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Physiology of vision
1.
2. Mechanism
• Initiation of vision { phototransduction}
• Processing and transmission of visual sensation
• Visual perception
3.
4. PHOTORECEPTORS
Cones
• Higher threshold receptors for photopic vision n colour vision
Rods
• Low threshold receptors for night vision (scotopic vision)
Rhodopsin/ visual purple
• visual pigment present in rods
• Rhodopsin = opsin + retinine[11-cis retinal/vit A aldehyde]
5. Phototransduction
Phenomenon of conversion of light energy into nerve impulse
Light falls on retina cause photochemical changes trigger cascade
of biochemical reaction gen of electrical impulses
rhodopsin bleaching
Photochemical changes
rhodopsin regeneration
6.
7.
8.
9. In the photoreceptors,
• Light falls on rods -> decomposition of rhodopsin( all trans retinal and opsin)
• Opsin activates transducin-> sodium channels close ->Hyperpolarization
-> decrease inhibitory neurotransmitter release from the rod
• Bipolar cells excited
• Ganglion cells
• action potential initiated
• transmit to the brain –> vision occurs
10. Rhodopsin regeneration
• 11-cis retinal is regenerated from All trans
retinal and vit A from blood
• 11-cis retinal +opsin = rhodopsin
• Regeneration process is independent of light
11. Mechanism
• Initiation of vision{ phototransduction}
• Processing and transmission of visual sensation
• Visual perception
12. Processing and transmission of visual
sensation
• ganglion cells -> neurons of lateral geniculate body ->primary visual
cortex
• Visual image is analyzed by both serial and parallel processing
13. Serial processing
• Successive cells in VP from photoreceptors to cells of LGB are involved
in complex analysis of images
Parallel processing
• Starting from ganglion cells 2 pathways
• Magnocellular pathway – large magno/M cells
• Parvocellular pathway – small parvo/P cells
• This 2 pathaways are for analyzing diff features of an image
14. Mechanism
• Initiation of vision{ phototransduction}
• Processing and transmission of visual sensation
• Visual perception
15. Visual preception
• It is a complex integration of Light sense ,Form sense, Sense of
contrast and Colour sense
16. Light sense
• Awareness of the light
• Light minimum-minimum brightness required to evoke a sensation of
light
• Visual adaptation-The ability of the visual system to allow good
visibility in different lighting situation
• dark adaptation
visual adaptation
light adaptation
17. Dark adaptation
• Ability of the eye to adapt itself to decreasing illumination
• Rods are used more in dim light [scotopic vision]
• Delayed dark adaptation [retinitis pigmentosa,vit A deficiency]
Light adaptation
• Process by means of which retina adapts itself to bright light
• Very quick
• strictly speaking light adaptation is merely the disappearance of dark
adaptation
18. Form sense
• Ability to discriminate between the shape of the object
• Cones play a major role, therefore form sense is most acute at fovea
• Visual acuity is a measure of form sense
19. Sense of contrast
• Ability of the eye to perceive slight changes in the luminance between
regions which are not separated by definite borders
• Loss of contrast results in fogginess of vision
20. Colour sense
• Ability to distinguish between different colors excited by lights of
different wavelengths
• It s the function of cones
21. Theories of colour vision
Trichromatic theory [Young-Helmholtz]
• Three kinds of cones
• One is more sensitive to long wavelength[red],
• One to medium wavelength[green]
• One to short wavelength[blue]
• All other colours are perceived by combination of this
22. The opponent colour theory of Herings
• Three sets of receptor system – red-green, blue-yellow and black-white
• Each system fn as an antagonist pair
• Stimulation of one of an opponent pair produces excitation of that
receptor system and inhibition on other
• Eg Red light stimulates red receptors and simultaneously inhibits green
24. Binocular single vision
• The coordinated use of both eyes so as to produce a single mental
impression
• It is acquired during 6 months. By 6 years it is well developed