image. The Bayer
Filter enables a single CCD or CMOS image sensor to capture color
images that otherwise would require three separate sensors attached
to a color beam splitter - a solution that would be large and
expensive. The red, green, and blue colors of the Bayer filter are
fabricated on top of the light-sensitive pixels as the image sensor is
manufactured, a process pioneered by Kodak.
9.
10. KODAK PROTOTYPE CCD DIGITAL CAMERA - 1975. A Kodak
engineer, Steve J. Sasson, holds a camera he constructed, the world's
first known still image digital camera. The camera used the newly
developed Fairchild black and white 100 X 100 Pixel (.01 megapixel)
CCD as an image sensor and required 23 seconds to record a single
image onto digital cassette tape. The camera weighed 8 1/2 pounds.
Rochester (NY) Democrat & Chronicle, page 8D, October 16, 2001.
11. KODAK PROTOTYPE CCD DIGITAL CAMERA - 1975. A Kodak
engineer, Steve J. Sasson, holds a camera he constructed, the world's
first known still image digital camera. The camera used the newly
developed Fairchild black and white 100 X 100 Pixel (.01 megapixel)
CCD as an image sensor and required 23 seconds to record a single
image onto digital cassette tape. The camera weighed 8 1/2 pounds.
Rochester (NY) Democrat & Chronicle, page 8D, October 16, 2001.
12. KODAK PROTOTYPE CCD DIGITAL CAMERA - 1975. A Kodak
engineer, Steve J. Sasson, holds a camera he constructed, the world's
first known still image digital camera. The camera used the newly
developed Fairchild black and white 100 X 100 Pixel (.01 megapixel)
CCD as an image sensor and required 23 seconds to record a single
image onto digital cassette tape. The camera weighed 8 1/2 pounds.
Rochester (NY) Democrat & Chronicle, page 8D, October 16, 2001.
13. CANON AE-1 - 1976. First 35mm camera with built-in
microprocessor. About $630 with f1.4 lens. That would be about
$2,348 in 2009 dollars.
14. APPLE I - 1977. Apple introduced its first home computer, the Apple
I. The Apple I was based on the MOStek 6502 chip, whereas most
other kit computers were built from the Intel 8080. The Apple I was
sold through several small retailers and included only the circuit
board. Users bought the workings and built their own case. A tape-
interface was sold separately.
15. The Apple I's initial cost was $666.66. Steve Jobs and Steve
Wozniak, the most famous members of the Homebrew Computer
Club, designed the Apple I in 1976. Many leaders in mainline
computer companies like IBM and Digital did not believe that
personal computers were powerful enough to have a market. Sales of
the Apple I and other PC's that followed proved them wrong.
17. In 1979, CCD cameras made their way into professional astronomy.
The Kitt Peak National Observatory (USA) mounted a 320 x 512 pixel
digital camera on their 1-metre telescope and quickly demonstrated
the superiority of CCDs over photographic plates.
18. In 1979, CCD cameras made their way into professional astronomy.
The Kitt Peak National Observatory (USA) mounted a 320 x 512 pixel
digital camera on their 1-metre telescope and quickly demonstrated
the superiority of CCDs over photographic plates.
25. 1983 - Syquest: 44 MB removable drive is released, used primarily by
the graphic arts community for electronic pre-press work.
26. CANON AT OLYMPIC GAMES - 1984. In July, 1984, Canon conducted
a trial of a professional color still video camera (the RC-701) and an
analog transmitter at the Los Angeles Olympics. The images were
transmitted back to Japan via phone lines in less than 30 minutes.
They were then printed in the Yomiuri newspaper. Immediately
before the Games, Canon announced its successful development of a
color electronic still camera designed for commercial broadcasting
use. Using a regenerator and transmitter developed at the same
27. the company conducted practical tests at the '84 Olympics. The color
electronic still video camera with a 400K pixel CCD used in the tests
was the first practical application for public use. With the
cooperation of the Yomiuri Shimbun, a leading Japanese daily
newspaper, images taken by the still camera were experimentally
transmitted to Japan over telephone lines, and proved to be
supremely successful. Based on data and experience from those
tests, Canon began product development, culminating in the Canon
Still Video System of 1986. Popular Photography, October 1984, p48.
28. NEWTEK Digi-View - 1986. In 1986 the NewTek Digi-View, built to
run on the Amiga platform, was the first inexpensive video digitizer
designed for home computers. It was developed to take advantage of
the Amiga 1000's advanced video capabilities. Digi-View was also the
first personal computer digitizer to capture 4096-color, photo quality
images. Soon afterward, NewTek followed with DigiPaint, which
provided video painting capabilities within the computer system. It
was developed to take advantage of the Amiga 1000's advanced
video capabilities and was plugged into the Amiga's parallel printer
29. A video cable then lead from the digitizer to either a B&W video
camera with a color wheel attached, or to an external color splitter
box. The DigiView took 3 passes to digitize a frame, and each pass
was done by filtering through one of 3 primary colors: red, green,
and blue. This meant that the image being digitized had be still or
paused. The digitizer generally captured at 320x200 pixels with up
to 4096 colors, but was capable of 640x200 pixels if the system had
sufficient memory. Once all three captures were done, the Newtek
30. KODAK STILL VIDEO SYSTEM - 1987. Kodak entered the still video
market with products for recording, storing, manipulating,
transmitting and printing electronic still video images. Understanding
Electronic Photography, John J. Larish, 1990, p 31.
31. KODAK STILL VIDEO SYSTEM - 1987. Kodak entered the still video
market with products for recording, storing, manipulating,
transmitting and printing electronic still video images. Understanding
Electronic Photography, John J. Larish, 1990, p 31.
35. DYCAM MODEL 1 / Logitech FotoMan - 1990. Dycam Model 1 (dark
grey) and the Fotoman (white) B&W digicams were the first completely
digital consumer camera sold in the United States (both made by
Dycam). They stored 32 compressed images on internal 1MB RAM.
1/3-inch, 376 x 240 pixel CCD at 256 gray levels. TIFF or PICT 2
format. 8mm fixed-focus lens. Shutter 1/30 to 1/1000 second.
Built-in flash. They operated similarly to the Canon XapShot except
that they included the digitizing hardware in the camera itself. The
camera was attached to a PC to transfer images (photos by Jef
36. KODAK DCS-100 SLR DIGITAL CAMERA - 1990. Shown privately at
Photokina ’90 with a price of $30,000. Marketed in 1991. 1.3MP
CCD (1024 x 1280 pixels). Based on the Nikon F3 body. ISO 100.
Nikkor interchangeable lens mount. Manual focus. Shutter 8
seconds to 1/2000 second. Optical reflex viewfinder, hot shoe, self-
timer, internal 200MB memory. Two versions - B&W and Color.
Fitted into a large plastic suitcase, the system consisted of a 200MB
external hard disk drive with batteries, a control panel, mono display,
and cables, with a total weight of 55lb.
37. KODAK DCS-100 SLR DIGITAL CAMERA - 1990. Shown privately at
Photokina ’90 with a price of $30,000. Marketed in 1991. 1.3MP
CCD (1024 x 1280 pixels). Based on the Nikon F3 body. ISO 100.
Nikkor interchangeable lens mount. Manual focus. Shutter 8
seconds to 1/2000 second. Optical reflex viewfinder, hot shoe, self-
timer, internal 200MB memory. Two versions - B&W and Color.
Fitted into a large plastic suitcase, the system consisted of a 200MB
external hard disk drive with batteries, a control panel, mono display,
38. HASSELBLAD DB 4000 – 1991. Example of professional model digital
studio camera that used a digital back attached to a standard film
camera. The professional model Hasselblad DB 4000 was a
Hasselblad motorized model 553ELX film camera combined with a
Leaf digital back. ISO 300, 1/125 to 1 second. 2048 x 2048 pixel
CCD. 14-bit capture per color channel, 8-bit storage. The Leaf back
fit the body of the Hasselblad in place of a film magazine and used a
SCSI 2 interface to Apple Macintosh/Quadra computers.
39. NIKON NASA F4 - 1991. A modified Nikon F4 was first flown into
space on board the Space Shuttle Discovery in September 1991. The
standard Nikon F4 film body was converted to digital by placing a
one megapixel monochrome CCD at the film plane. The battery-
operated Electronic Still Camera (ESC) retained all the features of the
F4 camera body and accepted any lens or optics with a Nikon mount.
Nikkor lenses used included a 20mm f/2.8 AF, 35-70mm f/2.8 AF,
50mm f/1.2 and 180mm f/2.8 AF.
40. NIKON NASA F4 - 1991. A modified Nikon F4 was first flown into
space on board the Space Shuttle Discovery in September 1991. The
standard Nikon F4 film body was converted to digital by placing a
one megapixel monochrome CCD at the film plane. The battery-
operated Electronic Still Camera (ESC) retained all the features of the
F4 camera body and accepted any lens or optics with a Nikon mount.
Nikkor lenses used included a 20mm f/2.8 AF, 35-70mm f/2.8 AF,
50mm f/1.2 and 180mm f/2.8 AF.
41. NIKON NASA F4 - 1991. A modified Nikon F4 was first flown into
space on board the Space Shuttle Discovery in September 1991. The
standard Nikon F4 film body was converted to digital by placing a
one megapixel monochrome CCD at the film plane. The battery-
operated Electronic Still Camera (ESC) retained all the features of the
F4 camera body and accepted any lens or optics with a Nikon mount.
Nikkor lenses used included a 20mm f/2.8 AF, 35-70mm f/2.8 AF,
50mm f/1.2 and 180mm f/2.8 AF.
42. KODAK DCS 200 - 1992. The DCS 200 had a built-in hard drive for
image recording. On sale from 1992 to 1994, it was based on the
Nikon N8008s. There were five variants of the DCS200: DCS 200 ci
(color and integrated hard disk), DCS 200 c (color without internal
hard disk), DCS 200 mi (black and white and integrated hard disk),
DCS 200 m (black and white without internal hard disk) and the
'Wheelcam' (color by a triple green red and blue exposures).
Resolution with the Kodak DCS 200 Digital camera was 1.54 million
43. • There are now 50 Web servers in the world.
• Kodak introduces its DCS200 digital camera, comprising a Nikon
8008 with a Kodak digital back.
• USA Today and AP cover U.S. political conventions for the first time
with digital cameras.
• Leaf Systems unveils the DCB digital camera back, which captured
images with a single pop and set the standards for professional
image capture for years to come.
• 3M strikes a deal with Allstock, The Stock Market, FPG and Tony
Stone Worldwide to publish and distribute digital stock photo
catalogues on CD. For agencies, the new technology means they can
distribute more images at a lower cost than paper catalogues allow.
44. KODAK DCS 200 - 1992. The DCS 200 had a built-in hard drive for
image recording. On sale from 1992 to 1994, it was based on the
Nikon N8008s. There were five variants of the DCS200: DCS 200 ci
(color and integrated hard disk), DCS 200 c (color without internal
hard disk), DCS 200 mi (black and white and integrated hard disk),
DCS 200 m (black and white without internal hard disk) and the
'Wheelcam' (color by a triple green red and blue exposures).
Resolution with the Kodak DCS 200 Digital camera was 1.54 million
45. APPLE QUICK TAKE 100 – 1994. Manufactured for Apple by Kodak,
the QT 100 was the the first mass-market color digital camera for
under $1000 ($749). 640 x 480 pixel CCD. Up to eight 640 x 480
resolution images could be stored in internal memory. Fixed-focus
50mm lens. Built-in flash.
46. EPSON DESKTOP COLOR INKJET PRINTER, MJ-700V2C – 1994. The
first 'photo quality' desktop inkjet printer. At 720 by 720 dots per
inch, it offered double the resolution of other color printers of the
time.
47. KODAK DC-120 - 1996. 1280 x 960 pixel CCD. ISO 120. Shutter
16 to 1/500 second. 38mm to 114 mm autofocus f/2.5 zoom
lens. First 1 megapixel camera to break the $1,000 price barrier.
MSRP $799. Daniel Welsh, Digital Images Direct from Reality, 15
March 2000.
48. SONY CD-RW Disks - 1997. Sony introduces CD-RW discs.
1998. iMac
