Cbdmt Microalgae Market And Application Outlook

Microalgae Market and Application
Outlook

Date: 19/4/2011

By Philippe Tramoy

Copyright 2011 CBDM.T SARL. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or disclosure is prohibited. The information herein
was obtained from various sources; we do not guarantee its accuracy or completeness. This research report is prepared for
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www.cbdmt.com

Philippe Tramoy

Philippe Tramoy is a market and business intelligence expert and has a background in conducting
Research and Business Development projects. He holds a Masters in Finance, a Masters in
Intelligence Marketing, an MSc in Biochemistry and an MSc in Genetics & Immunology. In 2000, he
joined Rhodia Chirex as Europe Business Development Manager for biotechnology and
biopharmaceutical companies.

In 2004, he founded CBDMT – Market & Business Intelligence. CBDM.T® is a market and business
intelligence company with offices in France, Switzerland and Israel. As an advisory services
company, CBDM.T® boosts companies to develop revenue and growth by providing business and
marketing services in the life science and biotech markets (market surveys, market scouting,
business development and strategic supports).

http://fr.linkedin.com/in/philippetramoy
www.cbdmt.com

Special thanks to Emilie Hilpert and Elodie Laurençon

Copyright©2011 CBDM.T SARL – This Report is published by CBDM.T Market and Business
Intelligence SARL. Reproduction or redistribution of this report in any form for any purpose is
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CBDMT – Market & Business Intelligence © 2011 www.cbdmt.com 3/209

Table of Content

Preamble ............................................................................................................................................. 16
Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................. 17
1 Generalities ................................................................................................................................. 18
1.1 Definition ............................................................................................................................. 18
1.2 Characteristics ..................................................................................................................... 19
1.3 History ................................................................................................................................. 21
2 Production technologies ............................................................................................................. 23
2.1 Open Ponds ......................................................................................................................... 24
2.2 Photobioreactors (PBR) ....................................................................................................... 28
2.3 Fermentation Process.......................................................................................................... 34
2.4 Harvesting of microalgae..................................................................................................... 34
2.5 Analysis ................................................................................................................................ 35
3 Microalgae ................................................................................................................................... 40
3.1 Spirulina ............................................................................................................................... 41
3.1.1 Generalities ................................................................................................................. 41
3.1.2 Production ................................................................................................................... 42
3.1.3 Products....................................................................................................................... 44
3.1.4 Applications ................................................................................................................. 47
3.1.5 Market ......................................................................................................................... 58
3.2 Crypthecodinium cohnii ...................................................................................................... 60
3.2.1 Generalities ................................................................................................................. 60
3.2.2 Production ................................................................................................................... 60
3.2.3 Products....................................................................................................................... 60
3.2.4 Applications ................................................................................................................. 61
3.2.5 Market ......................................................................................................................... 61
3.3 Chlorella............................................................................................................................... 62
3.3.1 Generalities ................................................................................................................. 62
3.3.2 Production ................................................................................................................... 62
3.3.3 Products....................................................................................................................... 64


3.3.4 Applications ................................................................................................................. 64
3.3.5 Market ......................................................................................................................... 68
3.4 Dunaliella salina................................................................................................................... 69
3.4.1 Generalities ................................................................................................................. 69
3.4.2 Production ................................................................................................................... 69
3.4.3 Products....................................................................................................................... 71
3.4.4 Applications ................................................................................................................. 72
3.4.5 Market ......................................................................................................................... 74
3.5 Ulkenia sp. ........................................................................................................................... 76
3.5.1 Generalities ................................................................................................................. 76
3.5.2 Production ................................................................................................................... 76
3.5.3 Products....................................................................................................................... 77
3.5.4 Applications ................................................................................................................. 78
3.5.5 Market ......................................................................................................................... 78
3.6 Haematococcus pluvialis ..................................................................................................... 79
3.6.1 Generalities ................................................................................................................. 79
3.6.2 Production ................................................................................................................... 79
3.6.3 Products....................................................................................................................... 80
3.6.4 Applications ................................................................................................................. 81
3.6.5 Market ......................................................................................................................... 81
3.7 Schizochytrium .................................................................................................................... 83
3.7.1 Generalities ................................................................................................................. 83
3.7.2 Production ................................................................................................................... 83
3.7.3 Products....................................................................................................................... 83
3.7.4 Applications ................................................................................................................. 84
3.7.5 Market ......................................................................................................................... 84
3.8 Aphanizomenon flos-aquae ................................................................................................ 85
3.8.1 Generalities ................................................................................................................. 85
3.8.2 Production ................................................................................................................... 85
3.8.3 Products....................................................................................................................... 85
3.8.4 Applications ................................................................................................................. 86
3.8.5 Market ......................................................................................................................... 87


3.9 Euglena ................................................................................................................................ 88
3.9.1 Generalities ................................................................................................................. 88
3.9.2 Production ................................................................................................................... 88
3.9.3 Products....................................................................................................................... 88
3.9.4 Applications ................................................................................................................. 90
3.9.5 Market ......................................................................................................................... 92
3.10 Odontella aurita .................................................................................................................. 93
3.10.1 Generalities ................................................................................................................. 93
3.10.2 Production ................................................................................................................... 93
3.10.3 Products....................................................................................................................... 93
3.10.4 Applications ................................................................................................................. 93
3.10.5 Market ......................................................................................................................... 94
3.11 Others microalgae ............................................................................................................... 94
3.11.1 Nostoc.......................................................................................................................... 94
3.11.2 Porphyridium cruentum .............................................................................................. 95
3.12 Global market analysis by microalgae ................................................................................. 95
4 By products .................................................................................................................................. 97
4.1 Whole-cell microalgae biomass........................................................................................... 97
4.2 Microalgae extracts ............................................................................................................. 98
4.2.1 Carotenoids ................................................................................................................. 99
4.2.2 Phycobiliproteins ....................................................................................................... 103
4.2.3 Antioxidants............................................................................................................... 104
5 Applications ............................................................................................................................... 107
5.1 Food ................................................................................................................................... 108
5.1.1 Functional food.......................................................................................................... 110
5.1.2 Dietary supplements ................................................................................................. 112
5.2 Feed ................................................................................................................................... 115
5.2.1 Used Species .............................................................................................................. 116
5.2.2 Products..................................................................................................................... 118
5.3 Cosmetics .......................................................................................................................... 120
5.3.1 Players ....................................................................................................................... 122
5.3.2 Market ....................................................................................................................... 123


5.4 Research ............................................................................................................................ 124
6 Applications in development..................................................................................................... 125
6.1 Energy ................................................................................................................................ 125
6.1.1 Transport biofuels ..................................................................................................... 125
6.1.2 Biogas ........................................................................................................................ 133
6.1.3 Market value.............................................................................................................. 134
6.2 Environment ...................................................................................................................... 137
6.2.1 Water treatment and Soil Detoxification .................................................................. 138
6.2.2 Carbon capture .......................................................................................................... 139
7 New products in development and innovations ....................................................................... 139
7.1 Evolution of the research on microalgae .......................................................................... 140
7.2 Pharmaceuticals ................................................................................................................ 142
7.3 Materials............................................................................................................................ 143
8 Microalgae Market Players........................................................................................................ 145
8.1 Spirulina key players .......................................................................................................... 146
8.2 Chlorella key players.......................................................................................................... 149
8.3 Dunaliella key players ........................................................................................................ 150
8.4 Haematococcus key players .............................................................................................. 151
9 Key players profiles ................................................................................................................... 152
9.1 Cyanotech Profile .............................................................................................................. 152
9.1.1 Company Information ............................................................................................... 152
9.1.2 Company Overview ................................................................................................... 153
9.1.3 Patents, Trademarks and Licenses ............................................................................ 153
9.1.4 Research and Development ...................................................................................... 154
9.1.5 Products and Markets ............................................................................................... 154
9.1.6 Production ................................................................................................................. 155
9.1.7 Sales and production by products ............................................................................. 156
9.1.8 Major Customers ....................................................................................................... 157
9.1.9 Alliance and collaboration ......................................................................................... 157
9.2 Earthrise Nutritionals LLC. ................................................................................................. 159


9.2.5 Production ................................................................................................................. 161
9.3 Martek Profile.................................................................................................................... 162
9.3.3 Patents ....................................................................................................................... 163
9.3.6 Production ................................................................................................................. 166
9.3.7 Sales by products ....................................................................................................... 166
9.3.8 Major Customers ....................................................................................................... 167
9.3.9 Alliance, collaboration and licensing ......................................................................... 167
9.4 Roquette Profile ................................................................................................................ 169
9.4.6 Production ................................................................................................................. 172
9.5 Sapphire Energy Profile ..................................................................................................... 174
9.5.3 Patents ....................................................................................................................... 175
9.5.5 Products and Market ................................................................................................. 176
9.5.6 Production ................................................................................................................. 176


9.6 Seambiotic Ltd. Profile ...................................................................................................... 179
9.6.6 Production ................................................................................................................. 182
9.7 Solazyme Profile ................................................................................................................ 186
9.7.5 Products..................................................................................................................... 187
9.7.6 Production ................................................................................................................. 189
9.8 Soliance Profile .................................................................................................................. 191
9.8.6 Production ................................................................................................................. 194
9.9 BFS bio fuel systems Profile............................................................................................... 195
9.9.5 Products..................................................................................................................... 196
9.9.6 Production ................................................................................................................. 197
9.10 Fuji chemicals .................................................................................................................... 198


9.10.3 Patent, Trademarks and Licenses .............................................................................. 199
9.10.5 Production ................................................................................................................. 201
9.11 EID Parry (India) ................................................................................................................. 202
9.11.3 Research and development ....................................................................................... 203
9.11.4 Patent, Trademarks and Licenses .............................................................................. 203
9.11.5 Products and markets................................................................................................ 204
9.11.6 Production and Sales ................................................................................................. 204
9.11.7 Alliance and Collaboration ........................................................................................ 205
9.12 Cognis ................................................................................................................................ 206
9.12.3 Products and markets................................................................................................ 207
9.12.4 Production ................................................................................................................. 208
9.12.5 Prize Awarded............................................................................................................ 208


List of Figures
Figure 1: Microalgae classification ...................................................................................................... 18
Figure 2: Conditions of alga growth .................................................................................................... 20
Figure 3: Annual average sunshine map ............................................................................................. 25
Figure 4: Open ponds raceways .......................................................................................................... 25
Figure 5: Earthrise Farms microalgal production process ................................................................... 26
Figure 6: Different types of open ponds ............................................................................................. 27
Figure 7: Different types of PBRs......................................................................................................... 31
Figure 8: Different PBR models ........................................................................................................... 32
Figure 9: Cyanotech process for drying microalgae biomass .............................................................. 35
Figure 10: Biomass production by microalgae .................................................................................... 40
Figure 11: Spirulina cells ...................................................................................................................... 41
Figure 12: Evolution of the global production of Spirulina (dry biomass) .......................................... 42
Figure 13: Production of Spirulina by continent ................................................................................. 43
Figure 14: Utilization of Spirulina biomass .......................................................................................... 45
Figure 15: Whole Spirulina biomass production used by application ................................................. 46
Figure 16: Spirulina biomass production for extraction used by application ..................................... 47
Figure 17: Volume of consumed Spirulina by application ................................................................... 47
Figure 18: Percentage of the Spirulina sales by type of biomass uses ................................................ 58
Figure 19: Spirulina turnover by application ....................................................................................... 58
Figure 20: Spirulina key players and market share ............................................................................. 59
Figure 21: Crypthcodinium cells .......................................................................................................... 60
Figure 22: Consumption of Crypthecodinium cohnii biomass by application..................................... 61
Figure 23: Spirulina turnover by application ....................................................................................... 61
Figure 25: Utilization of Chlorella biomass.......................................................................................... 62
Figure 24: Chlorella cells...................................................................................................................... 62
Figure 26: Chlorella production repartition by countries.................................................................... 63
Figure 27: Chlorella production by application ................................................................................... 64
Figure 28: Chlorella turnover by application ....................................................................................... 68
Figure 29: Chlorella key players .......................................................................................................... 69
Figure 30: Utilization of Dunaliella biomass ........................................................................................ 70
Figure 31: Dunaliella production by country ....................................................................................... 70
Figure 32: Whole Dunaliella biomass by application .......................................................................... 71
Figure 33: Dunaliella biomass for extraction used by application ...................................................... 72
Figure 34: Dunaliella production by application ................................................................................. 72
Figure 35: Dunaliella turnover by types of biomass uses .................................................................... 74
Figure 36: Dunaliella turnover by application ..................................................................................... 75
Figure 37: Dunaliella key players ......................................................................................................... 75
Figure 38: Schematic overview of the fermentation process of Ulkenia DHA oil ............................... 76
Figure 39: Ulkenia biomass production by application ....................................................................... 78


Figure 40: Ulkenia turnover by application ......................................................................................... 78
Figure 41: Culture ponds (500,000 liters) at Cyanotech Corporation (HI, USA).................................. 79
Figure 42: Utilization of Haematococcus biomass .............................................................................. 80
Figure 43: Haematococcus biomass for extraction used by application ............................................. 81
Figure 44: Haematococcus turnover by application ........................................................................... 82
Figure 45: Haematococcus key players ............................................................................................... 82
Figure 46: Schizochytrium biomass for extraction used by application .............................................. 84
Figure 47: Schizochytrium turnover by application ............................................................................ 84
Figure 48: Aphanizomenon production by application ....................................................................... 86
Figure 49: Aphanizomenon turnover by application........................................................................... 87
Figure 50: Utilization of Euglena biomass ........................................................................................... 88
Figure 51: Whole Euglena biomass by application.............................................................................. 89
Figure 52: Euglena biomass for extraction by application .................................................................. 89
Figure 53: Euglena production by application..................................................................................... 90
Figure 54: Percentage of Euglena sales by type of biomass uses ....................................................... 92
Figure 55: Euglena turnover by application ........................................................................................ 92
Figure 56: Odontella production by application ................................................................................. 93
Figure 57: Odontella turnover by application ..................................................................................... 94
Figure 58: Microalgae sales by type of microalgae (2009) .................................................................. 96
Figure 59: Percentage of the total microalgae production dedicated to extraction and biomass
productions (2009) .............................................................................................................................. 97
Figure 60: Percentage of the microalgae biomass sales by market application (2009) ...................... 98
Figure 61: Percentage of microalgae extracts sales by market application (2009) ............................ 99
Figure 62: Flow chart of production and utilization of Dunaliella..................................................... 100
Figure 63: Typical process flowsheet for the commercial production of natural astaxanthin by
Haematococcus ................................................................................................................................. 101
Figure 64: Docosahexaenoic acid C22:6(n-3) formula ...................................................................... 105
Figure 65: DHA production by microalgae ........................................................................................ 106
Figure 66: DHA turnover by application ............................................................................................ 107
Figure 67: Total microalgae production by applications ................................................................... 107
Figure 68: Microalgae producers’ turnover by application ............................................................... 108
Figure 69: Biomass for functional food by microalgae...................................................................... 111
Figure 70: Turnover for functional food by microalgae .................................................................... 112
Figure 71: Biomass for dietary supplements by microalgae ............................................................. 113
Figure 72: Turnover for dietary supplements by microalgae ............................................................ 114
Figure 73: Biomass for feed by microalgae ....................................................................................... 115
Figure 74: Turnover for feed by microalgae ...................................................................................... 115
Figure 75: Biomass for cosmetic by microalgae ................................................................................ 120
Figure 76: Turnover for cosmetic by microalgae............................................................................... 120
Figure 77: World transport biofuel production between 1975 and 2015......................................... 126
Figure 78: Nationality of companies which work on the production of microalgae biofuel ............ 126
Figure 79: Date of creation of algal biofuel companies .................................................................... 127
Figure 80: Companies classified by technologies .............................................................................. 128


Figure 81: Three generations of bioethanol development ............................................................... 130
Figure 82: Trans-esterification of oil to biodiesel.............................................................................. 131
Figure 83: Expected trends of new car sales between 2000 and 2030 ............................................. 135
Figure 84: Annual investment in algal biofuel ................................................................................... 135
Figure 85: Number of scientific articles on microalgae since 1925................................................... 140
Figure 86: Evolution of articles about chlorella, spirulina, dunaliella and heamatococcus since 1925
........................................................................................................................................................... 141
Figure 87: Number of patents for Spirulina and chlorella since 1979............................................... 142
Figure 88: Global distribution of different organizations .................................................................. 145
Figure 89: Worldwide repartition of companies ............................................................................... 145
Figure 90: Worldwide repartition of research laboratories .............................................................. 146


List of Tables
Table 1: Advantages and disadvantages of various algal culture techniques ..................................... 24
Table 2: Description of the different types of PBR .............................................................................. 33
Table 3: Comparison of the 2 main production systems (adapted from: Pulz 2001) ......................... 35
Table 4: Photosynthetic efficiency and productivity of open ponds................................................... 36
Table 5: Photosynthetic efficiency and productivity of Photobioreactor ........................................... 37
Table 6: Production costs of algal biomass in raceway ponds ............................................................ 38
Table 7: Production costs of algal biomass in photobioreactors ........................................................ 39
Table 8: Production of main species of microalgae ............................................................................ 40
Table 9: Spirulina production by countries ......................................................................................... 43
Table 10: Top 5 Spirulina producers .................................................................................................... 44
Table 11: Marketed products with or from Spirulina.......................................................................... 45
Table 12: Nutritional content in Spirulina ........................................................................................... 48
Table 13: Spirulina in food segmentation ........................................................................................... 48
Table 14: Spirulina in dietary supplement segmentation ................................................................... 54
Table 15: Segmentation of cosmetics market ..................................................................................... 55
Table 16: Marketed products with or from Crypthecodinium cohnii ................................................. 60
Table 17: Top 5 Chlorella producers.................................................................................................... 63
Table 18: Marketed products with or from Chlorella ......................................................................... 64
Table 19: Chlorella in food segmentation ........................................................................................... 65
Table 20: Chlorella in cosmetic segmentation .................................................................................... 67
Table 21: Marketed products with or from Dunaliella........................................................................ 71
Table 22: Dunaliella in dietary supplement segmentation ................................................................. 73
Table 23: Marketed products with or from Ulkenia sp. ...................................................................... 77
Table 24: Marketed products with or from Haematococcus .............................................................. 80
Table 25: Marketed products with or from Schizochytrium ............................................................... 83
Table 26: Marketed products with or from Aphanizomenon flos-aquae ........................................... 85
Table 27: Marketed products with or from Euglena ........................................................................... 88
Table 28: Euglena in food segmentation ............................................................................................. 91
Table 29: Marketed products with or from Odontella ........................................................................ 93
Table 30: Microalgae market sales by microalgae (2009) ................................................................... 95
Table 31: Microalgae value chain and market size by level from producer to retailers (2009).......... 96
Table 32: Microalgae used as a whole (2009) ..................................................................................... 98
Table 33: Microalgae used for extract production (2009) .................................................................. 99
Table 34: Producers of astaxanthin with Haematococcus pluvialis .................................................. 102
Table 35: Microalgal PUFA ................................................................................................................ 105
Table 36: DHA turnover by producers ............................................................................................... 106
Table 37: GRAS submittal of microalgae products ............................................................................ 109
Table 38: Segmentation of conventional food market ..................................................................... 110
Table 39: Top 3 microalgae most used for functional food application ........................................... 112


Table 40: Top 3 most used microalgae for dietary supplements application ................................... 113
Table 41: Upper and lower estimates of microalgae dry weight biomass production required by the
post-larvae of world aquaculture. Adapted from FAO...................................................................... 118
Table 42: Microalgae commonly used in aquaculture, either as individual diets or components of
mixed diets. (++ denotes more popular than +)................................................................................ 118
Table 43: Examples of cosmetic ingredients from microalgae.......................................................... 121
Table 44: Main microalgae cosmetic ingredients producers ............................................................ 123
Table 45: Comparison between the different ways of crude oil production .................................... 128
Table 46: Oil contents in selected microalgae species ...................................................................... 132
Table 47: Main partnership of algal fuel companies ......................................................................... 136
Table 48: Algal Fuel Players ............................................................................................................... 144
Table 49: Spirulina Players ................................................................................................................ 146
Table 50: Chlorella Players ................................................................................................................ 149
Table 51: Dunaliella Players .............................................................................................................. 150
Table 52: Haematococcus Players ..................................................................................................... 151


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