How to Develop Thinking skills

" Teaching is an art". Rajeev Ranjan 3

5
I would like to share -
I think 22 Types of thinking skill –Brief
definition
Beauty of thinking How to draw best within
Life skills How to develop thinking skill
Thinking process- relevant words Acquiring life skills
Think-what? Thinking- no thinking
Think-Thinking-Thought
Learning environment
Language and thought

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Thinking process is on its way to reach
an unidentifiable destination. Let first
check our destination, plan to reach the
destination and organize our thought to
make it concrete and within our reach
so that we should work properly.

14
Academia can be the key factors. Education brings a
massive change and shapes an individual to become a fine
human being. It opens the wings to be an independent
individual. Education helps individual to reach a new
height to see the world’s real life experiences. Individual
weaves a new sphere to become more practical, more
skilled professional, more compassionate and integrated
personality. (Note- a number of intellectuals never attended academic institution but they
gave a new direction to society).

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Thinking /ˈ θ ŋk ŋ/ɪ ɪ Skill /sk l/ɪ
Noun
1.
the process of considering or reasoning
about something.
"the selectors have some thinking to do
before the match"
Noun
the ability to do something well; expertise.
"difficult work, taking great skill"
expertise
, skilfulness, expertness, adeptness,
adroitness, deftness, dexterity, ability,
prowess, mastery, competence
, competency, capability, efficiency, aptitude
, artistry, art, finesse, flair, virtuosity,
experience, professionalism, talent,
cleverness, smartness, ingenuity, versatility,
knack, readiness, handiness; informal
know-how
"once again, he demonstrated his skill as a
politician"

18
Thinking /ˈ θ ŋk ŋ/ɪ ɪ Skill /sk l/ɪ
Synonyms
intelligent, sensible, reasonable, rational
, reasoning; logical, analytical;
thoughtful, reflective, meditative,
contemplative, pensive, philosophical;
rareratiocinative
"he seemed a thinking man"
https://www.google.co.in/webhp?sourceid=chrome-
instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=skill
Verb
train (a worker) to do a particular task.
"there is a lack of basic skilling"
https://www.google.co.in/webhp?sourceid=chrome-
instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=skill

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What is the thinking skills?
Thinking skills are the mental processes that we
apply when we seek to make sense of
experience. Thinking skills enable us to integrate
each new experience into the schema that we are
constructing of "how things are".
www.brainboxx.co.uk/a3_aspects/pages/ThinkingSkills.htm

What is thinking ability?
1. Ability to think clearly and rationally about
what to do or what to believe.
2. Ability to engage in reflective and
independent thinking.
3. Ability to understand the logical connections
between ideas.
philosophy.hku.hk/think/critical/ct.php

What are lower order thinking skills?
Lower order thinking is the foundation of skills
required to move into higher order thinking. These
are skills that are taught very well in school
systems and includes activities like reading and
writing. In lower order thinking information does
not need to be applied to any real life examples, it
only needs to be recalled and slightly understood.
If a person only obtains lower order thinking skills
they will not be prepared for real life situations
such as the labour market.
https://sites.google.com/site/bloomstaxonomy1/lower-order-thinking

1. To understand, infer, connect, categorize, synthesize, evaluate, and
apply the information they know to find solutions to new and existing
problems.
2. Equipping students to be able to reason, reflect, and make sound
decisions.
3. Wisdom and judgment are crucial aspects
4. Meaningful learning :-Analyze, Evaluate, and Create
5. Individual ability be able analytical, creative and practical in his
approach.
6. Equipping students to be able to identify and solve problems in their
academic work and in life
7. “Being able to think” means students can solve problems and work
creatively
http://www.ascd.org/publications/books/109111/chapters/Introduction.aspx
http://www.readwritethink.org/parent-afterschool-resources/tips-howtos/encourage-higher-order-thinking-30624.html

 Thought refers to ideas or arrangements of ideas that are the result of
the process of thinking. The word "thought" may mean:-
 a single product of thinking or a single idea ("My first thought was ‘no.’")
 the product of mental activity ("Mathematics is a large body of thought.")
 the act or process of thinking ("I was frazzled from too much thought.")
 the capacity to think, reason, imagine, etcetera ("All her thought was applied
to her work.")
 the consideration of or reflection on an idea ("The thought of death terrifies
me.")
 recollection or contemplation ("I thought about my childhood.")
 half-formed or imperfect intention ("I had some thought of going.")
Webster's II New College Dictionary, Webster Staff, Webster, Houghton Mifflin Company, Edition: 2, illustrated, revised
Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1999, ISBN 978-0-395-96214-5, page 1147

 Thought refers to ideas or arrangements of ideas that are the result of
the process of thinking. The word "thought" may mean:-
 anticipation or expectation ("She had no thought of seeing him again.")
 consideration, attention, care, or regard ("He took no thought of his
appearance" and "I did it without thinking.")
 judgment, opinion, or belief ("According to his thought, honesty is the best
policy.")
 the ideas characteristic of a particular place, class, or time ("Greek thought")
 the state of being conscious of something ("It made me think of my
grandmother.")
 tending to believe in something, especially with less than full confidence ("I
think that it will rain, but I am not sure.")
Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, Second Edition, 2001, Published by Random
House, Inc., ISBN 978-0375425998, page 1975

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Effect of Learning Environment
So learning environment should be able to satisfy the
brain’s enormous curiosity and hunger for novelty,
discovery and challenge because thirst for search of
meaning of a human being can not be stopped, only
channelled and focused.

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Language is essential to express our thoughts.
Thinking is lifeless without language.
Language is means to express in forms of Verbal &
Written. We organize our thought in a language form.
The more we rich in language, the more we able to
express, explore and analyze our thoughts in a well
formed and in a systematic way.

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Critical thinking
Barahal (2008), who defines critical thinking as "artful thinking.
CT is “skillful, responsible thinking that facilitates good judgment because it 1)
relies upon criteria, 2) is self-correcting, and 3) is sensitive to context” (Lipman,
1988, p. 39);
CT is “purposeful, self-regulatory judgment which results in interpretation,
analysis, evaluation, and inference, as well as explanation of the evidential,
conceptual, methodological, criteriological, or conceptual considerations upon
which that judgment is based” (Facione, 1990, p. 3);
Critical Thinking is a process when we scrutinize the situation, identify the thing
and situation and then react to the situation towards reaching a goal. It helps us
to deepen our observation to the micro level where we weigh the situation to
atom level. Credit goes to the Neo-Marxist Frankfurt School, which originated
around 1930 and proposed a new learning approach “Critical Theory”. It is
basically a sociological and philosophical approach of thinking.

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Critical thinking
Critical thinking is at the core of most intellectual activity
that involves students learning to recognise or develop an
argument, use evidence in support of that argument, draw
reasoned conclusions, and use information to solve
problems. Examples of critical thinking skills are
interpreting, analysing, evaluating, explaining, sequencing,
reasoning, comparing, questioning, inferring, hypothesising,
appraising, testing and generalising.
http://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/generalcapabilities/critical-and-creative-thinking

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Creative thinking
A way of looking at problems or situations from a fresh perspective that
suggests unorthodox solutions (which may look unsettling at first).
Creative thinking can be stimulated both by an unstructured process such
as brainstorming, and by a structured process such as lateral thinking.
Creative thinking involves students learning to generate and apply new
ideas in specific contexts, seeing existing situations in a new way,
identifying alternative explanations, and seeing or making new links that
generate a positive outcome.
Ex.- Thinking up ways to increase the number of blood donors,
http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/creative-thinking.html
http://www.brainstorming.co.uk/tutorials/creativethinking.html
Creative thinking is the process which we use when we come up with a new idea.
This creative thinking process can be accidental or deliberate.
http://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/generalcapabilities/critical-and-creative-thinking

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Creative thinking
Creative Thinking is a novel way of seeing or doing things that is
characteristic of four components-fluency (generating new ideas),
flexibility (shifting perspective easily), originality (conceiving of
something new), and elaboration (building on others' ideas). (NCERT, Life
Skills VII, P23)
“Creative thinking is a kind of thinking that focuses on exploring ideas,
generating possibilities, looking for many right answers rather than just
one. The creative person knows that there is always room for improvement.”
(Robert Harris)

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Lateral thinking:- The term was coined by the Maltese-born
UK psychologist Dr. Edward de Bono in his 1970 book 'Lateral
Thinking.‘
Noun-the solving of problems by an indirect and creative
approach, typically through viewing the problem in a new and
unusual light
1. An effective way to learn how to think in order to
systematically generate new ideas.
2. Lateral thinking is solving problems through an indirect and
creative approach, using reasoning that is not immediately
obvious and involving ideas that may not be obtainable by
using only traditional step-by-step logic.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_thinking

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Convergent thinking :-the ability to use
logical and evaluative thinking
Divergent thinking :- ability to elaborate,
other options , alternate
Objective:-Well thought and well formed
decisions
Convergent thinking is a term coined by
Joy Paul Guilford as the opposite of
divergent thinking. It generally means
the ability to give the "correct" answer to
standard questions that do not require
significant creativity, for instance in
most tasks in school and on standardized
multiple-choice tests for intelligence.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergent_thinking
Problem solving technique in which ideas from
different fields or participants are brought together
(synthesized) to find a single optimum solution to a
clearly defined problem.
http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/convergent-
thinking.html
Qs- Should we try this?
Objective:- Possibilities, Generate new
and different ideas, correlate
The psychologist J.P. Guilford first coined
the terms convergent thinking and
divergent thinking in 1956.
Divergent thinking is a thought process
or method used to generate creative
ideas by exploring many possible
solutions. ... By contrast, divergent
thinking typically occurs in a
spontaneous, free-flowing, 'non-linear'
manner, such that many ideas are
generated in an emergent cognitive
fashion.

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Conceptual thinking Implementation thinking
Conceptual thinking consists of the
ability to find connections or patterns
between abstract ideas and then piece
them together to form a complete
picture.
Conceptual thinking is the ability to
understand a situation or problem by
identifying patterns or connections, and
addressing key underlying issues.
Conceptual thinking includes the
integration of issues and factors into an
conceptual framework.
psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Conceptual_thinking
Implementation thinking is the ability to
organize ideas and plans in a way that
they will be effectively carried out.
Conceptual thinking is the ability to
identify patterns or connections between
seemingly unrelated objects. For some,
conceptual thinking is a natural process
but not everyone can think in this way.
https://www.reference.com/world-view/thinking

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Holistic thinking Dualistic thinking
The term "holistic thinking" refers to a
big picture mentality in which a person
recognizes the interconnectedness of
various elements that form larger
systems, patterns and objects. Thinking
holistically is the opposite of analyzing
something, which involves breaking
down a larger system into its details.
https://www.reference.com/world-view
In this way, we focus on what benefits our
project most at any given moment — rather
than on categorically ruling out options.
Instead of asking, “Should I write fiction or
non-fiction?” Maisel suggests you might ask,
“What shall I write today?” Instead of,
“Should I do research or should I write
today?” you might ask, “What does the book
need today?” http://reptitude.com/
Dualistic thinking, according to William
Perry's model of intellectual
development, is the intellectual ability
to understand good and evil but not the
nuances in between. He believed it was
the base level of intellectual
development that most college
freshmen possessed.
https://www.reference.com/world-view/thinking
Dualistic Thinking is an Excuse
Dualistic thinking arbitrarily imposes limits on
what we will consider doing, or not doing. We
rule out options based on this kind of stark,
exclusionary, yes-no thinking.
“Oh, I can’t do that, it’s too ——!”
“Oh, I don’t work like that, it’s too ——–!”
http://reptitude.com/creativity/dualistic-
and-holistic-thinking/

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Systems thinking Relativistic Thinking
Systemic Thinking (known, in non-
academic circles, as Pattern Thinking) is
a simple technique for making sense of
challenging situations and developing
simple interventions for transforming
them.
Systems thinking is the cognitive ability
to study and understand systems of
many kinds, integrating information
from different sources and different
types.
Systemic Thinking enables people to
deliberately and systematically gain
significantly deeper insights into
challenging situations
Systems thinking has been defined as an ap
proach to problem solving.
http://systemicthinking.com/
No absolute truth or validity
All points of view are equally valid, and
that all truth is relative to the individual.
Relativism is the belief that there's no
absolute truth, only the truths that a
particular individual or culture happen to
believe. If you believe in relativism, then
you think different people can have
different views about what's moral and
immoral.
Example:-"That is your truth, not mine;"
"It is true for you, but not for me;" and
"There are no absolute truths.“
https://carm.org/what-relativism
https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/relativism

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Dialectical thinking
The art or practice of arriving at the truth by the exchange of
logical arguments.
(Philosophy) disputation or debate, esp intended to resolve
differences between two views rather than to establish
one of them as true.
Thinking of passivity and aggression, considering
impulsivity and withdrawal, looking at love and hate as well
as reviewing different answers to morality
questions. Dialectical thinking is when a person examines or
holds two polar opposite thoughts.
https://www.reference.com/
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Dialectical+reasoning

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Innovative thinking Intuitive thinking
Innovative thinking involves
generating new ideas or new ways
of approaching things to create
possibilities and opportunities.
"Innovation starts with a question,"
Gregersen says. "Are you asking
enough questions of the right
kind?“
Intuition is the ability to acquire
knowledge without proof, evidence,
or conscious reasoning, or without
understanding how the knowledge
was acquired. Intuitive Thinking
learner values:
Experiencing competence (in self
and others).
Inventing tools.
Finding patterns.
Being able to know, control, predict,
and explain.
http://bb.plsweb.com/Christy_test/Accessibility
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intuition

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Logical thinking Parallel thinking
Thinking that is coherent and logical
Logical thinking – the process of
progressing a thought process in a
linear way. It is probably the dominant
thinking process in western society –
and many others too.
Logical thinkers observe and analyze
phenomenon, reactions and feedback,
and draw conclusions based on that
input.
They can justify their strategies, actions
and decisions based on the facts they
gather.
e.g. A sales representative modifies a
presentation of a product to emphasize
its user-friendly qualities
https://www.thebalance.com/logical-thinking-definition-with-examples-2059690
Parallel thinking – this is the process of
avoiding group conflict by all adopting
the samThe best known example of
parallel thinking is
De Bono’s Six Thinking Hats.e m
Parallel thinking is defined as
a thinking process where focus is split
in specific directions. When done in a
group it effectively avoids the
consequences of the adversarial
approach (as used in courts). In
adversarial debate, the objective is to
prove or disprove statements put
forward by the parties (normally
two).ode of thinking at the same time.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_thinking

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Structured thinking Strategic thinking
Structured thinking – another way of
describing critical thinking; using
templates and models to think
exhaustively about something.
Structured thinking is a process of
putting a framework to an unstructured
problem. Having a structure not only
helps an analyst understand the
problem at a macro level, it also helps
by identifying areas which require
deeper understanding.
https://www.analyticsvidhya.com › Business Analytics
Strategic thinking is defined as a mental
or thinking process applied by an
individual in the context of achieving
success in a game or other endeavor. As
a cognitive activity, it produces thought.
Strategic thinking is a process that
defines the manner in which people
think about, assess, view, and create the
future for themselves and
others. Strategic thinking is an
extremely effective and valuable tool.
One can apply strategic thinking to
arrive at decisions that can be related to
your work or personal life.
www.cssp.com/CD0808b/CriticalStrategicThinkingSkills/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_thinking

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Positive thinking Associative thinking
Positive thinking – although often
referred to as an attitude rather than a
distinct thinking process,
Positive thinking is a mental and
emotional attitude that focuses on the
bright side of life and expects
positive results. A positive person
anticipates happiness, health and success,
and believes he or she can overcome any
obstacle and difficulty.
a. “See the positive side, the potential,
and make an effort.” ~Dalai Lama
b. If the winter comes
Can spring be far behind! (PBS)
www.successconsciousness.com
Associative thinking – the process of
linking one thought or idea to another.
The essence of creativity lies in
associative thinking. Edward Burnett Tylor
coined the term "associative thinking",
characterizing it as pre-logical in which the
"magician's folly" is in mistaking an
imagined connection with a real one.
Associational thinking — drawing
connections among questions, problems or
ideas from unrelated fields — is triggered
by questioning, observing, networking and
experimenting and is the catalyst for
creative ideas. (Erica Swallow)
courses.educ.ubc.ca/etec540/May08/KilistoffA/associative%20thinking.html

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Radiant thinking Magical thinking
Radiant Thinking is the underlying theory
and philosophy behind Mind Mapping.
Buzan (2003). This is a specific form of
associative thinking where the thinking
radiates out from a central idea. Radiant
thinking usually begins with the central
concept or problem at the center, and
various ideas and solutions radiating out
from that point. Each new point becomes
the center of its own radiant thoughts,
eventually generating branch after branch
of diverse thought. One advantage to
radiant thinking is that it can incorporate
all thoughts--even those that do not directly
relate to the central problem.(Sahar Samy)
Magical thinking (fundamentally
irrational) is a term used in anthropology
and psychology, denoting the
fallacious attribution of causal relationships
between actions and events, with subtle
differences in meaning between the For
example: "I got up on the left side of the bed
today; therefore it will rain." two fields. (
www.psychologytoday.com)

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Cognition means the process by which knowledge and
understanding is developed in the mind. Oxford Dictionary
defines ‘Cognitive’ that is connected with mental process of
understanding. Humans generate knowledge and meaning
through sequential development of an individual’s thinking
abilities i.e. mental processes of recognition, recollection,
analysis, application, creation, understanding, and evaluation.
It focuses on internal states of human mind like motivation,
problem solving, decision -making and attention.
The learner requires assistance to develop prior
knowledge and integrate new knowledge.

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Asks Questions
Learning is a complex phenomena. Questioning helps to simplify this complex
phenomena. Smart teacher always keeps himself ready with smart questions. He
brings out the best from students mind. Question felicitates learners to speak out
the right things. It’s a path showing, a spark , a current…..
http://www.slideshare.net/rajeevelt/questioning-technique-70
Effective Questioning Help Individual to Think Concretely
This link can be helpful.

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Asks Questions
What is this ----
Why is it important—
How does it help -------
Why does it happen –
Is it relevant -----
What are the difficulties ------
What are the ways to overcome difficulties—
Can we modify -----
What are the points which we can add or delete or modify -----

52
Give him Time
We should respect the dignity and integrity of individual. We
should nurture his nature to come out from within. If we ask
something, we should give him time to come out with several
relevant points.

53
Listen to him

Human beings are habituated to talk much and listen less. We
should listen individual’s ideas, view points, suggestions with
patience. Give the space to think and share

54
Trust him
Better result comes when we trust individual’s ability.
Better result comes when we allow him to lead the
show.
Each and every individual sees the world in his/her unique
way. Parent, siblings, society, teachers, principal, boss, head
of institution should trust the ability of an individual to see
the things in a unique way. We should at least listen
sometimes or other.

55
Trust him
Elders/Seniors’ faiths make individual’s self esteem strong. I
hope, we will not loss anything if we listen someone’s idea. It
is in our hand to accept those points, use some of good points,
modify them, and indeed, reject those points in a mild way.
A number of world’s great achievers achieved high however,
at earlier phase of his life or career his views/ ideas were
rejected or ignored by colleagues and seniors

56
Facilitate him

We grow in every moment of life. We are learners. Proper
guidance, proper training and proper facilitation lead an
individual to walk on right path.
Share existing knowledge
Give respect to individual’s opinion
Widen individual’s horizon to make out the things
Help individual to identify most relevant pros and cons
Help individual to find out/explores various alternates

57
Facilitate him
We grow in every moment of life. We are learners. Proper
guidance, proper training and proper facilitation lead an
individual to walk on right path.
Appreciation and award for better imagination and
outcomes
a.Help individual to come up with brilliant ideas
b.Help individual to take initiation to solve
problems
c.Help individual in showing his vision

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Could we consider these points once again?
Build Self Efficiency & Self Esteem
Formation of habit to define and redefine a situation,
outcomes
Give time to build or generate new ideas
Nurturing the ability to take risk
Creating Free Error Threaten environment

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Welcome Error at any level {“To Err is human”}
Develop ability to initiate and become self responsible
Develop ability to visualize prospective opportunity
Develop ability to visualize prospective obstacles/difficulties

60
Followings can be helpful in developing concrete thinking….
Brain Game helps individual to take challenge
Logic Puzzles:- Crossword puzzles, Logical problems, Riddles,
Sudoku, Word problems
Board Game:- Chess

61
 Key Points for Acquisition of Life Skills :-
“Give Opportunity , Trust Him, Try More S/He Will Certainly
Initiate To Learn”
 Encourage your learner to participate actively
 Encourage your learner to think and give adequate time to
answer
 Please do not stamp with negative adjective if your
learners speak less and do not participate as per as your
expectation

66" Teaching is an art". Rajeev Ranjan

Rajeev Ranjan
Principal
B.Ed(English), PGDTE & Psy. Counselor
English and Foreign Languages University, Hyderabad
Email .Id : rajeevbhuvns@gmail.com
Website: www.rajeevranjan.net

 World Health Organization, Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion,
<www.who.int/hpr/NPH/docs/ottawa_charter_hp.pdf>, WHO, 1986.
 14 World Health Organization, Life Skills Education in Schools, WHO Programme on Mental Health, WHO, 1997.
 National Curriculum Framework( NCF,2005)
 Bond ( Tim ) , 1986 , Games for Social and Life Skills , Hutchinson Co Ltd,
 http://www.interventioncentral.com/academic-interventions/reading-comprehension/keywords-memorization-strat
 Teach 21 http://wvde.state.wv.us/teach21/
 http://www.livestrong.com/article/191710-importance-of-teaching-life-skills-to-children/
 http://www.preservearticles.com/2011111517239/essay-on-the-concept-and-importance-of-life-skill-education.html
 https://www.britishcouncil.gr/en/life-skills/about/what-are-life-skills
 http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20131124/education/Teaching-life-skills-in-schools.496090
 https://www.theguardian.com/teacher-network/teacher-blog/2014/mar/09/teaching-learning-curriculum-life-
skills-teacher-career
 http://www.unicef.org/lifeskills/index_resources.html
 Heckman J and T Kautz. 2012. “Hard Evidence on Soft Skills.” NBER Working Paper 18121.
 www.rajeevranjan.net
 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/prince-charles/9836204/Schools-are-failing-to-teach-life-skills-and-
leaving-youth-unemployable-Prince-Charles-warns.html
 http://www2.ed.gov/offices/OVAE/AdultEd/OCE/LifeSkills/intro.html


 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thought
 http://www.asa3.org/ASA/education/think/critical.htm
 http://www.asa3.org/ASA/education/think/methods.htm#i
 http://www.ed.ac.uk/institute-academic-development/postgraduate/taught/learning-resources/presentations
 http://www.usnews.com/education/blogs/college-admissions-playbook/2014/06/23/5-tools-to-develop-
critical-thinking-skills-before-college
 http://www.forbes.com/sites/work-in-progress/2012/03/27/how-to-develop-5-critical-thinking-
types/#5ab0740b7838
 http://www.thinkingschoolsinternational.com/the-tsi-approach-and-training/thinking-skills/
 http://www.christianschoolproducts.com/articles/2012-January/Featured-Articles/Teaching-Students-to-Think-
Critically.htm
 https://www.britishcouncil.gr/en/life-skills/about/what-are-life-skills
 De Bono, E. (1991). The Direct Teaching of Thinking in Education and the CoRT Method, dalam Maclure, S.
(1991). Learning to Think Thinking to Learn (pp. 3-14). Oxford: Pergamom Press.
 Beyer, B.K. (1991). Teaching thinking skills: A hand book for secondary school teachers. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
 Campbell, L., Campbell, B. & Dickinson, D. (1996). Teaching and learning through multiple intelligence. London:
Allyn and Bacon.
 http://www.unicef.org/lifeskills/index_resources.html
 Heckman J and T Kautz. 2012. “Hard Evidence on Soft Skills.” NBER Working Paper 18121.
 www.rajeevranjan.net

 69" Teaching is an art". Rajeev Ranjan

How to Develop Thinking skills

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