This document covers atomic structure and bonding. It discusses subatomic particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons. The atomic number is the number of protons, and the atomic mass includes protons and neutrons. Electrons orbit the nucleus in shells. Bonding can be ionic, where electrons are transferred, or covalent, where electrons are shared. Ionic bonding forms when metals donate electrons to nonmetals like sodium and chlorine forming NaCl. Covalent bonding shares electrons between atoms like in water and methane, forming weaker bonds between molecules.

2. Atomic Structure and Bonding
What We Will Cover:
•Subatomic Particles
•Atomic Number
•Atomic Mass Unit Number and Calculations
•Electron Arrangement
•Bonding – Ionic and Covalent

3. Sub Atomic Particles
• Protons
• Neutrons
• Electrons

4. Protons
+
+
•
•
•
•
+
Located in nucleus of atom
Has a positive charge
Number of Protons = Atomic Number
Has 1 AMU in mass (Atomic Mass Unit)

5. Neutrons
•
•
•
•
Located in nucleus of atom
Has NO electrical charge
Has mass of 1 amu
Number of neutrons usually is equal to
number of protons

6. Quiz – Subatomic
Particles
1.The positive particle is the ___.
2.The negative particle is the ___.
3.The neutral particle is the ___.
4.The proton is the same as the __ number.
5.The two particles located inside the nucleus
are the __ and the __.
6.Each of these particles
have a mass of ___.

7. Electrons
• Located outside the
nucleus of the atom
• Housed in Electrical
Clouds, Shells, Orbits
• Has a negative charge
• Does not have an amu
because of tiny size
• Moves around the
nucleus in an orbit

8. Hydrogen
Atom
Electron
Cloud

9. Quick Quiz – Subatomic Particles
(continued)
7. The electron ___ around the
nucleus.
8. The ___ electrons are the outer
___ electrons and are involved in
___ bonding.
9.To find the number of neutrons in
an atom you subtract the __
number from the ___ number.

10. Atomic Numbers
• Number used to arrange the Periodic
Table
• Increase Left to Right
• Same as number of Protons or Electrons
in a neutral atom

11. Atomic Mass
• The sum of the Protons and Neutrons in
the nucleus.
• Also called Atomic Weight
Protons
+Neutrons
Atomic Weight

12. Electron Arrangement
• Electrons orbit the nucleus in
Energy levels
• The first level (or cloud, or shell)
contains up to 2 electrons
• The second level contains up to 8
electrons
• The third level contains up to 18
electrons
• 4th 32; 5th 50; 6th 72 max in shell

13. Electron Arrangement ctd.
• The electrons in the
outermost shell (if it is not
completely full) are
available for bonding
• These electrons are called
Valence Electrons
• Bonding is the chemical
combining of 2 or more
atoms.

14. Quick Quiz –
Numbers, Electron Arrangement
10. The __ __ is used to arrange the periodic table as it
increases from __ to __.
11. The atomic number is the same as the number of
___ .
12. The __ number is the sum of protons and neutrons
inside the ___.
13. The outermost electrons are the __ electrons and
they orbit the nucleus in __ levels.
14. Bonding is the ___________ combining of 2 or more
____________________

15. Bonding
• The process when 2 or more atoms
combine chemically is known as Bonding
• The 2 we are learning today are
• Ionic Bonding
• Covalent Bonding

16. Ionic Bonding
• Electrons are either gained or lost by
atom
• One atom is positive +, One is negative
• Occurs between Metals and Nonmetals
• Metals lose electrons
• Nonmetals gain electrons
• Very strong bond – usually solids - with
high melting temperatures

17. Sodium and Chlorine

18. Sodium – a
soft grey
highly
flammable
metal
+
Chlorine – a
highly
poisonous
green gas

19. =
(equals)
Table Salt

20. Lithium and Fluorine diagram
shows Ionic Bonding in action

21. Common Ionic Bonds
• NaCl
Sodium Chloride
Table Salt
• CuSo4 Copper Sulfate
Kills algae
• NaHCO3
Baking & Health
Baking Soda

22. Quiz – Bonding
Ionic
15. In ionic bonding electrons are either _ or
_.
16. __ lose electrons and ___ gain electrons.
17. A positive ions has __ electrons and a
negative ion has __ electrons.
18. __ bonds are strong, usually solid, and
have __ melting and boiling points.
19.The magic number of valence electrons
needed by all but two atoms is ___.
20.Name two common ionic bonds.

23. Covalent Bonding
• Electrons are shared between atoms (co)
• Neither atom has an electrical charge
• Forces between atoms are weak – have
low boiling or melting points
• Usually are liquids or gasses
• If a solid is usually a crystal

24. Water
Methane

25. Common Covalent Bonds
• H2O
Water
• CH4
Methane
• C3H8
Propane

26. Quick Quiz – Bonding
Covalent
21. In a covalent bond, electrons are ___.
22. Neither atom has a ___.
23. Intermolecular forces __ __ are weak.
24. Covalent bonds have ___ melting and
___ points.
25. Covalent bonds are usually found in
these two states of matter.
26. Two common covalent compounds
are __ and __.

27. Covalent – Share
Electrons
Ionic – Gain
or Lose
Electrons