Specifications of steel

2.  Steel is essentially a combination of iron and carbon.
 Carbon content of common grades ranges from a few
hundredths to about one per cent.
 Steels also contain varying amounts of other elements,
principally manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, and silicon,
which are always present if only in trace amounts.
 These and some 20 other alloying elements, which are
added in various combinations as desired, determine the
ultimate properties and characteristics of the particular
steel to a great extent .

3. CLASSIFICATION OF METALS

4. CLASSIFICATION OF FERROUS METALS

5. Low Alloy (<10 wt%)
• Low Carbon (<0.25 wt% C)
• Medium Carbon (0.25 to 0.60 wt%)
• High Carbon (0.6 to 1.4 wt%)
LOW CARBON STEEL
• A.k.a Plain carbon steels, ordinary steels, or straight carbon steels
• small amounts of Mn
• Most abundant grade of steel
• greatest quantity produced
• least expensive.
• High Strength
• Not responsive to heat treatment; cold working needed to improve the strength.
• Good Weldability and machinability
High Alloy
• Stainless Steel (>11 wt% Cr)
• Tool Steel

6. EFFECTS OF ALLOYING ELEMENTS ON STEEL
ELEMENT BENEFITS
MANGANESE • STRENGTH & HARDNESS
• DECREASE DUCTILITY & WELDABILITY
PHOSPHORUS • STRENGTH & HARDNESS
• DECREASE DUCTILITY
• TOUGHNESS OF STEEL
SULPHUR • DECREASE DUCTILITY & WELDABILITY
• TOUGHNESS OF STEEL
SILICON • PRINCIPAL DEOXIDIZER
• IMPROVES SURFACE QUALITY
COPPER • CORROSION RESISTANCE[Cu>0.20%]
NICKEL • HARDENABILITY & STRENGTH
• FERRITE STRENGTHENER
MOLYBDENUM • ENHANCES CREEP RESISTANCE OF LOW ALLOY STEEL

7. • Phosphorus- 0.04% (max)
• Silicon- 0.35%
• Chromium- 3.99%
• Boron- 0.005%
• Lead- 0.15-0.35%
• Nitrogen- 0.004%
• Aluminium- 0.95-1.3%
PERCENTAGE OF CONSTITUENTS IN STEEL

8. Type of Structural Steels according to chemical
composition
• Carbon-manganese steels
• A.k.a mild structural steel
• primary chemical components : carbon+iron+manganese
• least expensive
• quite adequate strength and ductility
• most widely used grades.
• High-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels
• recent development in steelmaking
• The higher strength achieved by adding small amounts of additional chemical elements
• High-strength quenched and tempered alloy steels
• the increase in strength is achieved through heat treatment
• is available only in plate form, up to 6 inches thick.

9. MAKING OF
STEEL

10. IT IS THEN POURED IN MOLDS TO OBTAIN STEEL
DEOXIDIZER SUCH AS Al OR FERROSILICON IS ADDED TO CONTROL EVOLVED GAS DURING SOLIDIFICATION
FERROALLOYS ARE ADDEDFOR DESIRED ANALYSIS
MOLTEN METAL IS ALLOWED TO FLOW THROUGH TAP
HEATED TILL DESIRED CARBON CONTENT OBTAINED
SLAG FLOATS OVER HEAVY METAL WHEN OXYGEN IS SUPPLIED CAUSING OXIDATION OF P,Mn AND
Si
MOLTEN PIG IRON ADDED
MELTED USING FLAME ON ITS SURFACE
SCRAP+LIMESTONE+IRON ORE ADDED
OPEN-HEARTH FURNACE:
• Furnace capacities range from 100 to 500 tons
per melt.
• require 4 to 10 hours of furnace time.

11. BASIC OXYGEN FURNACE:
SAME AS OPEN
HEARTH
BUT OXYGEN IS ADDED TO
INCREASE SPEED OF
REFINING PROCESS
STEELS OF 300 TONS MADE IN LESS
THAN 1 HOUR
IT HAS CLOSED BOTTOM,REFRACTORY LINED
VESSEL IN WHICH PIG AND SCRAP IRON ARE
ADDED
DURING OXYGEN BLOW LIME AND FLUORSPAR ARE
ADDED WHICH FORM SLAG
OXYGEN IS SUPPLIED THROUGH WATER COOLED PIPE CAUSING
RAPID OXIDATION OF MN,C AND SI
HOT MELTED STEEL TAPPED IN VESSEL AND DEOXIDIZERS ,ALLOYING
ELEMENTS ARE ADDED.THEN MOULDED

14. Iron ore
fluxes coal
Blast furnace
LD1
LD2
Slab caster
Wire mill
slabs
slabs
Cold roll coils
Cold roll mill
Sinter plant
Coke plant
Steel making LD1/LD2
Iron making process
Hot strip mill
Hot roll coils
Merchant mill

15. MAKING OF GALVANISED SHEETS

16. Steel Finishing : Hot working

17. MATERIALS AND THEIR
SIZES AVAILABLE IN
MARKET

18. IS 808 : Nominal dimensions
and mass of beam, column,
channel and equal and unequal
angles can be confirmed to the
standard values given.

19. IS 1730
Type 1.1: Hot rolled steel plates
(thickness 3 – 60 mm) used in
building frame structures.
Dimensions: t= 3-60. The standard
steel grade is ≤ S355.
IS 808
IS 1730
Type 2.1: Hot rolled open H, I, U, L
- steel sections and wide flats are
hot-rolled sections used in frame
structures.
Dimensions: I 80-600, H 100-600,
U 80-400, L 40-200, L 65x50 -
200x150, T 30-140 and wide
steels:160-500, t=5-40.. The
standard steel grade is ≤ S355
IS 808
Type 3.1: Cold formed hollow steel
sections
Circular, square and rectangular
sections are used in building frame
structures, made of hot-rolled
steel strip by cold-rolling .
Dimensions: Square HS: 25x2 -
300x12,5. Rectangular HS:
50x25x2 - 400x200x12,5 and
Circular HS: 21,3x2 - 711x60 The
standard steel grade is ≤ S355

20. IS 1732
Type 4.1: Hot-finished hollow
steel sections
Circular, square and rectangular
sections are used in building
frame structures, made of
hotrolled steel Dimensions:
Square HS: 40x3 - 400x20.
Rectangular HS: 50x30x3,2 -
500x300x20 and
Circular HS: 21,3x2 - 711x60.
standard steel grade is ≤ S355.
IS 1732
Type 5.1: Steel for the
reinforcement of concrete
weldable,
Dimensions: D= 6-50. The
standard steel
grade is ≤ B500.
IS 808
IS 12778
Type 1.2: Welded plated beams;
sections made of welded hot-rolled
steel plates used in building frame
structures. Sections are prefabricated
and erected on-site by steel
contractors.
Dimensions: H = 150-600, B1 =
110-600, B2 = 140-700, d = 5-12, t1/t2 =
6-60. The standard steel grade is ≤S355

21.  India is the world's largest producer of crude steel, and is currently
doubling its production capacity.
STEEL MANUFACTURING
COMPANIES IN INDIA

23. REFERENCES
• < http://www.kinnaristeel.com/seamless-pipes>
• Indian steel prices[online]<http://www.meps.co.uk/indiansteelpriceindex>
• Properties and applications of materials
handbook[online]http://nptel.ac.in/courses
• Steel as a construction material pdf
• CPWD for steel[online]http://cpwd.gov.in/Publication/Specs2009
• chemical composition of structural steel handbook
• https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S03/is.808.1989.pdf
• Carbon steel pdf[online]< https://www.metabunk.org>
• <https://www.google.co.in/steelmakingtatasteel>

24. THANK YOU