This document defines four statistical concepts: difference compares results between groups, relationship examines how one variable changes with another, independence looks at whether two variables are unrelated, and goodness of fit compares actual results to expectations. Difference deals with comparing groups, relationship looks at how one variable affects another, independence means two factors are independent of each other, and goodness of fit evaluates how actual outcomes align with predicted values.

1. DIFFERENCE compare the results (height) for one group (males)
with the results of at least one other group (females).
RELATIONSHIP deals with how an increase in one
variable (height) is related to an increase or decrease in another
variable (weight).
INDEPENDENCE deals with how two variables (college admission
and ethnicity) are NOT RELATED.
GOODNESS OF FIT compare ACTUAL RESULTS with a CLAIM or a
HYPOTHETICAL expectation.
Central Tendency, Spread, or Symmetry?Quick Reminder: Difference, Relationship, Independence, Goodness of Fit
Group 1
height
Group 2
height
Difference?
Individuals
height
Individuals
weight
College Admissions EthnicityNo relationship
CLAIM: 9 out of 10 dentists
recommend “X”
ACTUAL RESULTS: Only 7 out of 10
dentists actually recommended “X”