LOW COST BUILDING

1. LOW COST RESIDENTIAL BUILDING USING
LOCALLY AVAILABLE MATERIALS

2. GROUP MEMBERS NAME
•PALLAB MALLICK- 41
•AKSHAY PANDEY- 46
•SIDDHARTH SANKAR SARKAR-51
•JAYANTA KUMAR PAUL-55
•MOHIT AGARWAL- 59
•PUSPENDU RAY- 61

3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We all the group members of dis project would like to show our deepest
gratitude to our respectful ‘Hod’ sir and ‘PBG’ sir for giving us a good
guideline for dis project.
We would also like to expand our gratitude to all those who directly
and indirectly guided us.

4. INTRODUCTION
 India is the developing country having only 20%
population of higher income group.
 The dream of owning a house particularly for low-
income and middle-income families is becoming a
difficult reality. Hence, it has become a necessity to
adopt cost effective, innovative and environment-
friendly housing technologies for the construction of
houses and buildings for enabling the common
people to construct houses at affordable cost.
 For this Concept of LOW COST HOUSING is
introduced in India.

5. LOW COST HOUSING
 Low Cost Housing is a new concept which deals with
effective budgeting and following of techniques which
help in reducing the cost construction through the use
of locally available materials along with improved skills
and technology without sacrificing the strength,
performance and life of the structure.
 There is huge misconception that low cost housing is
suitable for only sub standard works and they are
constructed by utilizing cheap building materials of low
quality. The fact is that Low cost housing is done by
proper management of resources. Economy is also
achieved by postponing finishing works or
implementing them in phases.

6. FACTORS AFFECTING THE COST OF CONSTRUCTION
 Building Cost-
The building construction cost can be divided into two parts
namely:
Building material cost : 65 to 70 %
Labor cost : 65 to 70 %
Now in low cost housing, building material cost is less
because we locally available materials are used and also
the labour cost can be reduced by properly making the time
schedule of our work. Cost of reduction is achieved by
selection of more efficient material or by an improved
design.
 Size-The smaller the project in terms of scope or the number
of square feet, the more it will cost per square foot.
 Type-Different types of project have different levels of
complexity and detail

7. COST-EFFECTIVE BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGIES
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT BODIES IN INDIA ARE:-
 Central Building Research Institute (CBRI)
 Structural Engineering Research Centre (SERC)
 Centre for Application of Science and
Technology to Rural Areas (CASTRA)
 Regional Research Laboratories (RRL)
 National Environmental Engineering Research
Institute (NEERI)

8. CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES OF LOW COST HOUSING:-
1) Rat-trap Bond Technology.
2) Filler Slab Technology.
3) Aluform Technology.
4) Gypsum Area Separation Wall.
5) Low Cost Materials
6) Different construction techniques in
Foundation, roofing ,ceiling etc to
reduce the cost of construction.

9. FOUNDATION COSTS:-
 Normally the foundation cost comes to about 10 to 15% of the
total building .
 It is recommended to adopt a foundation depth of 2 ft.(0.6m)
for normal soil like gravely soil, red soils etc.
 It is suggested to adopt arch foundation in ordinary soils.
 In case of black cotton and other soft soils, it is recommend to
use under ream pile foundation which saves about 20 to 25% in
cost over the conventional method of construction.
 Arch foundation is used in which walls are supported on the
brick or stone masonry.For the construction of the foundation,
the use of available materials such as brick or concreteblocks
can be made to resist lateral forces buttresses at the corner

10. FOUNDATION:-  Random rubble masonry in
mud/cement mortar placed
in excavation over thick sand
bed. Rubble pointing above
ground level in stabilized
cement mortar.
 Use of lean cement concrete
mix 1:8:16 for base with brick
masonry in 1:6 cement mortar
footings.
 Use of lean cement concrete
mix as above for base and
over burned bricks masonry in
cement lime mortar (1:2:12)
footings.
 Arch foundations in place of
spread foundations

11. Arch foundation:-
 This type of foundation was used in
olden times where in spread
foundation is replaced by inverted
arch .
 It reduces the construction cost up to
40%
 Advantage of this is-In soft soils that
the depth of foundation can be
greatly reduced; disadvantage is that
the end piers have to be specially
strengthened by buttresses so as to
avoid the thrust to arch action
tending to rapture the piers junction.

12. PLINTH
It is recommended to adopt 1 ft. height
above ground level for the plinth and
may be constructed with a cement
mortar of 1:6.
The plinth slab of 4 to 6″ which is
normally adopted can be avoided
and in its place brick on edge can be
used for reducing the cost.
By adopting this procedure the cost of
plinth foundation can be reduced by
about 35 to 50%.

13. WALLING
Brick work in 1:6 cement mortar using bricks
from black cotton and inferior soil stabilized
with fly-ash.
Rat-trap bond brick work in 1:2:12 cement
lime mortar/1:1.5:3 cement sand mortar.
Hollow concrete block masonry in cement
mortar.
Compressed mud blocks masonry in mud
mortar.
Stabilized mud blocks masonry (4% cement
or lime) in stabilized mud mortar.
Sand lime brick walls in 1:6 cement mortar.
FAL-G sand block with 1:6 cement mortar.

14. RAT TRAP BOND TECHNOLOGY
 The rat trap bond is a masonry technique, where the
bricks are used in a way which creates a cavity within the
wall, while maintaining the same wall thickness as for a
conventional brick masonry wall. While in a conventional
English bond or Flemish bond, bricks are laid flat, in a Rat
trap bond, they are placed on edge forming the inner
and outer face of the wall, with cross bricks bridging the
two faces.
 The main advantage of Rat-trap bond is reduction in the
number of bricks and mortar required as compared to
English/Flemish bond because of the cavity formed in the
wall.

15. This technology has about 25%
overall-saving on cost of a
building of traditional 9"
construction. The structure has
proven its strength to go up to
three floors with the support of
brick columns. With this
technique there is reduction in
cost of the wall by 25% as with
conventional English bond
(9’’thk wall) 350 bricks are
required per cu. m whereas in
Rat-trap bond only 280 bricks
are required and also the
reduced number of joints
reduces the mortar
consumption.

16. BRICK JALI
 THE COMMON BURNT BRICK IS
ONE OF MAN’S GREAT
INVENTIONS. ALL OVER THE
WORLD, WITH ONLY A FEW
EXCEPTIONS, NEARLY ALL BRICKS
ARE ROUGHLY THE SAME SHAPE
AND SIZE - THAT IS ABOUT 9 X 4.5
X 3 INCHES.
 IN MANY OF THESE SITUATIONS
LISTED ABOVE A “JALI” IS JUST AS
EFFECTIVE. FAR FROM BEING A
LOT MORE COSTLY THAN THE
BASIC WALL, IF MADE OF BRICK IT
CAN BE LESS COSTLY THAN THE
HOUSE WALL!

17. MORE USES:-
BRICK JALI
CAN BE
USED
INSTEAD OF
PARAPET
WALL OR
BOUNDARY
WALLS...

18. Instead of using regular
walling system of lintel
and window system ,jali
work can help cost
estimation.

19. MORE METHODS
 Soil cement block technology
this method of construction of wall is by soil cement blocks in
place of burnt bricks masonry. It is an energy efficient method of
construction where soil mixed with 5% and above cement and
pressed in hand operated machine and cured well and then
used in the masonry. The overall economy that could be
achieved with the soil cement technology is about 15 to 20%
compared to conventional method of construction.
 Concrete block walling
In view of high energy consumption by burnt brick it is suggested
to use concrete block (block hollow and solid) which consumes
about only 1/3 of the energy of the burnt bricks in its production.
Concrete block masonry saves mortar consumption, speedy
construction of wall resulting in higher output of labor, plastering
can be avoided thereby an overall saving of 10 to 25% can be
achieved.

20. ROOFING TECHNIQUES
 Normally 5″(12.5 cms) thick R.C.C. slabs is used for
roofing of residential buildings. By adopting
rationally designed in situ construction practices like
filler slab and precast elements the construction
cost of roofing can be reduced by about 20 to 25%.

21. FILLER SLAB TECHNIQUE
They are normal RCC slabs where bottom
half (tension) concrete portions are
replaced by filler materials such as
bricks, tiles, cellular concrete blocks, etc.
These filler materials are so placed as not
to compromise structural
strength, result in replacing unwanted and
nonfunctional tension concrete, thus
resulting in economy. These are
safe, sound and provide aesthetically
pleasing pattern ceilings and also need no
plaster.

22. THE MECHANISM

The filler slab is a mechanism to
replace the concrete in the
tension zone. The filler material,
thus, is not a structural part of the
slab. By reducing the quantity and
weight of material, the roof
become less expensive, yet retains
the strength of the conventional
slab. The most popular filler
material is the roofing tile.
Mangalore tiles are placed
between steel ribs and concrete is
poured into the gap to make a
filler slab. The structure requires less
steel and cement and it is also a
good heat insulator.

23. BENEFITS OF FILLER SLAB TECHNIQUE
 Saving on cost
The savings on cost can be from 15 per cent to 25 per cent. But designing a filler
slab requires a structural engineer to determine the spacing between the
reinforcement bars.
 Thermal insulation
The air pocket formed by the contours of the tiles makes an excellent thermal
insulation layer. The design integrity of a filler slab involves careful planning
taking into account the negative zones and reinforcement areas.

24. FERRO CEMENT CHANNEL/SHELL UNIT
Provide an economic
solution to RCC slab by
providing 30 to 40% cost
reduction on floor/roof
unit over RCC slabs
without compromising the
strength. These being
precast, construction is
speedy, economical due
to avoidance of shuttering
and facilitate quality
control.

25. JACK ARCH ROOF/FLOOR
They are easy to
construct, save
on cement and
steel, are more
appropriate in
hot climates.
These can be
constructed
using
compressed
earth blocks also
as alternative to
bricks for further
economy.

26. MORE METHODS
 Doors and windows
It is suggested not to use wood for doors and windows
and in its place concrete or steel section frames shall be
used for achieving saving in cost up to 30 to
40%.Similiarly for shutters commercially available block
boards, fibre or wooden practical boards etc., shall be
used for reducing the cost by about 25.
 Lintels and Chajjas
The traditional R.C.C. lintels which are costly can be
replaced by brick arches for small spans and save
construction cost up to 30 to 40% over the traditional
method of construction.

27. OPENING IN THE FORM OF ARCH WITH LOCAL
MATERIAL:-
 Arches are an economical
and aesthetic means of
spanning openings. Arches
can be a cost effective
alternative to the lintels.
 The traditional RCC lintels
which are costly can be
replaced by brick arches for
small spans and save
construction cost up to 30–
40% over the traditional
method of construction.

28. DOOR PANELS
 Plantation timber styles with
particle board inserts.
 Medium density fiber board
doors.
 Cement bonded particle
board
 Plantation timber style with
rice husk board inserts
 Red mud polymer panel
doors.
 Ferrocement doors
 Polyvinyl chloride doors
panels.

29. FINISHING WORK
The cost of
finishing items like
sanitary,
electricity,
painting etc.,
varies depending
upon the type
and quality of
products used in
the building and
its cost reduction
is left to the
individual choice
and liking.

30. CONCLUSIONS
The above list of suggestion for reducing construction
cost is of general nature and it varies depending upon
the nature of the building to be constructed, budget
of the owner, geographical location where the house
is to be constructed, availability of the building
material, good construction management practices
etc. However it is necessary that good planning and
design methods shall be adopted by utilizing the
services of an experienced engineer or an architect
for supervising the work, thereby achieving overall
cost effectiveness to the extent of 25% in actual
practice.

31. THANK YOU