Aksharica (अक्षरिका) is a Nepali Language Newsletter. Aksharica is made with a combination of two words “Akshar” and “America”. Akshar means “letter” in Nepali, thus goal of the Aksharica is to educate, inform, inspire, and empower the Nepali speaking community (Bhutanese and Nepalese) residing in America. Rajesh Koirala is working as an editor since it started on August 2010. This is 80th issue, published on February, 2016.

1. @)!^ km]a|'c/L
jif{ ^ c+s *)
cd]l/sfsf] gful/stf kfPsf]
JolQmsf lhDd]jf/Lx¿df Pp6f
dxÎjk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L xf], cfd
-/fli6«o÷;+3Lo ;/sf/sf]_
r'gfjdf dtbfg ug{' . sfg'gn]
dtbfg ug{ clgjfo{ ub}{g,
t/ k|To]s k|hftGqsf nflu
dtbfg lgs} dxÎjk"0f{ x'G5 .
o; c+sdf s] s] <
(What is inside ?)
à dtbfg jif{ @)!^ ====================!
(Companies with most employees)
à gful/s k/LIffsf] c+u|]hL ^=======#
(English section of Civic Test 6)
à u|lGy k|0ffnL===============================$
(Gland system)
à rNtLsf c+u|]hL zAb $*==========$
(Most common Eng. words 48)
gful/stf, !* jif]{sf]
lhDd]jf/L / dtbfg
WhiteHousePhotobyPeteSouza
s] tkfO{+n] dtbftfsf ¿kdf gfd btf{ ug{'eof] <
dtbfg u/]/ gful/sn] cfkm"nfO{
k|hftflGqs k|lqmofdf ;dfj]z
u/fpF5g . gful/sn] dtbfg
u/]/ cfˆgf k|ltlglw rog
u5{g / k|ltlglwn] cfˆgf
dtbftfsf] rf;f]÷cfjZostf
a'‰5g .
cd]l/sfsf] gful/stf–k|fKt
JolQmdf lglxt Pp6f
clwsf/ klg ;+3Lo lgjf{rgdf
dtbfg ug{ kfpg] xf] .
gful/sn] ;+3Lo kbsf nflu
pDd]bjf/L lbg kfpF5g .
cd]l/sL gful/sn] ;+3Lo
lgjf{rgdf dt xfNg ;S5g
eg] j}wflgs afl;Gbf, lu|gsf8{,
/fi6«klt af/fs cf]afdf ;g @)!@ cS6f]a/ @% sf lbg Olngf]o /fHosf] l;sfuf]l:yt dfl6{g n'y/ lsªu h'lgo/
;]G6/df dtbfg ub}{ . tl:a/M lk6 ;'hf ÷ ⋲jfO6 xfp; kmf]6f]

2. @
@)!^km]a|'c/L,jif{^c+s*)
ePsf] JolQmn] :yfgLo /
/fHo:t/sf] lgjf{rgdf dtbfg
ug{ kfpg ;S5g . /fHolkR5]
o;sf km/s sfg'g x'g
;S5g . o;af/] a'‰g
;lsG5 . cd]l/sL gful/sn]
;+3Lo kbdf pDd]bjf/L lbg
kfpF5 . t/ pDd]bjf/ x'g s]xL
of]Uotf k"/f ePsf] x'g'k5{ .
gful/stf kfpg] cfwf/
oxLF hGd]sf] JolStn] :jtM
oxfFsf] gful/stf kfpF5 . oxfF
ghGd]sf], t/ cfk|jf;L xf] eg]
sfg'gL ¿kdf oxfF cfPsf] kfFr
jif{df gful/stfsf nflu
cfj]bg lbg kfOG5, / JolQmsf
af/]df hfFrLa'emL k/LIff lbP/
pQL0f{ eP, gful/stf kfOG5 .
afa'–cfdfn] gful/stf kfPkl5
!* jif{d'lgsf gfgLn]
gful/stf :jtM kfpF5g .
!* jif]{ k'?ifsf] lhDd]jf/L
c7f/ jif{sf] ePkl5
5f]/fdfG5] -k'?if_ n] cfkm"nfO{
;]n]lS6e ;le{;df btf{
u/fpg'k5{ . of] btf{ u/fpg]
pd]/ vf;u/L c7f/ / 5AaL;
jif{sf] aLr eg]/ tf]lsPsf]
5 . o;df cfkm"nfO{ btf{
u/fpFbfsf w]/} kmfObf 5g .
!* jif{sf ;a}sf] clwsf/
c7f/ jif{sf] gful/ssf]
csf]{ lhDd]jf/L /fi6«kltsf]
lgjf{rgdf ug{' xf] . dtbfg
ug]{ pd]/ vf;u/L c7f/ -!*_
jif{ / Tof]eGbf a9L pd]/ xf] .
Oltxf; x]bf{ w]/} jif{;Dd
/fi6«kltsf] lgjf{rgdf dtbfg
ug]{sf] pd]/ @! jif{ /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . ;g !(^)–&) df
leotgfd o'4sf bf}/fg Pp6f
hfoh ljifo s] p7of] eg]
o'4df hfg ;Sg]n] lsg
dtbfgdf efu lng ;Sb}g <
clg ;g !(&! df ;+ljwfgsf]
@^ cf}+ ;+zf]wg eof] /
;+zf]wgn] dtbfg ug]{ pd]/ @!
af6 36fP/ !* agfof] . pQm
;+zf]wgn] /fli6«o -;+3Lo_,
/fHo:t/, / :yfgLo lgjf{rgdf
dtbfg ug]{ gful/ssf] pd]/
!* eP k'Ug] sfod u‍¥of] .
/fli6«o dtbftf btf{
P]g -g];gn ef]6/ /lhi6«];g
ofS6_ !((#, n] dtbfgsf
nflu gfd btf{ ;lhnf]
agfof] .
dlxnfsf] dtflwsf/
cd]l/sL ;+ljwfgsf] !%
cf}+ ;+zf]wgn] ;a} hfltsf
k'?ifnfO{ dtbfg ug]{ clwsf/
k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] . of] ;+zf]wg
u[xo'4 / bf;k|yfsf] cGTo
ePkl5 ul/Psf] xf] . !(
cf}+ ;+zf]wgn] ;a} dlxnfnfO{
dtbfg ug]{ clwsf/ lbof] .
of] dlxnf cfGbf]ngsf] pknAwL
lyof] . !% cf}+ ;+zf]wgdf
ljjfb eof] . dtbfg ug{ z'Ns
nufpg] s'/f p7]kl5 @$ cf}+
;+zf]wgn] dtbfgdf z'Ns
gnfUg] u‍¥of] .
cd]l/sfsf] ;+ljwfg ;g
!&*& df aGof] . clxn];Dd
@& k6s ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg
ePsf] 5 . tL ;+zf]wgdWo]
rf/ ;+zf]wgdf dtbfg
ug]{ clwsf/;DaGwL 5g .
dtbftfdf gfd btf{
dtbftfdf gfd btf{
ug]{ ;do /fHolkR5] km/s
5 . dtbftfdf gfd btf{ ug]{
;do;Ldfsf] hfgsf/L
/fHo:t/sf] r'gfj sfof{nosf]
j]a;fO6df kfpg ;lsG5 .
pd]/ k'u]sf] gful/sn] x'nfs,
;fj{hlgs ;xfotf sfof{nox?
-klAns cl;:6]G; clkm;];_ jf
nfO;]G; hf/L jf gjLs/0f ug]{
sfof{no, l;6L÷6fpg clkm;df
uP/ cfˆgf] gfd dtbftf
;"rLdf btf{ ug{ ;S5 .
tkfO{+n] dtbftf btf{sf
nflu ;jf/Lrfns cg'dlt–kq
-nfO;]G;_, cd]l/sL /fxbfgL
-kf;kf]6{_, jf tl:a/;lxtsf]
cGo kl/ro–kq nfg'k5{ . olb
tkfO{+ o; b]zdf a;fOF ;/]kl5
gful/s aGg'ePsf] xf] eg]
gful/s ag]sf a]nf kfPsf
k|df0fkqx¿ nfg'k5{ . tkfO{+
sxfF a:g'x'G5 eg]/ v'nfpg]
To:tf] s]xL, h:tf] tkfO{+sf]
7]ufgf ePsf] 3/fo;L
k|of]hgsf nflu lt/]sf] lan
klg nfg'k5{ .
olb tkfO{+;Fu To:tf s]xL
sfuhft 5}gg eg] tkfO{+nfO{
tkfO{+sf] kl/ro, pd]/, gful/–
stf, / tkfO{+ sxfF a:g'x'G5
eg]/ 6'Ëf] ug]{ s'g} lnvtdf
x:tfIf/ ug{ cg'dlt kfpg'
x'g]5 .
btf{ kmf/d ebf{ tkfO{+nfO{
tkfO{+sf] gfd, pd]/, hGd:yfg,
/ clxn] sxfF a:g'x'G5
eg]/ ;f]lwG5 . olb tkfO{+
cGo s'g} 7fpFdf klxn] btf{
eO;Sg'ePsf] 5 eg] tkfO{+n]
klxn]sf] dtbftf btf{sf]
7]ufgf lbg'k5{ . pQm
kmf/dn] tkfO{+nfO{ ;jf/Lrfns
cg'dlt–kqsf] kl/ro–;+Vof jf
;f];n ;]So'l/6L gDa/sf
clGtd rf/ c+s klg dfUg
;lsG5 . tkfO{+n] Pp6f
/fhgLlts bn 5fGg ;Sg'x'G5,
t/ Tof] 5fGg' tkfO{+nfO{
clgjfo{ x'Fb}g .
tkfO{+nfO{ dtbfgdf 5nsk6
ug{' ck/fw xf] eGg] s'/f
tkfO{+n] a'em]sf] hgfpg]
ljj/0fsf] sfuhft k9g /
x:tfIf/ ug{'xf]; eGg ;lsG5 .
tkfO{+ a:b} u/]sf] gu/ /
ufpFdf Psk6s btf{ ePkl5
tkfO{+n] cfkm"nfO{ km]l/ btf{
u/fpg' kb}{g .
;|f]tM www.whitehouse.gov, www.
usa.gov, Learn about the United
States: Quick Civics Lessons for
the New Naturalization Test, and
www.lwvnh.org

3. #@)!^km]a|'c/L,jif{^c+s*)
c+u|]hL–efêfsf] k/LIff, efu ^ -clGtd_
gful/stf k/LIff (Civic
Test) df ;xefuL x'Fbf
tkfO{+;Fu c+u|]hL–efiffsf]
1fg s] slt 5 eg]/
hfFlrG5 . c+u|]hL–
efiff1fgsf nflu
cIfl/sfn] gful/stf
lng]] k/LIffsf] k':tsaf6
c+u|]hL hfFr (English Test) sf]
c+z cg'jfb ub}{ cfPsf]
5 . o; c+sdf xfd|f] 5}6f}+
tyf clGtd c+z M
• •
c+u|]hL–efiff k/LIffdf tLg
c+zdWo] n]vgsf] efu (writing
portion) sf] afFsL -clGtd_
c+zM
cGo -ljj/0f_
[Other (content)]
▪ gLnf]
(blue)
▪ 8n/ lan, 8n/sf] gf]6
(dollar bill)
▪ klxnf]
(first)
▪ ;a}eGbf 7"nf]
(largest)
▪ w]/}h;f]
(most)
▪ pQ/
(north)
;dfKt
8n/sf] gf]6nfO{ 8n/ lan elgG5, h:tf]M Ps 8n/ lan, ;o 8n/ lan===
▪ krf;÷%)
(fifty/50)
▪ Ps
(one)
▪ Ps ;o÷!))
(one hundred/100)
▪ hgtf, dflg;
(People)
▪ /ftf]
(Red)
▪ bf];|f]
(Second)
▪ blIf0f
(south)
▪ s/x¿
(taxes)
▪ ;]tf]
(white)
• •
:yfoL afl;Gbf (permanent
resident) sf nflu yk z}lIfs
;fdu|Lsf nflu s[kof lgDg
j]a;fO6df hfg'xf];M
www.uscis.gov/citizenship
cd]l/sfsf] gful/stf kfpg]
k/LIff (U.S. naturalization
test) af/] yk hfgsf/Lsf
nflu s[kof lgDg j]a;fO6df
hfg'xf];M
www.uscis.gov/citizenshiptest.
• •
l6Kk0fLM o; lstfadf ePsf
hfgsf/Lx¿ r'gfj tyf kb
axfnLx?sf sf/0f km]l/g
;S5g . ;+o'Qm /fHo gful/–
stf tyf cWofudg ljefu
(U.S. Citizenship and Im-
migration Services; USCIS)
n] ;do–;dodf o; 5fkfnfO{
cBfjlws ug{ x/k|of;
ul//xg]5 .
• •
cIfl/sfn] klg pSt ljefu
(USCIS) n] ub}{ hfg]
hfgsf/LnfO{ cBfjlws ug]{5 .

4. $
@)!^km]a|'c/L,jif{^c+s*)
la6 dfbf{dfb}{
dtflwsf/ k|of]u ug{] jif{
;g @)!^ r'gfjL jif{ k/]sf]
5 . o; jif{ /fi6«klt tyf
pk/fi6«klt, #$ hgf÷Ps
ltxfO{ l;g]6 ;b:o -l;g]6/_
/ k"/} k|ltlglw–;ef ;b:o
5fGgsf nflu gf]e]Da/ * df
lgjf{rg x'Fb}5 .
cd]l/sf b'O{ ;bg x'g]
k|hftflGqs d'n's xf] . oxfFsf
;bgM dflyNnf] ;bg …l;g]6Ú
/ tNnf] ;bg …k|ltlglw–;efÚ
-xfp; ckm l/k|h]G6]l6e_ x'g .
l;g]6df !)) ;b:o / xfp;
ckm l/k|h]G6]l6edf $#% ;b:o
/xG5g . l;g]6sf Ps ;o
;b:o Ps /fHoaf6 b'O{ hgfsf
b/n] / k|ltlglw–;efsf $#%
rflxF hg;+Vofsf cfwf/df
5flgg] xf] . l;g]6/ ^ jif{sf
nflu / xfp; ckm l/k|h]G6]–
l6esf ;b:o k|To]s b'O{ jif{df
5flgG5g .
/fi6«klt rf/ jif{sf nflu
5flgG5g . Ps JolSt nuftf/
b'O{ sfo{sfn -* jif{_ eGbf a9L
/fi6«klt x'g kfpFb}gg .
;+3Lo lgjf{rg @–@ jif{df
x'G5 . k|To]s b'O{ jif{sf] gf]e]Da/
dlxgfsf] klxnf] ;f]daf/sf]
ef]lnkN6 d+unaf/ r'gfj
k5{ . @ jif{df l;g]6sf Ps
ltxfO{ / k"/} k|ltlglw–;ef
;b:o tyf $ jif{ k'Ubf
/fi6«klt 5fGg] sfd x'G5 .
;g @)!# b]lv gful/s aGg
yfn]sf] g]kfnL–efifL e"6fgL
;d'bfo klxnf]k6s oxfFsf]
lgjf{rgdf ;xefuL x'Fb}5 .
k|hftflGqs k|lqmofdf efu
lnFb}5 . dtflwsf/ k|of]u
ug]{sf nflu of] gofF cg'e"lt
xf] . of] cg'ej ug]{ cj;/
r'sfpg' e"n kf] x'g] xf] ls Û<
wGojfb
c+u|]hL zAb ;"rL 48
c+u|]hLdf ;fwf/0f af]nrfn ug{ rflxg] sl/a # xhf/ zAbdWo]af6 c7rfnL;f}+ ;"rL -efu $*_
• confine :
gfd– ;Ldf, ;LdfGt, ;Ldf If]q,
xb, bfo/f, 3]/f, kl/lw .
lqmof– ;Ldfleq /fVg' jf /xg',
y'Gg', hfSg', ;d]6g', sf]Rg',
yR5fpg', vfldg', ;Lldt ug'{,
aGb u/]/ /fVg' .
• confined :
ljz]if0f– ;Lldt, kl/lwleq
/fv]sf], aGb u/]/ /fv]sf], a4 .
• confirm :
lqmof– clwsf/ :yfoL agfpg',
zlQm :yfoL agfpg', b[9 kfg'{,
l:y/ kfg'{, kSsf ug'{, k'li6
ug'{, k|dfl0ft ug'{, :yfoL ug'{ .
• conflict :
gfd– emu8f, lj/f]w, åGå,
le8Gt, cGtå{Gå, dtleGgtf,
6Ss/ .
lqmof– aflemg', a]d]n x'g',
;ª3if{ x'g', lj/f]w x'g', k|lts"n
x'g', c;ªut x'g' .
lrlsT;sLo zAbx¿
u|lGy k|0ffnL
dfgj z/L/df kfOg] u|lGyx¿
d'VotM b'O{ lsl;dsf x'G5g M
à gnLo'St u|lGy
(Exocrine Gland)
à gnLljxLg u|lGy
(Endocrine Gland)
s]xL u|lGydf gnL
x'G5g . u|lGyn] pTkfbg
u/]sf /; oxL gnLaf6
cfjZos 7fp“df hfg]
u5{g . oL gnL ePsf
u|lGynfO{ gnLo'St u|lGy
elgG5 . h:tf]M ¥ofn u|lGyaf6
lg:s]sf] ¥ofn gnLsf
dfWodaf6 d'vdf lg:sG5 .
o;} lsl;dn] c>' u|lGyaf6
lg:s]sf] cf“;' gnLsf
dfWodaf6 cf“vfdf cfp“5 .
Editor : Rajesh Koirala, Advisors : Doug Hall, Sattan Acharya, Tara Acharya, Tika Acharya, and Bhagirath Khatiwada
Bhutanese Community of New Hampshire, 510 Chestnut Street, Manchester, NH 03101, Email: aksharica.communication@gmail.com
kl;gf u|lGyaf6 lg:s]sf]
kl;gf gnLsf dfWodåf/f
aflx/ lg:sG5 . o;} lsl;dn]
cfdfzodf lg:sg] /; gnLsf
dfWodaf6 cfdfzodf cfp“5 .
gnL gePsf u|lGynfO{
gnLljxLg u|lGy elgG5 .
gnLljxLg u|lGyn] d'VotM
z/L/nfO{ rflxg] xfdf]{g
pTkfbg u5{g . gnLljxLg
u|lGyaf6 lg:sg] xfdf]{gx¿
;Lw} /utdf ldl;P/ ljleGg
cªudf k'U5g .
s]xL u|lGy o; k|sf/ 5g M
à lk6o'6/L u|lGy
(Pituitary Gland)
à yfO/fO8 u|lGy
(Thyroid Gland)
à kf/fyfO/fO8 u|lGy
(Parathyroid Gland)
à Pl8«gn u|lGy
(Adrenal Gland)
à of}g u|lGy (Gonads)
à Snf]d (Pancreas)
• confront :
lqmof– d'v kg{', ;Dd'v kg{',
cled'v x'g', ;fdgf ug'{,
d'sfanf ug'{, cfdg] ;fdg] x'g',
6Ss/ lng', ;fd'Gg] x'g', cl3
pleg', v8f x'g' .
• confuse :
lqmof– cndn kfg{', cndlng',
cndNofpg', /NNofpg', uf]
ndfn kfg{', c:tJo:t kfg{',
cJojl:yt kfg'{, ;De|ldt kfg'{,
ljXjn kfg'{, Jofs'n kfg'{,
qmdeªu kfg'{, Pp6f rLhnfO{
csf]{ 7fGg' .
• congratulate :
lqmof– awfO lbg', clegGbg
ug{', sNof0f xf]; eGg',
dªun;"rs zAb eGg' .
• Congress :
gfd– s+u|];, cd]l/sfsf b'O{
;bgM k|ltlglw–;ef / l;g]6sf]
;+o'St gfd, ;Dd]ng, ;ef .
• connect :
lqmof– hf]g{', ldnfpg', hf]l/g',
hf]l8g', ufF:g', ;+of]hg ug{',
;+a4 ug{', ;DaGw /fVg' .
• connection / connexion :
gfd– ;/f]sf/, l;nl;nf, ;Gbe{,
tf/Do, l6kg6fkg, ;DaGw,
nufp, dtna, hf]8, hf]gL{,
hf]8fO, s'n3/fg, k|;ªu .
• conscious :
ljz]if0f– ;r]t, yfxf kfpg],
hfgsf/, k|a'4, hfu|t,
r]tgfo'St, cle1, xf]z .
• consequence :
gfd– kl/df0f, xsLst, dxÎj,
kmn:j?k, glthf, k|lti7f .
• conservative :
gfd– k'/ftgjfbL bnsf] ;b:o.
ljz]if0f– ?9LjfbL, k/Dk/f–
g'ofoL, l:yltkfns, ;gftgL,
gjljå]ifL, ;fwf/0f, kl/ldt .
qmdzM
xfd|f]z/L/