Evolution of environmental traits in reef algae
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Seminar abstract: I will be talking about two ongoing research projects in my laboratory: (1) evolution of thermal niches in seaweeds, (2) biodiversity of endolithic algae in coral skeletons and its relationship with the environment. Using evolutionary models in an explicit phylogenetic framework, patterns of evolution in environmental traits such as the sea surface temperature (SST) affinities of species can be studied. Based on case studies in the green algae Codium and Halimeda, it is shown that lineages behave differently when it comes to their evolution of SST affinities, and that there is a strong correlation between the evolution of SST affinities and rates of species diversification. For the second part of the talk, I will focus on our recent work on environmental sequencing of coral skeletons. These feature unexpectedly high biodiversity of limestone-boring algae as well as many unknown inhabitants. Our first results indicate that the diversity of algal endoliths may be linked to environmental conditions, but this hypothesis needs further testing.
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Evolution of environmental traits in reef algae
- 1. HEROEN VERBRUGGEN, UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE
- 2. Talk contents Niche evolu1on + impact on biodiversity Limestone-‐boring algae
- 3. Vanessa Marcelino Lennert Tyberghein Joana Costa Niche Evolu,on Boring Algae
- 4. Zachos et al. 2008. Nature 451: 279 Evolu1on of clima1c niches – context Global SST decreases through Cenozoic
- 6. Bio-‐ORACLE Tyberghein et al. (2012) Glob Ecol Biogeogr 21: 272
- 8. Halimeda – species diversity map map by Tom Schils
- 9. SST affini1es modeled along tree C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 Verbruggen et al. (2009) Global Ecol. Biogeogr. 18: 393-‐405
- 10. How does evolvability of thermal niches come about?
- 11. Marcelino et al. – unpublished Halimeda – microhabitat evolu1on Exposed microhabitat Sheltered microhabitat
- 12. Marcelino et al. – unpublished Microhabitat specializa1on as exapta1on for macroecological shi]s sheltered exposed
- 13. Can niche evolu1on explain geographical pa^erns of diversity?
- 14. low high Ti^ensor et al. (2010) Nature 466: 1098-‐1107 — Jablonski et al. (2006) Science 314: 102-‐106 The notorious LDG Decreasing species diversity from tropics to poles Many, many, MANY explana1ons proposed Evolu1onary perspec1ve: species turnover
- 15. Kerswell (2006) Ecology 10: 2479-‐2488 Bimodal la1tudinal diversity pa^ern Highest diversity in temperate regions Do the same evolu1onary processes hold? …but for seaweeds
- 16. LDG and diversifica1on sea surface temperature diversifica1on diversifica1on cold warm sea surface temperature cold warm int. int. cold int. warm int. cold cold int. warm int. cold λ = sigmoid ( SST ) λ = hump ( SST )
- 17. Codium -‐ Species diversity map map by Tom Schils
- 18. Codium – evolu1on of SST affini1es C1 C2 C3 Verbruggen et al. – unpublished
- 19. λ = constant SST affinity of lineage Codium – diversifica1on and SST 2,500.8 ΔAIC = 0 diversifica1on Verbruggen et al. – unpublished AIC
- 20. λ = constant λ = hump ( SST ) diversifica1on SST affinity of lineage SST affinity of lineage Codium – diversifica1on and SST 2,500.8 2,485.1 AIC ΔAIC = 0 ΔAIC = –15.7 Verbruggen et al. – unpublished
- 21. λ = sigmoid ( SST ) λ = constant λ = hump ( SST ) diversifica1on SST affinity of lineage SST affinity of lineage SST affinity of lineage Codium – diversifica1on and SST 2,500.8 2,482.5 2,485.1 AIC ΔAIC = 0 ΔAIC = –15.7 ΔAIC = –18.3 Verbruggen et al. – unpublished
- 22. Codium – temperate flora is old C1 C2 C3 Verbruggen et al. – unpublished
- 23. Conclusions and perspec1ves • Conclusions so far: – Niche shi]s vs. niche conserva1sm – Evolvability and the microhabitat – Diversifica1on relates to SST – Diversifica1on relates to evolvability • Perspec1ves 1 –– Joana's PhD – Scale up: genus ➟ order – Harder ques1ons: adapta1on + interac1ons • Perspec1ves 2 –– Will's PhD – Integra1on with evolu1onary ecology • Perspec1ves 3 –– go wide – trace element u1liza1on & other physiological features – genome content – life history traits & diversifica1on
- 24. Limestone-‐boring algae Verbruggen & Tribollet. 2011. Curr. Biol. 21: R876
- 25. Boring algae: What are they? -‐ Common in stony corals skeletons -‐ Underneath the living coral 1ssue -‐ Algae, cyanobacteria (and fungi) -‐ Siphonous green algal genus Ostreobium is the most common boring algae Photo: S. Berrin
- 26. Boring algae: What do they do? -‐ Bioerosion Tribollet. Current Developments in Bioerosion. 2008. CaCO3 dissolu1on & a^rac1ng grazers -‐ Low light photosynthesis Koehne et al. Biochim Biophys Acta – BioenergeFcs. 1999. Absorp1on in far red -‐ Coral bleaching Fine & Loya. Proc Royal Soc B. 2002. Provide alterna1ve source of energy -‐ Holobiome Rosenberg et al. Nature Reviews Microbiol. 2007. Corals adapta1on and resilience Tribollet. Current Developments in Bioerosion.2008.
- 27. Boring algae: biodiversity Taxonomy: 5 Ostreobium species O. constrictum O. duerdenii O. okamurae O. reineckii O. quekeSi Molecular survey in Eilat Gutner-‐Hoch & Fine. Coral Reefs. 2011 2 species of coral seven clades of Ostreobium some rela1on to depth
- 28. Problem & Goals • Problem: – Unrecognized biodiversity – Are they equivalent? • Goals: – biodiversity assessment – relate endolith community structure to environment
- 29. Environmental sequencing approach Proof of concept study: 3 locali1es => Guam, Mariana Islands 10 samples: 7 Porites rus 1 Porites cylindrica 1 Psammocora conFgua 1 Acropora muricata amplifica1on of 3 loci, each ca. 300 bp -‐ UPA (part of plas1d 23S gene) => anything with a proper plas1d genome -‐ tufA => green algae -‐ rbcL => green algae
- 30. Environmental sequencing approach Quality filtering Opera1onal Taxonomic Units (OTUs) Assign Taxonomy (RDP) Diversity analyses High-‐throughput sequencing: mul1plexed library Ion Torrent => 3 million sequences 10 samples x 3 loci => 100,000 reads each
- 31. What's in there? Results for UPA At 90% similarity (≈ genus level): 608 OTUs Chlorophytes Cyanobacteria Rhodophytes Other eukaryotes Unknown 336 unknown OTUs 144 Chlorophytes OTUs 30 Bryopsidales
- 32. How dominant are they? Unknown Rhodophytes Chlorophytes Cyanobacteria Other Eukaryotes Propor,on of reads matching main taxonomic groups: S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 Green algae highly dominant. With tufA marker, we find 121 species of Ostreobium.
- 33. Correlates of community composi1on Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) on UniFrac distance matrix => 3D representa1on of 1st, 2nd and 3rd PCs Polaris CRMS Sampling sites green algae frac1on with tufA marker
- 34. Correlates of community composi1on Pillar shape Plate shape PCoA plot on UniFrac distance matrix Host morphology PC1 (30%) PC2 (24%) PC3 (16%) green algae frac1on with tufA marker
- 35. Conclusions and perspec1ves • Huge unknown biodiversity of boring algae species ➟ higher taxa • Not homogeneously distributed – Depth (Eilat study) – Spa1al – Host colony morphology • Perspec1ves –– Vanessa's PhD – Be^er sequencing protocol – Hierarchical sampling design ➟ patchiness – Depth, human impact, CO2 gradients – Niche models Photo: L. Stravias
- 36. More perspec1ves Genome biology Photobiology Bioerosion
- 37. Vanessa Marcelino Lennert Tyberghein Joana Costa Niche Evolu,on Boring Algae
- 38. Collectors: Rob Anderson Elizabeth Bandeira John Bolton Francis Bunker Olivier Dargent Laury Dijoux Kya^ Dixon Rainbo Dixon Stefano Draisma Cindy Fernandez Suzanne Fredericq Wilson Freshwater Fred Gurgel John Huisman Lisa Kirkendale Gerry Kra] Chris Lane Line Le Gall Diane Li^ler Mark Li^ler Lydiane Mavo Frederic Mineur Klaas Pauly Claude Payri Willem P.v.Reine Craig Schneider Gary Saunders Thomas Sauvage Tom Schils Heather Spalding John West … many others … Collaborators: Sofie D’hondt Chris Drake Nick Eloot Wiebe Kooistra Frederik Leliaert Diane Li^ler Mark Li^ler Steve LoDuca Chris Maggs Antoine N'Yeurt Fa1ma Oliveira Mariana Oliveira Claude Payri Gary Saunders Thomas Sauvage Tom Schils Satoshi Shimada Thomas Silberfeld Heather Spalding Frederique Steen Ana Tronholm Andy Vierstraete Brian Wysor Rick Zechman