Descriptive analysis of awareness about land pollution, water pollution, air pollution and noise pollution with its causes and effects among the citizens“

DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF AWARENESS ABOUT LAND POLLUTION, WATER
POLLUTION, AIR POLLUTION AND NOISE POLLUTION WITH ITS CAUSES AND
EFFECTS AMONG THE CITIZENS
NAME: ROLL NO: STUDENTS
SIGN:
SYBMS-A
RESEARCH
METHODS
IN
BUSINESS
DEEPIKA GURSHANI 40
POONAM SANKHE 44
MANSI DESHMUKH 45
REEMA PEDNEKAR 46
MAHESHWARI ANNAM 49
SUBMITTED
TO:
MRS.MUGDHA
BAPAT

2
CERTIFICATE OF PROJECT COMPLETION
This is to certify that the Project Titled “Descriptive
analysis of awareness about land pollution, water
pollution, air pollution and noise pollution with its causes
and effects among the citizens“ is an original work and
that this work has not been submitted anywhere in any
form. Our indebtedness to other works/publications has
been duly acknowledged at the relevant places.
Date:
Signature:
(Name of the Supervisor)

3
DECLARATION
We hereby declare that this project report
entitled
“Descriptive analysis of awareness about land
pollution, water pollution, air pollution and noise
pollution with its causes and effects among the
citizens“
is written by us and is our own effort and that no
part has been plagiarized without
citations.
DATE:
SUPERVISOR SIGNATURE:

4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our special thanks of gratitude to my teacher
―Mrs.Mugdha bapat‖as well as our principal Mrs.shakuntala singh‖ who
gave us the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic
Descriptive analysis of awareness about land pollution, water pollution,
air pollution and noise pollution with its causes and effects among the
citizens― which also helped us in doing a lot of Research and we came to
know about so many new things
we are really thankful to them.
Secondly we would also like to thank our parents and friends who
helped us a lot in finishing this project within the limited time.
We are making this project not only for marks but to also to increase our
knowledge.
THANKS AGAIN TO ALL WHO HELPED US!!

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INDEX
SR.NO TOPIC PAGE NO.
1 CHAPTER 1
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Purpose
1.3 History
1.4 Introduction of air pollution
1.4 (a)Disadvantage of air pollution
1.5 Introduction of water pollution
1.5 ( a) Disadvantage of water pollution
1.6 Introduction of land pollution
1.6 (a) Disadvantage of land pollution
1.7 Introduction of noise pollution
1.7 (a) Disadvantage of noise pollution
2 CHAPTER 2
2.1 Research methodology
2.2 Primary data
2.3 Secondary data
2.4 Aims and objectives of research methodology
2.5 Scope of research methodology
3 CHAPTER 3
3.1 Analysis
3.2 Causes and effects of air pollution
3.2(a) Cases related to air pollution
3.3 Causes and effects of water pollution
3.3(a) Cases related to water pollution
3.4 Causes and effects of land pollution
3.4(a) Cases related to land pollution
3.5 Causes and effects of noise pollution

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SR.NO TOPIC PAGE NO.
3.5(a) Cases related to noise pollution
4 CHAPTER 4
4.1 Primary data analysis
CHAPTER 5
5.1 Suggestions
5.1(a)How to control air pollution
5.1(b) How to control land pollution
5.1(c) How to control water pollution
5.1(d) How to control noise pollution
5.2Conclusion
5.2(a) Conclusion of air pollution
5.2(b) Conclusion of land pollution
5.2(c) Conclusion of water pollution
5.2(d) Conclusion of noise pollution

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Chapter 1
1.1 Introduction
Pollution is when something is added to the environment that is harmful or poisonous
to living things. Smoke in the air from factories is a type of pollution as it is bad
for the lungs when breathed in. Sewage in drinking water is another type of
pollution, as it can make people unwell because it contains germs and viruses. People
living next to a building site where there is too much noise can become sick as they
cannot sleep or relax. This is called noise pollution.
1.2 Purpose
Reason for Choosing Pollution: Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into
the natural environment that cause adverse change. Pollution can take the form
of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light. Pollutants, the
components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally
occurring contaminants. Pollution is often classed as point source or nonpoint
source pollution .I believe that we have discussed relatively thoroughly when it
comes pollution, but I don‘t think we have been as thorough when it comes to the
solution for the issue of pollution. I believe it would benefit the class and grasp
their attention as to teach them about pollution and how it is affecting biodiversity.
Many species, are endangered and going extinct. With pollution, populations are
being depleted rapidly. It is also interesting to hear how it affects humans with the
tiny amount of available clean water left in the world. I plan on also teaching the
class exactly what ways the water , land , air is being polluted, meaning the sources
of the pollution, because it will be interesting for them to learn how they can help
make a difference or learn how they are currently polluting indirectly or directly. I
want to discuss what areas of the world are worst and what areas are the cleanest,
so the class can put things in perspective and relate the areas being discussed to
their homes. I also plan on awareness them what the Environmental Protection
Agency, has planned as goals for the near future to express how serious this
ecological issue really is. It is to bring more attention to the problem established to
everyone and to aware and find solution on this serious issue

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1.3 History
The history of pollution is as old as the life itself. At the very beginning of life on
Earth when man came to know the use of fire and first time burnt wood to cook the
food, the smoke emitted from it and first time the environment of this world got
polluted.
Stone Age – the start of history of pollution
Thereafter, in Stone Age the cutting and trimming of stones to make pottery and
weapons created dust which made pollution in the air. Despite that its level was so
tiny and was not widely felt by the human beings of that time.
You may also like: It‘s never too late; so let‘s solve the pollution problems
Metal Age
However, in metal age man started intensively using the fire to make various
usable items apart from weapons and intense heat emitted huge smokes and first
time it was observed that smoke pollutes the air if it keeps on emitting. However,
its intensity as compared to machine age was quite less and not worthy of raising
concerns.
Semi-mechanized Age
Thereafter manual system of every activity of life from travelling to cooking food
was converted to semi-mechanic way of doing things. During those days wheel
was invented which introduced animal carts. Excessive use of donkey and horse
carts promoted their breed and wastes of these animals introduced the concept of
solid waste. A little progress in living style of people created the concept of civic
waste management and in the ea of ancient monarchy a huge lot of workers was
assigned to manage the civic waste which otherwise was mismanaged because of
rise in waste generation due to increase in population.
Industrial revolution

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After the invention of machine from printing press to vehicles, the menace of
pollution started enveloping the environment into its negative effects. Unplanned
industrialization even in developed countries stirred up its spread and vehicular
emissions added the pollution in the air. However, after some time the menace of
pollution was felt by educated lot but nothing was done practically to contain it.
Modern times
In the second half of twentieth century the ghost of pollution has affected
negatively all types of environment including air, land and water. It also negatively
impacted the health of human and other living beings. Thereafter saner people of
modern times joined their heads to combat this menace. They adopted various
pollution control measures which we discussed in later parts of this e-book.
Digital Era
In twenty-first century all advanced nations developed several forums and
protocols to contain the curse of pollution but they are unable to mitigate it and to
bring it to a uniform level all around the world. Its reason is those who polluted the
world mostly adopted the precautionary measures first and are now relatively free
from it while those who awake later, progressed later and polluted later would be
mitigating it later and meanwhile their generations would be suffering from this
menace.

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1.4 Introduction to air pollution
Bad air quality" and "Air quality" redirect here. For the obsolete medical theory,
see Bad air. For the measure of how polluted the air is , see Air quality index.
Not to be confused with Qualities of air.
Air pollution from a World War II wartime production plant
Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulates, biological materials, or
other harmful materials into the Earth's atmosphere, possibly causing disease,
death to humans, damage to other living organisms such as food crops, or
the natural or built environment.
The atmosphere is a complex natural gaseous system that is essential to support life
on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been
recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earth's ecosystems.
Indoor air pollution (see Airlog) and urban air quality are listed as two of the
world‘s worst toxic pollution problems in the 2008 Blacksmith Institute World's
Worst Polluted Places report
The term "air pollution" is used to describe substances that are artificially
introduced into the air. Air pollution stems from gases and airborne particles
which, in excess, are harmful to human health, buildings and ecosystems.
Four major impacts determine the classification of pollutants under the traditional
policy field Air Pollution

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1.4(a) Disadvantages of air pollution
Air pollution affects the health of humans. If polluted air is produced in the
environment it gets mixed up with the pure air present in the environment
and the quantity of fresh air gets reduced and people do not get sufficient
oxygen to breath, this leads to many health diseases. Example: lung disease,
Asthma, breathing problem etc
Destruction of habitats. - dead animals - dead plants - harms the ecosystems
- heat waves Also climate change/global warming – droughts - more bugs -
more diseases
Rise in water from melting glaciers It's harmful for you - asthma - heavy
breathing
Cancer (it varies) - acid rain The disadvantages of pollution links to
problems with other things in our lives People add to the list
The pollution cause the: - greenhouse (ozone layer damage) -the
multiplication of fatal diseases dangerousness parfois - multiplication of
insects and mosquito - the extinction of marine

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1.5 Water Pollution introduction
The most common cause of water pollution in the U.S. is excess levels of nitrogen
and phosphorous, the main source of which is fertilizer runoff23 that occurs when
rain carries fertilizer into waterways. Runoff from both synthetic fertilizers and
animal waste can poison drinking water and aquatic ecosystems, wreaking havoc
on human health24 and wildlife.25 In the Southern U.S. , where there is an
abundance of chicken factory farms, as many as one-third of all underground wells
fall below EPA safe drinking water standards for nitrate, a form of nitrogen
concentrated in chicken waste.26
Excrement from animal waste cesspools can also seep through the soil into nearby
groundwater and overflow during storms.27 In 1995, for example, an eight-acre
pig-manure lagoon in North Carolina ruptured, spilling 25 million gallons of
untreated waste into the New River, which killed about 10 million fish. In
California, the nation‘s top dairy-producing state, officials found animal
agriculture (specifically dairy operations) to be the largest source of nitrate
pollution in more than 100,000 square miles of contaminated
groundwater.28 Throughout the U.S., animal excrement from factory farms has
contaminated groundwater in 17 states and polluted 35,000 miles of rivers in 22
states.29
Factory farm runoff also causes algal blooms that kill fish by depleting water of its
oxygen, contributing to the formation of hundreds of ―dead zones‖ worldwide
where sea creatures cannot survive. The largest of these can be found in the Gulf of
Mexico and is nearly the size of the State of New Jersey.30
Aquaculture (basically, the factory farming of fish in underwater enclosures) also
makes a large contribution to water pollution, especially in the coastal mangrove
swamps where these operations are typically located. Like land-based animal
agriculture, intensive fish farming maximizes production efficiency by
concentrating as many animals into the smallest amount of space possible—and
also creates tons of untreated fecal waste that pollutes and de-oxygenates aquatic
habitats.

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1.5(a) Disadvantages of water pollution
Water pollution seriously affects the ecosystem.
Pesticide contamination in the ground water causes reproductive damage in
the wildlife ecosystem.
Discharge of polluted water which contains organic material from sewage,
agricultural run-off causes eutrophication.
Destroys life in the water based ecosystem which is polluted which in turn
disrupts natural food chain.
Aquatic life is destroyed due to the non-biodegradable pesticides and
chemicals.
Water pollution affects the microbial population.
There is a steep increase in the BOD levels of water.
Water pollution brings and imbalance in the host-parasite relationship in the
ecosystem, this affects the food webs and food chain.
The organisms that depend on these water bodies are in grave danger.
Consumption infected fish by other animals and humans may cause serious
illness.
Water which has been contaminated by oil spills causes the death of water
birds from exposure to cold and air due to feather damage.
There is bioaccumulation and biomagnifications of pesticides and hazardous
chemicals like organ chlorines like DDT, BHC, etc in animal bodies.
Water pollution causes disease like hepatitis in humans on consumption of
seafood which is poisoned or contaminated.
Drinking contaminated water causes disease like cholera, skin diseases and
can also cause cancer, reproductive problems, typhoid and stomach ailments.
Heavy metal poisoning in humans due to consumption of contaminated fish
interferes with the proper function of the nervous system.
Contamination of ground water by pesticides can cause endocrine and
reproductive problems to humans and animals.

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1.6 Introduction to Land Pollution
Most food produced for animals is grown using a combination of untreated animal
waste and synthetic fertilizers, both of which contain excessive amounts of
nitrogen, phosphorus and heavy metals (such as zinc, copper, chromium, arsenic,
cadmium, and lead).19 Even though most of these substances usually act as
nutrients that nourish plants, industrial farmers overuse them to increase crop
yields, and the remainder that cannot be absorbed into the earth—especially when
it is already saturated after heavy rains20 —ends up polluting the soil, while
degrading its water retention ability and fertility over time.21
In addition, U.S. farmers use 750 million pounds of some 20,000 different
agricultural chemicals every year,22 and those that are used to kill insects and
weeds that threaten crop yields end up poisoning natural ecosystems. Plus, as some
weeds and bugs have developed resistance to these compounds over the years,
chemists have continued to create ever more powerfully-toxic pesticides that are
even worse for the environment.
The residues of these chemicals are found at every level of the food chain, and—
through the process of bioaccumulation—become more concentrated the higher up
the chain one looks. Meaning, in a system that runs the gamut from micro-
organisms to humans, people who eat animal products get the highest dosage of
toxins.

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1.6(a) Disadvantages of land pollution
Many activities and experiments caused by mankind which end up contaminating
the soil and results in soil pollution. Some of the major causes of soil pollutions
are:
Industrial wastes like harmful chemicals, pesticides, fertilizers and
insecticides.
Poor soil management system.
Harmful or bad quality soil management system.
Poor management and maintenance of septic systems.
Leakage from sewage systems.
Acid rains.
Leakage of fuel from automobiles.
Improper waste management techniques.
Huge disturbances are caused in the ecosystem due to soil pollution and it also
affects the well being of all the living creatures on earth. Some of the most serious
disadvantages of soil pollution are.
Decreased soil fertility.
Decrease in soil yield.
Loss of natural nutrients in the soil.
Plants cannot survive in polluted soil.
Can result in soil erosion due to loss of plants.
Causes disturbance in the flora and fauna of the soil.
There is an increase in the fertility of the soil making it unfit for vegetation.
Crops cannot be grown on polluted soil.
Consumption of crops grown on polluted soil can result in serious helath
issues.
Toxic dust gets created due to soil pollution.
Pollution can bring alteration in structure of soil which can lead to death of
many organisms.

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1.7 Noise pollution Introduction
Noise pollution is the disturbing or excessive noise that may harm the activity or
balance of human or animal life. The source of most outdoor noise worldwide is
mainly caused by machines and transportation systems, motor vehicles, aircraft,
and trains. Outdoor noise is summarized by the word environmental noise.
Poor urban planning may give rise to noise pollution, since side-by-side industrial
and residential buildings can result in noise pollution in the residential areas.
The Indoor noise is caused by machines, building activities, music performances,
and especially in some workplaces. There is no great difference whether noise-
induced hearing loss is brought about by outside (e.g. trains) or inside (e.g. music)
noise.
High noise levels can contribute to cardiovascular effects in humans, a rise in
blood pressure, and an increase in stress and vasoconstriction, and an increased
incidence of coronary artery disease. In animals, noise can increase the risk of
death by altering predator or prey detection and avoidance, interfere with
reproduction and navigation, and contribute to permanent hearing loss.

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1.7(a) Disadvantages of noise pollution
Effects of noise pollution on human health:
Noise pollution affects health and behavior of humans.
Noise can cause damage to physiological health.
Noise pollution causes a wide range of effects can cause trouble to human
health. Some of the effects are hypertension, stress, hearing loss,
disturbances in sleep and other harmful effects.
Hypertension and stress can cause a wide variety of health problems.
Unwanted sound interferes with activities like sleep, and conservation. It
also disrupts quality life.
Frequent exposure to noise can lead to hearing loss.
Noise in high levels can cause cardiovascular effects.
Moderate exposure of high levels of noise leads increase in blood pressure
causing stress and vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure which
gives increased incidences of coronary artery disease.
Noise is also annoying.
Effects of noise pollution on animals:
Noise can have deleterious effect of animals.
Noise causes changes in the balance of predator and prey detection and
avoidance which may eventually lead to death.
Certain species of whales have stranded themselves after their exposure to
loud military sonar sounds.
Marine organisms like the crab are affected due to sounds of the ships and
are said to be acclimatized.

18
Chapter 2
2.1 Research Methodologies
Quantitative research methods include:
Experiments: random treatment assignments and quasi experiments using
nonrandomized treatments.
Surveys: which are cross-sectional or longitudinal
Qualitative research methods include:
Ethnographies which are observations of groups
grounded theory which uses multi-staged data collection
phenomenological studies which studying subjects over a period of time through
developing relationships with them and reporting findings based on research
"experiences."
case studies which use various data to investigate the subject over time and by
activity.
Each research method has it's strengths and weaknesses. When designing a
research study it is important to decide what the outcome (data) the study will
produce then select the best methodology to produce that desired information
Methods:
The principal stages of the proposed methodology are:
1. Creation of a multivariate hierarchical structural model based on system
analysis.
2. Generation of a mathematical formalization for this model.
3. Development of a statistical model for a particular study case based on the
mathematical formalization, using the generalized estimating equations technique
and time-series analysis.
4. By survey from various people of different age groups
5. Using mathematical formula and pie diagram and graphs
6. Primary data and secondary data
7 .Analyzing the data

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2.2 Primary Data
Primary data are those which are collected for the first time and are always given
in the form of raw materials and originals in character. These types of data need
the application of statistics methods for the purpose of analysis and interpretation.
While secondary data are those which have already been collected by someone and
have gone thought the statistical machines. They are usually refined of the raw
materials .when statistical methods are applied on primary their shape and become
secondary data.
Methods of Collection of Primary Data:
The primary data are collected by the following methods.
1. Direct personal investigation.
2. Indirect personal investigation
3. Investigation thought questionnaire.
4. Investigation through questionnaire in the charge if enumerator
5. Investigation through local‘s reports.
1. Direct Personal Investigation: According to this methods the investigator has
to collect his information himself personally form the source concerned. It means
the investigator should be are the spot where the enquiry concerned. It means the
investigator should be at the spot where the enquiry is being conducted, it is also
expected that the investigator should be very polite and courteous. Further he
should acquaint himself with the surrounding situation and must know their local
customs and tradition.
Advantages:
1. The information collected by this methods is reliable and accurate

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2. It is a good methods for intensive investigation
3. This method gives a satisfactory result provided the scope of inquiry is narrow.
Disadvantages:
1. This methods is not suitable for extensive inquiry
2. Its required a lot of expenses and time
3. The bias on the part of investigator can damage the whole inquiry
4. Sometimes the informant may be reluctant to answered the question
2. Indirect Personal Investigation: This method is used when the informants are
reluctant to give the definite information. e.g., if a government servant is asked to
give the information regarding his income. He will not be willing to give the
information for the additional income which he earned by doing part time worked.
In such cases what is done? The investigators puts the informant some suitable
indirect question which provides him some suitable information. Thus the only
difference between the first and the second methods is that in the first methods he
investigator puts directs question and collect the information while in the second
methods no direct question is put to the informant but only indirect questions are
asked. Even then, if it is not possible for the investigator to collect the information
by the above methods then the information is collected through indirect sources,
i.e. from the persons who have full knowledge of the problem under study. The
persons from whom the desired information is collected are known as witnesses.
Usually a list of question is prepared which is put before the collected by this
method largely depends upon the persons who are selected to give information.
Hence it is necessary to take the following precautions for the selection of the
informant.
3. Investigation through questionnaire: According to this method a standard list
of questions relating to the particular investigation is prepared. This list of
questions is called a questionnaire. The data are collected ―By sending the
questionnaire to the informants and requesting them to return the questionnaire
after answering the questions. ― This method is an important one and is usually
used by research workers, non-official bodies and private individuals.

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Choice of Questionnaire: The success of the investigation largely depends upon
the proper choice the questions to be put to the informants. While preparing a
questionnaire the following points should be kept in mind.
i. Short and clear: - The questions should be short and clear so as to be easily
intelligible to every man. There should be no ambiguity in the questions. If some
technical terms are used in the questionnaire, their definitions should be given.
ii. Few in number and easy: The questions should be few in number. A large
number of the questions would harm the informants because they take much time
to answer, with the result they would not pay much attention to ever question and
would try to save their akin by giving vague answers. Moreover the questions
should be easy to answer.
a. Definiteness: The questions should be such the answers of which are definite
and exact. Preferably the questions should be such the replies of which are in the
form of ―Yes‖ or ―No‖ Such questions should not be framed the replies of which
are vague in nature because such replies are of no use to a statistician.
b. Corroborating in nature: The questions should be such that their replies
check the value replies and truth can be easily verified from them.
c. Non-confidential information: The questions framed should not be such
which call the confidential information of the informants. This will injure the
feelings with the result that they would not give proper answer.
d. Logical sequence: The questions framed should be put in some logical order;
their replies should also be put in the same order because this would facilities the
work.

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4. Investigation through questionnaire in charge of enumerators: According
into this method enumerators are appointed who go to the informants with the
questionnaire and help them in recording the answer. Here the enumerators explain
the background, aim and object of the problem under investigation and emphasize
the necessity of giving correct answer. They also help the informants in
understanding some t4echnical terms of question the concept of which is not clear
to the informants. Thus the questionnaire is filled by the informants in the presence
and help of the enumerators.
5. Investigation through local reports: According to this method the collection of
data is neither through the questionnaire nor through the enumerators but through
local correspondents. This method of collecting the data is not reliable and it
should be used only at those places where the purpose the investigation is served
by rough estimates.

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2.3 COLLECTION OF SECONDARY DATA
The secondary data are those which have already been collected by someone other
than the investigator himself, and as such the problems associated with the original
collection of data do not arise here. The secondary data can be collected directly
either form published or unpublished sources. The following are the sources of
published at from which secondary data can be collected.
1. Official publications, i.e. the publication of the central statistical office, Karachi
,Ministry of Finance , Ministry of Food, Agriculture, Lahore, Industry, etc… the
provincial statistical Bureau, etc.
2. Semi-Official publications , etc., the publication issued by the state Bank of
Pakistan Railway Board , Board of Economic Enquiry , District councils,
Municipalities, Central Cotton Committee, etc
3. Publication of trade-association, chambers of commerce, co-operative societies,
and unions.
4. Research publication, submitted by research workers, economists, University
bureaus, and other institutions.
5. Technical or trade journals.
Sources of Unpublished Data: The secondary data are also available from the
unpublished data.
Type of material can be obtained from the chamber of commerce, trade
associations, labor bureaus and research workers.
Scrutiny of Secondary Data: In the words of Bowley, ― It is never safe to take
published
statistics at their face value without knowing their meaning and limitations and it is
always necessary to criticize arguments that can be based on them , ― Thus the data
collected by some other person should not be fully depended as they might have
pitfalls. Thus it becomes necessary to find out the inconsistencies probable errors
and omissions in the data. This necessities the scrutiny of secondary data because it

24
is just possible that the data might be inaccurate, inadequate or even unsuitable for
the purposes of investigation. Hence the secondary data should possess the
following qualities:
1. Reliability
2. Suitability
1. RELIABILITY: In order to test the reliability of the data following points
should be considered:
Who collected the data?
The source of collection of the data
Is the reliability of the compiler dependable?
Is the source of the collection of the data dependable?
What was the scope and object of the investigation?
Were the data collected by the use of proper methods?
Were the statistical units defined in which the compiler collected the data? vi.
What was the period of the collection of data?
What was the type of inquiry? Was it census or sample?
What was the degree of accuracy desired and achieved?
.Were the data in comparable form?
2. SUITABILITY: If the data are reliable it does not mean that they are suitable
for every investigation. Data which are found suitable for one inquiry might not be
suitable for another one. These necessities that the suitability of the data for the
inquiry under investigation is very essential.

25
2.4 Aims and objectives of research methodology
The purpose of research is to discover answers to questions through the application
of scientific procedures. The main aim or research is to find out the truth which is
hidden and which has not been discovered as yet. Though each research study has
its own specific purpose, we may think of research objectives as falling into a
number of following broad groupings:
1. To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it
(studies with this object in view are termed as exploratory or formulative
research studies).
2. To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or
a group (studies with this object in view are known as descriptive research
studies).
3. To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with with
something vise (studies with this object in are known as diagnostic research
studies).
4. To test a hypothesis of crucial relationship between variables (such studies are
known as hypothesis testing research studies).
The purpose of research is to discover answers to questions through the application
of scientific procedures. The main aim of research is to find out the truth which is
hidden and which has not been discovered as yet. Though each research study has
its own specific purpose, we may think of research objectives as falling into a
number of following broad groupings:
1. To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it
(studies with this object in view are termed as exploratory or formulative
research studies);
2. To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation
or a group (studies with this object in view are known as descriptive research
studies);

26
2.5 Scope of research methodology
The scope of research methodology is wider than that of research methods. Thus,
when we talk of research methodology we not only talk of the research methods
but also consider the logic behind the methods we use in the context of our
research study and explain why we are using a particular method or technique and
why we are not using others so that research results are capable of being evaluated
either by the researcher himself or by others. Why a research study has been
undertaken, how the research problem has been defined, in what way and why the
hypothesis has been formulated, what data have been collected and what particular
method has been adopted, why particular technique of analyzing data has been
used and a host of similar other questions are usually answered when we talk of
research methodology concerning a research problem or study.

27
Chapter 3
Descriptive analysis of awareness about land pollution ,air pollution,
water pollution and noise pollution with it’s causes and effects
among the citizens
3.1 Analysis
The worst polluted areas are found in a band from east to west through the
Johannesburg Central Business District (CBD), where all types of pollution are
found. High water pollution levels are due to bad pH and copper levels in industrial
effluent from areas such as Industria West, Amalgam, Selby and Droste,
continuing eastwards to Benrose, Denver and Heriotdale. High bacterial content is
also found in the water due to blocked sewers, waste from informal settlements and
the northern areas of the Inner City, which is more densely populated.
Dust pollution from mine dumps to the south of the city centre also contributes to
the high levels of air pollution.
Lastly, noise pollution levels are serious in and around the CBD because of the
densely developed built form, and from the high level of activity, hustle and bustle
of all forms of vehicular traffic, industries and activities such as nightclubs.
High levels of pollution are also found to the south of the CBD from Southgate to
Elandspark in the east, mainly due to water, air and noise pollution. The water of
the Klip River is badly polluted due to runoff from the mining areas and from large
industrial areas like Aeroton, Booysens, City Deep and Electron.
Pollution levels are high around Soweto. To the southeast, bacterial and industrial
effluent levels in the water are high due to the Dev land industrial area, as well as
the sewage works and informal settlements located in the area. Very high levels of
air pollution are caused by excessive amounts of coal-burning taking place in and
around the Greater Soweto area.
Littering, unmanaged waste and sewage, and irregular services, all cause land
pollution in informal settlements in Soweto, while landfill sites are also areas of
land pollution. Noise pollution mainly emanates from the Dev land industrial area,

28
Orlando Power station and vehicles (mainly busses and taxis) entering and leaving
Soweto on a daily basis.
The worst pollution is concentrated to the southeast of Soweto where the
Goudkoppies Landfill site, Dev land industrial area, major roads, and the Freedom
Park and Goldev settlements are located. High pollution levels are around the N12
in the Nancefield vicinity, as well as in the Mofolo, Diepkloof/Orlando, Dhlamini
and Protea areas in Soweto.
High pollution levels are found in the east of Lenasia, where excessive coal
burning in the Thembelihle settlement is a major cause of air pollution. Inadequate
refuse removal and illegal dumping leads to land pollution in the area, while noise
mainly comes from vehicles travelling to and from Johannesburg and
surroundings, as well as from light industries in the vicinity.
Air pollution in Ennerdale is largely influenced by excessive coal burning in
informal settlements to the southeast, vehicle emissions from the N1 and major
roads, and dust from gravel roads. Illegal dumping and irregular refuse removal
causes land pollution, while noise pollution comes mainly from major roads, taxi
and bus routes, and some light industries.
Poortjie, southwest of Ennerdale, and the Orange Farm area, are affected by
moderate to excessive coal burning and dust from gravel roads and open/
agricultural land, which causes air pollution. Orange Farm and Poortjie are plagued
by vehicle emissions, littering, illegal dumping and irregular refuse removal, with
high noise and land pollution levels along major and national roads.
To the south of Roodepoort pollution levels are high in the Fleurhof area. High
levels of water pollution are found due to mining activities, the Lea Glen industrial
area and a nickel/chrome refinery in the area. Sources of air pollution include the
industrial area, mining dust, and moderate to excessive coal burning and vehicular
activity. Land pollution mainly includes industrial and residential waste, while
noise comes mainly from industries and vehicles on main roads.
West of Roodepoort, the Roodepoort West industrial area, CBD activities and
excessive coal burning in the Davidsonville settlement, causes air pollution. Land
pollution is mainly due to a lack of refuse removal and sewage services, together

29
with high levels of litter and refuse in the Davidsonville settlement; mining dust;
and CBD activities such as commerce and transportation. Vehicle noise is high due
to the proximity to roads and combines with noise from industries and mining
activities.
North of the Johannesburg CBD, polluted areas are found north and south of
Randburg, and to the south of Sandton. This consists mainly of:
- air pollution (from vehicle emissions, industries and commercial activities in
the decentralised CBD‘s);
- water pollution (from urban/ residential runoff, blocked sewers and
industries);
- land pollution (from commercial activities in the CBDs) and
- noise pollution (from proximity to roads and large amount of vehicle
activity).
These forms of pollution overlap in these areas to produce major environmental
problems.
Pollution levels are high to the northeast of Sandton, and in Alexandra. Industrial
activities in the Wynberg / Kew area, as well as moderate to excessive coal burning
taking place in Alexandra are the main causes of air pollution. Water quality levels
are low due to industrial effluent and inadequate sanitation services in the densely
populated informal settlements. Settlements around Alexandra show high levels of
litter, as well as inadequate sanitation, sewage and solid waste services, which all
combine to cause land pollution. Noise pollution emanates mainly from car, bus
and taxi movement, although the Wynberg / Kew industrial area also plays a role.
Lastly, in the far northern areas of Greater Johannesburg, pollution levels are high
at the Diepsloot and Zevenfontein settlements. Smoke from excessive coal burning
causes air pollution, whilst the lack of adequate refuse removal, sewer systems and
service provision leads to land pollution. Noise levels are high along the N14
national road and other major roads, and water pollution in the area originates from
the lack of environmental education and people‘s ignorance.
The causes of air, water, land and noise pollution is consistent throughout the
Greater Johannesburg Area. These trends should be addressed through
environmental education and planning responces.

30
3.2 Cause and effect of air pollution
Causes:
Combustion of fuel is one of the major causes of air pollution in urban areas.
Burning of fossil fuels such as natural gas and gasoline leads to the emission
of carbon dioxide and other gas, which deteriorates the quality of air,
making the air polluted.
Increased level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is one of the prime
causes of air pollution. Power plants exhaust fumes of automobiles,
airplanes and other human activities involving the burning of gasoline and
natural gas are related to the emission of this greenhouse gas.
The chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), a class of synthetic chemicals used in
refrigerants and aerosol propellants, have caused holes in the Earth's ozone
layer. The use of these banned chemicals is related with the increasing levels
of air pollution.
Sulfur dioxide is one of the components of smog, which is related to the
contamination of the Earth's atmosphere. This synthetic chemical is the
prime cause of acid rain.
Air pollution is partially caused by the particulates formed by a variety of
substances, such as dust, pollen and other organic materials.
Increased road and air traffic is another reason related to the high level of air
pollution.
Smoke and fumes posseting out of the chimneys of manufacturing
companies, contains high levels of carbon monoxide, organic compounds,
and chemicals. These pollutants, when emitted, look like black clouds
spreading across the sky. Smoke released from industries is one of the major
factors of air pollution.
Pesticides used on crops or even in households cause release of harmful
chemicals into the air. Crop dusting, delousing homes and even painting
supplies are known to have pollutants responsible for air pollution.
Several natural causes such as forest fires, volcanic eruptions, wind erosion,
pollen dispersion, evaporation of organic compounds, and natural
radioactivity also contaminate the air.

31
Effects:
Asthma is a chronic disease, common among children and adults. The
shortness of breath, a prime symptom of this disease, can be triggered by
pollutants present in the air, such as smog.
Lung infections can occur when polluted air is inhaled. This can also lead to
shortness of breath.
Air pollution may influence the development of Chronic Obstructive
Pulmonary Disease (COPD).
Air pollution can also lead to lung cancer.
Air pollution can result in blockage in the coronary artery or blood vessels
that supply blood to the heart. This condition is diagnosed as Coronary
Artery Disease.
High level of pollution in the air can also lead to heart failure. Irregular or
abnormal rhythms of heartbeat are often cited as health problems related to
air pollution.
The long-term health effects of air pollution are deadly. They can cause
damage to the brain, nerves, liver, or kidneys.
Carbon monoxide emitted from vehicles or from the burning of fossil fuels,
can cause headaches, reduce the mental alertness and impair the fetal
development or cause death.
Sulfur dioxide released from coal-fired power plants, petroleum refineries,
etc. can cause irritation in eyes, breathlessness, chest tightness and lung
damage.
Exposure to ozone (from vehicle exhaust and certain fumes), may cause eye
and throat irritation, cough and respiratory problems. It also reduces a
human being‘s resistance to colds and pneumonia.
Lead is a metallic element, which comes primarily from metal refineries,
lead smelters, battery manufacturers and iron and steel industries. Constant
exposure to this element can lead to anemia, high blood pressure, brain and
kidney damage, cancer and neurological disorders.
Particulate matter refers to the tiny particles of soot, dust or other substance
such as tiny droplets of liquids. They are emitted by diesel engines, power
plants, wood stoves and also found in windblown dust. They are also
responsible for several air-borne diseases such as asthma, bronchitis, cancer,
heavy metal poisoning, cardiovascular effects and asthma.
Radon, a radioactive gas arises from rocks and soil under the house and can
accumulate inside the house. Its level is ruled by the outside air and to some
extent the gases releases indoors. Being exposed to this gas can increase the
risk of lung cancer.

32
3.2(a) Cases related to air pollution
Dr Ravindra Mehta, Consultant Pulmonologist and Chief of Critical Care,
Apollo Hospitals said, ―There is an increase in asthma and allergic
tendencies in the city owing to the increase in population and air
pollution.‖
A paper published recently on fungal triggers of asthma in PLOS Pathogens
says that asthma is a complex disease without a single cause, defined by its
symptoms. Wheezing, chest tightness, and breathlessness are triggered by
airway inflammation. The natural histories of asthma are diverse and involve
both genetic and environmental parameters.
For example, children with variants of the ADAM33 gene are at risk for
asthma, while attendance at day care in the first six months of life and the
presence of older siblings appear to protect against asthma. Allergies are
intimately associated with asthma. Asthma can result from direct inhalation
of allergens, but atopic asthmas are caused by the body‘s interaction with
allergens outside of the lungs. It is a public health burden, and the
prevalence of asthma is increasing.
WHO defines asthma as a chronic disease characterised by recurrent attacks
of breathlessness and wheezing, which vary in severity and frequency from
person to person. During an asthma attack, the lining of the bronchial tubes
swells, causing the airways to narrow and reducing the flow of air into and
out of the lungs. The causes of asthma are not completely understood.
However, risk factors for developing asthma include inhaling asthma
―triggers‖, such as allergens, tobacco smoke and chemical irritants. Asthma
cannot be cured, but appropriate management can control the disorder and
enable people to enjoy a good quality of life.
Asthma is also caused by the presence of fungal spores of Alternaria (fungi)
and Cladosporium (fungi), tiny particles that allow fungi to multiply. They
are like seeds in plants.
―The diversity of fungal spores in air is vast, but research on asthma focuses
on a handful of easily identified, culturable species. Ecologists are
developing new tools to probe communities and identify the full
complement of fungi in habitats. These tools may enable identification of
novel asthma triggers, but scientists involved in public health or medicine
rarely interact with mycologists focused on ecology,‖ said Anne Pringle,
mycologist at Howard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, in the above
paper.
As disease prevalence continues to rise, enabling research on the roles of
fungi in asthma makes sense. Pringle said, ―Humans appear to be reshaping

33
the ecology of the kingdom: elevated CO2 concentrations appear to
stimulate sporulation and climate change appears to influence the timing of
sporulation. A current hypothesis suggests a connection between the global
change and the rise of asthma and allergies.‖
Different species or spore types may have different surface properties or
internal metabolisms, and different potentials as causes of asthma. While
logic would dictate a systematic search for triggers grounded in what‘s most
abundant in the environment, instead research has focused on easily cultured
fungi with distinct spore shapes. ―Treatment involves giving inhalers with a
mixture of steroid and bronchodilators,‖ said Dr Mehta. ―These cause
minimal toxicity, local action and can be used long term. Children respond
easily to inhalers,‖ he said.
A hospital-based study on 20,000 children under the age of 18 years from
1979, 1984, 1989, 1994 and 1999 in Bangalore by Dr Paramesh, showed a
prevalence of 9 per cent, 10.5 per cent, 18.5 per cent, 24.5 per cent and 29.5
per cent respectively, in 2002.

34
3.3 Cause and effect of water pollution
Causes:
Dumping of industrial wastes, containing heavy metals, harmful chemicals,
by-products, organic toxins and oils, into the nearby source of water is one
of the visible causes of water pollution.
Another cause for the contamination of water is the improper disposal of
human and animal wastes.
Effluents from factories, refineries, injection wells and sewage treatment
plants are dumped into urban water supplies, leading to water pollution.
A number of pollutants, both harmful and poisonous, enter the groundwater
systems through rain water.
The residue of agricultural practices, including fertilizers and pesticides, are
some of the major sources of water pollution.
Untreated pollutants are drained into the nearest water body, such as stream,
lake or harbor, causing water pollution.
Another major source of water pollution comprises of organic farm wastes.
When farm land, treated with pesticides and fertilizers, is irrigated, the
excess nitrogen and poisons get mixed into the water supply, thereby
contaminating it.
Pathogens, sediments and chemical pollutants are other sources of water
pollution.
The corporeal wastes produced by humans and farmed organisms pollute
rivers, lakes, oceans and other surface waters.
Effects:
A number of waterborne diseases are produced by the pathogens present in
polluted water, affecting humans and animals alike.
Pollution affects the chemistry of water. The pollutants, including toxic
chemicals, can alter the acidity, conductivity and temperature of water.
Polluted municipal water supplies are found to pose a threat to the health of
people using them.
As per the records, about 14000 people perish or incur various
communicable diseases due to the consumption of contaminated drinking
water.

35
The concentration of bacteria and viruses in polluted water causes increase
in solids suspended in the water body, which, in turn, leads to health
problems.
Marine life becomes deteriorated due to water pollution. Lethal killing of
fish and aquatic plants in rivers, oceans and seas is an aftereffect of water
contamination only.
Diseases affecting the heart, poor circulation of blood and the nervous
system and ailments like skin lesion, cholera and diarrhea are often linked to
the harmful effects of water pollution.
3.3(a) Cases related to water pollution
Black sea pollution and tourism:
In February 1992, members of the Commonwealth of Independent States
met in Moscow to review the problem of environmental damage and
ecology. These nations agreed to promote environmental protection through
the drafting and enforcement of environmental legislation and regulations;
harmonize methodologies, procedures and standards of environmental
assessment and regulation and make these compatible with international
practice; pursue joint environmental research and protection programs,
including dismantling of chemical and nuclear weapons; create an intestate
ecological information system and a common list of endangered species;
form an interstate ecological council composed of the environment ministers
of participating states; and finance an interstate ecological fund aimed
primarily at rendering disaster assistance.
Ukraine was not at this meeting in 1992. This nation has suffered greatly at
the hands of Soviet industrialization. It contained many chemical plants
which damaged the environment. The land, air, and seas in the Ukraine are
seriously damaged. Sulfides and chlorates make up the bulk of dangerous
contaminates. The number of rivers have declined from 40,000 to 25,000 as
a direct result of ecological misuse. Salt is constantly dumped into Ukraine's
rivers, causing severe illness to those that must use it.
Ukraine does not wish to participate in the actions of the other CIS nations
to clean up the region. This may cause legal problems for the agreement.
Ukraine's unwillingness to participate points to the increasing significance of
the soverignty issue in the CIS. The other CIS states are willing to clean up
their environments, the Ukraine, however, has put the issue on the "back
burner."

36
3.4 Cause and effect of land pollution
Causes:
Increase in urbanization is one of the major causes of land pollution.
Construction uses up forestland. This leads to the exploitation and
destruction of forests. There is more demand for water. Reservoirs are built
resulting in the loss of land.
The disposal of non-biodegradable wastes, including containers, bottles and
cans made of plastic, used cars and electronic goods, leads to the pollution of
land.
Agricultural wastes including the waste matters produced by crop, animal
manure and residues of the farm land are one of the major causes of land
pollution. The pesticides and fertilizers used by farmers to increase the crop
yield, leaches into the nearby land areas and pollutes them.
The process of mining leads to the formation of piles of coal and slag. When
these wastes are not disposed through proper channel, they are accumulated
and contaminate the land.
Industrial wastes are major contributors of land pollution. Dumping of toxic
materials such as chemicals and paints makes the areas surrounding the
industries, look very filthy.
Improper treatment of sewage leads to the accumulation of solids, such as
biomass sludge. These solid wastes overflow through the sewage, making
the entire area look dirty.
Burning of solid fuels leads to the formation of ashes, which is yet another
cause of land pollution.
Although domestic and industrial wastes are collected and recycled or burnt
in incinerators, a large amount of rubbish is left untreated. These are then
dumped into grounds, leading to land pollution.
Garbage dumped by people makes the streets unhealthy, unfit and dirty to
reside in. The waste matter usually consists of leftover food, fruit and
vegetable peels and other non decomposable solid materials such as glass,
cloth, plastic, wood, paper etc.

37
Effects:
Tonnes and tonnes of domestic wastes are dumped every day. Since people
do not follow proper methods for the disposal of such wastes, it leaves the
places look dirty and makes them unhealthy.
Land pollution indirectly affects the respiratory system of human beings.
Breathing in polluted dust or particle can result in a number of health
problems related to the respiratory system.
Skin problems are often diagnosed due to land pollution. It is said that the
improper disposal of household wastes leads to allergic reactions on the
skin.
Land pollution has been found as one of the leading causes for birth defects.
Pregnant women living in unhealthy and dirty environment can incur
breathing problems and a number of diseases, which may affect the health of
the baby as well.
3.4(a) Cases related to land pollution
Krishna and Govil in 2004 collected soil samples from the Pali Industrial
area, present in the western state of Rajasthan. Their data revealed that the
soil in the study area is significantly contaminated with high concentrations
of heavy elements like Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Sr and V.
Krishna and Govil also did a similar study in 2007 and collected soil
samples from the industrial area of Surat city, present in the western state of
Gujarat. Their data revealed that the soil in the study area is significantly
contaminated with high concentrations of heavy elements like Ba, Cu, Cr,
Co, Ni, Sr, V and Zn.
Similar studies have been done in area around Varanasi (Sharma et al.
2007). In this study, soil samples of major irrigation sites in sub-urban areas
of Varanasi were taken and analyzed for heavy metal contamination.
Samples of irrigation water and portion of vegetables being grown were also
collected. Apart from concentration of Cd, rest of the heavy metals was
present within the Indian standards.
Lokeshwari and Chandrappa (2006) did a similar study in and around the
city of Bangalore, where they assessed the heavy metal contamination of
vegetation and soil due to irrigation with sewage-fed lake water on the
agricultural land. The results showed significant amount of heavy metals,
above the Indian Standard limits in both the soil as well as the vegetation
samples.

38
3.5 Cause and effect of noise pollution
Causes:
Traffic noise is the main source of noise pollution caused in urban areas.
With the ever-increasing number of vehicles on road, the sound caused by
the cars and exhaust system of autos, trucks, buses and motorcycles is the
chief reason for noise pollution.
With the low flying military aircrafts soaring over the national parks,
wasteland and other vacant areas, the level of noise pollution has drastically
increased in these previously unaffected zones.
People living beside railway stations put up with a lot of noise from
locomotive engines, horns and whistles and switching and shunting
operation in rail yards. This is one of the major sources of noise pollution.
To meet the demands of the basic necessity of living, the construction of
buildings, highways and city streets causes a lot of noise. Pneumatic
hammers, air compressors, bulldozers, loaders, dump trucks and pavement
breakers are the major sources of noise pollution in construction sites.
Though not a prime reason, industrial noise adds to the noise pollution.
Machinery, motors and compressors used in the industries create a lot of
noise which adds to the already detrimental state of noise pollution.
Plumbing, boilers, generators, air conditioners and fans create a lot of noise
in the buildings and add to the prevailing noise pollution.
Household equipments, such as vacuum cleaners, mixers and some kitchen
appliances are noisemakers of the house. Though they do not cause too
much of problem, their effect cannot be neglected.
Effects:
Deafness, temporary or permanent, is one of the most prevalent effects of
noise pollution. Mechanics, locomotive drivers, telephone operators etc all
have their hearing impairment.
The first and foremost effect of noise is a decrease in the efficiency in
working. Research has proved the fact that human efficiency increases with
noise reduction.
Too much of noise disturbs the rhythms of working, thereby affecting the
concentration required for doing a work. Noise of traffic or the loud speakers

39
or different types of horns divert the attention, thus causing harm in the
working standard.
Fatigue caused is another effect of noise. Due to lack of concentration,
people need to devote more time to complete their task, which leads to
tiredness and fatigue.
Noise pollution acts as a stress invigorator, increasing the stress levels
among people.
Sometimes, being surrounded by too much of noise, people can be victims
of certain diseases like blood pressure, mental illness, etc.
Noise pollution indirectly affects the vegetation. Plants require cool &
peaceful environment to grow. Noise pollution causes poor quality of crops.
Animals are susceptible to noise pollution as well. It damages the nervous
system of the animals.
Noise indirectly weakens the edifice of buildings, bridges and monuments. It
creates waves, which can be very dangerous and harmful and put the
building in danger condition.
3.5(a) Cases related to noise pollution
“Police case against Shiv Sena for noise pollution”
The Mumbai Police has filed a case against members of the Shiv Sena who
organized a rally at Shivaji Park on Dusshera.
The Bombay High Court had ruled that the party would be permitted to go ahead
with its annual rally at Shivaji Park, provided the speakers did not exceed the 50-
decibel limit. The Sena agreed to that in court.
But at the rally, Shiv Sena chief Bal Thackeray had mocked the Bombay High
Court saying "Is my volume within 50 decibels. No one can contain or stifle the
Shiv Sena's roar."
In an editorial in its mouthpiece, Samana, the party today said, "Loudspeakers
blaring out 'azaan' atop mosques in Bhendi Bazar and Behrampada areas disturb
sleep and children's studies. Action should be taken against them also."

40
Chapter 4
4.1Primary Data Analysis
Q1.What is your age?
Out of the survey of 100 people; 62% of the people were between the age of
15 to 25, 21% of the people were between the age of 26 to 40, 11% of the people
were between the age of 41 to 55 and 6% of the people were in the age group of 55
and above.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
15 to 25 26 to 40 41 to 55 55 and above
Series 1
Series 1

41
Q2. Are you male or female?
Out of the 100 people we surveyed 41% of them were males and 59%
females.
Gender
male
female

42
Q3.What according to you is pollution?
Only 40% of the people actually knew what pollution was and 60% of the
people did not know what pollution is.
Whereas the right answer is; Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into
the natural environment that cause adverse change. Pollution can take the form
of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light. Pollutants, the components
of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring
contaminants. Pollution is often classed as point source or nonpoint source pollution.
People know that pollution is harmful but they don‘t really know what it
actually is.
knowledge about pollution
people who know
people who don’t know

43
Q4.Which among the four do you think is the major type of pollution?
57% of the people think air pollution is the major type of pollution, 25%
answered water pollution, 10% answered noise pollution and only 7% think land
pollution as major threat this is according to the survey of 100 people.
major type of pollution
air polllution
water polllution
noise polllution
land polllution

44
Q5 What according to you are the major causes of pollution?
According to our survey 22 people think transport as the major cause of
pollution, 3 people answered residential land commercial buildings, 25% of people
think industrialization as the major cause of pollution and 10, 3, 19 and 14 people
think globalization, agriculture, deforestation and waste and waste water
respectively.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Series 1
Series 1

45
Q6.What according to you are the effects of pollution?
11 people think environmental degradation as the effect of the pollution, 24
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Effects
effects

46
Q7.Would you be willing to or are you already doing something to reduce the
effects of pollution?
Out of 100 there are 77 people who are willing or are already doing
something and 23 people are inactive
Active and Deactive people
yes
no

47
Q8.What should we do to protect nature on individual basis ?
There are maximum number of people who plant trees and least number of
people go for other ways to protect the nature
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
plant
trees
travel by
public
transport
save
water
turn off
lights and
fans
when not
in use
recycling others
Series 1

48
Q9. Have you ever mobilized people around you to concern and protect the
nature?
Out of 100 people nearly 42 are such who are concerned,27people are are
such who are not at all concern and 17 are such who are planning to to take some
initiative.
Q10. How to encourage people to do something for environment ?
BEST ANS:-
Start doing something on your end first as well said ―CHARITY BEGINS
AT HOME‖ and then spread awareness about it.
Fines and penalties must be charged for throwing garbage at public places
and strict laws should be made that one person, one plant compulsory,
activates should be carried out at school level as well
Environmental subjects theoretically and practically should be included in
the syllabus. The students should not jus do this for marks but they should
also understand the practical importance of it
Advertising, street plays and various seminars and awareness campaign
Mobilized People
Yes
No
I am planning to

49
CHAPTER 5
5.1 SUGGESTIONS
Pollution is a major concern
" This entire planet is our home. We are the only species that systematically
destroy our own habitat."- Marianne Williamson
Pollution prevention is an exceptionally major global concern because of the
harmful effects of pollution on the person‘s health and on the environment.
Environmental pollution comes in various forms, such as: air pollution, water
pollution, soil pollution, etc..
Everyone is a stakeholder as we are all inhabitants of this one and only mother
earth. Each person has something to contribute to advance an effective pollution
prevention awareness initiatives. Environmental protection is caring for ourselves,
loving our children and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
"If we heal the earth, we heal ourselves."
You and I should therefore accept personal responsibility for the success of the
environmental protection programs of our respective community by cooperating
and actively participating in making the atmosphere pollution free. Help stop
pollution today. Although on an individual basis we can help combat pollution in
our own immediate environment, efficient control can be best institutionalized
through legislation. Thus, most countries have already addressed the issue by
passing some form of pollution prevention measures.
Averting the onset of pollution in any area, i.e. be it on air, water or land, could be
the start and the simplest preventive solution to the problem. This calls for a
conscientious effort to adopt good practices or habits by the people, the passage
and the proper implementation of appropriate government laws and the strict
compliance especially by potential industrial pollutants.
If there are no pollutants, there will be no pollution. And yet, this is easier said than
done. Certain bad habits are entrenched and industrial development somehow
carries with it the concomitant burden of pollution. The cost to business and its
commercial ramifications make this rather simple preventive approach quite
complicated and more difficult to implement.

50
How can we help?
The good news is that there is hope. This seemingly difficult situation does not
deter environmental protection advocates to pursue their dream for a more
pollution-free earth. Kudos to Greenpeace and all similar organizations all over the
world as they bear for us the campaign torch on environmental issues.
Everyone can help by self education and by adopting good and healthy practices. It
is also important that we help raise awareness about the significance of
environmental issues, their dire consequences and what can be done.
―One person alone cannot save the planet‘s biodiversity, but each individual‘s
effort to encourage nature‘s wealth must not be underestimated.‖- United Nations
Environment Programme (UNEP)
Every action or inaction of any person in regard to her or his surroundings has an
effect- be it good, neutral or bad- on the environment. Nature already provides for
our needs.Whatever we do to it gets back to us. If we are friends of the earth, it will
also be friendly to us. By becoming aware and doing the right action, we choose to
be part of the solution. What comes to mind now to serve as reminders include the
following:
Stop smoking or at least follow the ―No Smoking‖ sign.
Use unleaded gasoline in your cars.
Keep your car properly maintained to keep it in good running condition to
avoid smoke emissions.
Share a ride or engage in car pooling.
Instead of using your cars, choose to walk or ride a bicycle whenever possible.
With this eco-friendly practice, you will also be healthier and happier by
staying fit.
Never use open fires to dispose of wastes.
Adopt the 3Rs of solid waste management: reduce, reuse and recycle.
Inorganic materials such as metals, glass and plastic; also organic materials
like paper, can be reclaimed and recycled. This takes into account that the
proven solution to the problem of proper waste management (especially in
third world countries) is proper disposal (in waste bins for collection and not in
the street where it could fall into drains), waste segregation and collection, and
recycling.

51
Start composting brown leaves in your yard and green scraps from your
kitchen. It will reduce waste while improving your yard and garden soils.
Reconnect with nature. Live green by using green power supplied abundantly
and freely by wind and the sun. Hang your laundry to dry to minimize use of
gas or electricity from your dryers. Enjoy fresh air from open windows to
lessen the use of air conditioning system.
Patronize local foods and goods. In this manner, transporting goods and foods
prepared with GMOs which uses fuel from conventional energy sources will
be minimized.
Use eco-friendly or biodegradable materials instead of plastic which are made
up of highly toxic substances injurious to your health.
Create your green space. Value your garden. Plant more trees and put indoor
plants in your homes. They clean the air, provide oxygen and beautify your
surroundings. Thus, care for them and by protecting them, especially the big
trees around and in the forest, you protect yourself and your family, too.
Have a proper waste disposal system especially for toxic wastes
Take very good care of your pets and their wastes.
Never throw, run or drain or dispose into the water, air, or land any substance
in solid, liquid or gaseous form that shall cause pollution.
Do not cause loud noises and unwanted sounds to avoid noise pollution.
Do not litter in public places. Anti-litter campaigns can educate the populace.
Industries should use fuel with lower sulphur content.
Industries should monitor their air emissions regularly and take measures to
ensure compliance with the prescribed emission standards.
Industries should strictly follow applicable government regulations on
pollution control.
Organic waste should be dumped in places far from residential areas.
Say a big "NO" to GMOs or genetically modified organisms. Genetically
engineered crops are not only bad for the environment since they require
massive amount of fungicides, pesticides, and herbicides; but GMO altered
foods are also health risks and negatively impact farmers' livelihood.
Help stop pollution. Join the Earth Day celebration every April 22nd and
consider making it an everyday practice for the rest of your earthly life.

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The following reminder has been sourced from facebook (05.04.13) which I
added to this article because of its relevance:
MANDATORY REMINDER FROM CNN- NASA reports that by the next 10
months, earth gets hotter by 4 degrees from now. Himalayan glaciers are
melting @ rapid rate. Our climate is changing drastically & it's getting worst.
We must help fight Global Warming by doing the following steps:
1) Plant more trees
2) Don't waste water
3) Use cloth bag and don't burn plastic
Consider these . . . Breathing is life. We know that we will survive without food
for several weeks and without water for few days, but without oxygen, we will die
in a matter of minutes. The oxygen, the air we breathe sustains us. So, let us make

53
today and everyday a good day for everyone. Allow the earth to have more clean
air. Help control pollution.
"You're not going to make me have a bad day. If there's oxygen on earth and I'm
breathing, it's going to be a good day." ~Cotton Fitzsimmons
"Negative thinking destroys your brain cells and causes global warming." Source:
The Scientific Institute of Get Over It!
―We have a moral and spiritual bond to the planet that God made the source of all
living things that our own survival depends upon. Many urban dwellers have lost
their spiritual bond to the earth when they lose a connection to the natural
environment. They can lose their inner peace too.– Fr. Shay Cullen‖
Final thoughts
Let me leave you with the following excerpts from Eckhart Tolle's "The Power of
Now".
". . . The pollution of the planet is only an outside reflection of an inner psychic
pollution: millions of unconscious individuals not taking responsibility for their
inner space."
"Are you polluting the world or cleaning up the mess? You are responsible for
your inner space; nobody else is, just as you are responsible for the planet. As
within, so without. If humans clear inner pollution, then they will also cease to
create outer pollution.
So here are few tips and suggestions to control pollutions
5.1(A) How to control air pollution:
We make choices everyday that can help reduce air pollution. Below are a few
ideas that you can take to help clean our air.
At Home
Conserve energy - turn off appliances and lights when you leave the room.
Recycle paper, plastic, glass bottles, cardboard, and aluminum cans. (This
conserves energy and reduces production emissions.)

54
Keep woodstoves and fireplaces well maintained. You should also
consider replacing old wood stoves with EPA-certified models.
Plant deciduous trees in locations around your home to provide shade in
the summer, but to allow light in the winter.
Buy green electricity-produced by low-or even zero-pollution facilities.
Connect your outdoor lights to a timer or use solar lighting.
Wash clothes with warm or cold water instead of hot.
Lower the thermostat on your water heater to 120F.
Use low-VOC or water-based paints, stains, finishes, and paint strippers.
Test your home for radon-a dangerous, radioactive gas that is odorless and
tasteless. If the test shows elevated levels of radon, the problem can be
fixed cost effectively. Choose not to smoke in your home, especially if
you have children. If you or your visitors must smoke, then smoke outside.
Buy Smart
Buy ENERGY STAR products, including energy efficient lighting and
appliances. They are environmentally friendly products.
Choose efficient, low-polluting models of vehicles.
Choose products that have less packaging and are reusable.
Shop with a canvas bag instead of using paper and plastic bags.
Buy rechargeable batteries for devices used frequently.
Drive Wise
Plan your trips. Save gasoline and reduce air pollution.
Keep tires properly inflated and aligned.
In the summertime, fill gas tank during cooler evening hours to cut down
on evaporation. Avoid spilling gas and don't "top off" the tank. Replace
gas tank cap tightly.
Avoid waiting in long drive-thru lines, for example, at fast-food
restaurants or banks. Park your car and go in.
When possible, use public transportation, walk, or ride a bike.
Get regular engine tune ups and car maintenance checks (especially for the
spark plugs).
Use energy-conserving (EC) grade motor oil.
Ask your employer to consider flexible work schedules or telecommuting.
Report smoking vehicles to your local air agency.
Join a carpool or vanpool to get to work.

55
5.1(b)How to control noise pollution:
Below are a few things people and governments can do to make our
communities and living laces quieter:
Construction of soundproof rooms for noisy machines in industrial and
manufacturing installations must be encouraged. This is also important for
residential building—noisy machines should be installed far from sleeping
and living rooms, like in a basement or garage.
Use of horns with jarring sounds, motorbikes with damaged exhaust pipes,
noisy trucks to be banned.
Noise producing industries, airports, bus and transport terminals and railway
stations to sighted far from where living places.
Community law enforcers should check the misuse of loudspeakers,
worshipers, outdoor parties and discos, as well as public announcements
systems.
Community laws must silence zones near schools / colleges, hospitals etc.
Vegetation (trees) along roads and in residential areas is a good way to
reduce noise pollution as they absorb sound.
Noise producing industries, railway stations, aerodrome, etc. should be
located far away from the residential areas.
We should play various music systems such as stereos, television, etc. at low
volume.
We should not use loud speakers during night. Even during time they should
be used at low volumes
Laws should be framed so that the persons producing unnecessary noise are
punished

56
5.1(C) How to prevent land pollution:
Like many other challenges, the best best way to solve problems is to
understand it. This means learning about it (like what you are doing now) is
the greatest step forward.
Here are a few other tips on how you can help reduce land pollution:
People should be educated and made aware about the harmful effects of
littering. Discuss with friends and family and talk about it
Reuse any items that you can. Items like clothing, bottles, wrapping paper
and shopping bags can be used over and over again, rather than buying new
things.
The greatest prevention to land pollution is in the three ‗R's‘ …
Reduce Waste, Re-use things and
Recycle things. This is true even for governments. They can also use the
three ‗R‘ rule to minimize the amount of waste that ends up in landfills.
After the three 'R's, remember to turn the rest of the garbge into compost.
Personal litter should be disposed properly. We can separate household
waste at home for recycling. More than half of our household waste could be
recycled or re-used but once it is mixed up, it becomes more difficult to
separate different components for recycling. This is also true for waste we
make at school or hospitals.
Buy biodegradable products.
Store all liquid chemicals and waste in spill-proof containers.
Eat organic foods that are grown without pesticides. Look out for fertilizer
or pesticide free products when you go to the market.
Don‘t use pesticides if you can.

57
Use a drip tray to collect engine oil.
Buy products that have little packaging.
Don‘t dump motor oil on the ground.
Governments can also ensure that there are incentives for people to recycle
and re-use things.
5.1(D) How to control water pollution
Don‘t dispose paints, oils, polish and any cleaning products in the toilet, sink
or down the drain. You should also store them properly, so that these types
of products do not come in contact with water, even accidentally.
Do not throw trash in any water body or near those places. If you litter in
any such place, then make sure that you collect them and throw them in the
bin. You should also ensure that other people also do not spread litter.
Otherwise, the litter will end up in the sewers and ultimately in the seas and
lakes. Adopt a recycling lifestyle. You should also use environment-friendly
household products that can be recycled. Such products ensure minimal
wastage and thus help in keeping the environment clean and unsoiled.
For your garden and plants use organic fertilizers and pesticides. Also don‘t
overwater the lawns and gardens. In this way pollutants cannot get into the
systems due to runoffs.
Maintain your vehicle so as to prevent any leakages. Oils and other toxic
fluids like antifreeze from automobiles are also a major cause of water
pollution.
Ensure that your town has proper sewage treatment plants so that most of the
household and industrial wastes can be treated instead of dumping them in
the rivers or lakes.
Avoid water wastage. Make sure that there are no drips and leakages in the
house plumbing. Saving water will ultimately lead to the reduction of water
that flows into the sewage treatment.
Instead of washing your car in the driveway, it is better to send the car to a
commercial car wash. In this way the pollutants from the car do not enter the
storm water drains.
Every three to five years, inspect the septic system to check if the waste
seeps out.

58
When watering the garden, do it with a bucket and mug instead of using a
hose. Also, it is better to sweep the driveway instead of hosing it down. In
this way, along with saving water you will also prevent the polluted water
from running to drains or nearby water source.
Clean the pet waste so that you do not leave it in the open. Pet waste is also a
form of water pollution.
Always use laundry detergents that have low levels of phosphate, as
phosphate is a major water pollutant.

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5.2 CONCLUSION
5.2(A) Conclusion of air pollution
As we now air is the most important need of living things.
When it becomes polluted, the life of humans, plants and animals will be in danger.
Air pollution means the presence of harmful substances in the air which impure our
environment. Air Pollution gives rise to serious health hazards and responsible for
various types of life threatening diseases. Hence it is utmost important that proper
attention should be given in controlling and minimizing those activities which
causes this pollution and also appropriate restriction should beput in place in using
those means which contributes towards it.So, save our environment from any
pollutions that can damageliving things life.
5.2(B) Conclusion on land pollution
The growth rate of population is very high, and it is needed to improve the quantity
of food grains to meet sufficient food grains for survival. The land pollution is not
only affecting the agricultural production but also affecting in the life of human
being, people are getting incurable disease, due to the use of polythene people are
having cancer. Land pollution is caused mainly by the human being. There are also
other reasons of land pollution. Now we need to take care of the land we need to
bring awareness among people, that all should know the value of land and its use
or importance. Land is like a mother who carries nourishes and
Provides everything that we need. So it is our responsibility to take care of it
5.2(C) Conclusion on water pollution
Aren‘t we aware of the different problems occurring in our nature, especially in
different bodies of water? Water pollution is the cause of our undisciplined actions
and irresponsibility. We, humans are only creating problems that consequently we
will also carry the burden of these problems. We all know that water pollution can
affect our health badly and seriously. It can cause such sicknesses and diseases that
will badly affect our health. We all know how important water is. Water is
essential to our body. Neither or every living thing can‘t survive without water.
And so therefore, wes hould keep, protect, save, and help prevent our waters from
being polluted ,we should act as early as now, we should save rivers, seas and
oceans, and other bodies of water because we will also bare the burden of this
problem. We should not wait for the time until people are competing just to get

60
sufficient, fresh and clean water, the time where clean water is insufficient to the
people and animals, and the time where in our sources of water are diminishing or
until the time where there are totally no sources of water. And so, let us be
disciplined and responsible enough to save, protect and conserve not only sources
of water but also our mother nature because our nature provides and helps us in our
daily lives. Let‘s just realize how important our mother nature is. It is our only
source of living. Let us not destroy it nor pollute it. Let us act for a change. We
need and we should help save and conserve our mother nature, especially the
different bodies of water. Absolutely, there are many simple ways in how we can
help. Change ourselves before we construct changes in our nature. Act right now!
5.2(D) Conclusion on noise pollution:
The earth is polluted with several polluted materials. We need to be careful to
reduce the pollution across the globe, because this is our world and we have the
responsibility to save the world. We have to prevent the sources from which the
pollution is scattering in the environment. The government of several nations is
stepping up to reduce this pollution and making all new acts, we as a responsible
citizen have to obey those rules and help them preventing the pollution. If the
general public does not obey the rule, no one is going to die except us. So we need
to be careful and responsible to save the environment, save the earth.
We should try to low the volume of TV, radio or DVD players.
We should not cross the limit of blowing the loudspeakers in the public
places.
We should not blow horns of vehicles in the sensitive areas like hospitals,
schools, college, other educational or health organizations.
If somebody is feeling that he/she having some problem with ear or heart,
he/she must go to a specialist for a medical check-up at the initial stage.

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