Atmospheric aerosols and air pollution, ozone by R Ramakrishna Reddy

1. Prof. R. Ramakrishna Reddy

2. WEATHER
The term Weather relates to daily changes in atmospheric conditions.
It occurs in the TROPOSPHERE.
temperature precipitation
wind speed
wind direction cloud cover
humidity
air pressure sunshine

3. Climate is the overall pattern of weather, usually based on an average over
30 years.
CLIMATE
Climate is the collective state of the atmosphere for a given place
over a specified interval of time.
Climate is a narrow sense is usually defined as the “Average Weather”

4. CLIMATE VS. WEATHER
Climate
 Long-term weather
patterns of an area
Weather
 Current state of the
troposphere
 Short term variations
“Climate is what you expect, weather is what you get”

5. The
longest
traffic jam
in the
world
recorded
in China .
Its length
is 260
kilometers

6. The population in India increased 185% during the last 50 years
434.9 million 1961 1241.4 million 2011
The gross domestic product growth jumping from 4% in 1960s to 8.4% in 2006–
2011
The total number of vehicles in India (automobiles)
0.4 million in 1960 142 million in 2011
There are several possible reasons for the observed increase in anthropogenic
impact in India .
The large increase in population sets a proportionate increase in the demand on
energy for domicile needs, fertilizer use to improve crop production, and change in
land use pattern. All these should invariably lead to increased emissions, including
particulate, which would reflect in the AOD trends.
S. Suresh Babu etal , JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH:
ATMOSPHERES, VOL. 118, 11,794–11,806,2013

7. Pollution, Pollution ……..every where
Man is safe no where
We must find a solution some where !!!!
Odor Pollution
Thermal Pollution
E-waste
Solid Waste
Radioactive
Pollution
Soil Pollution
Indoor Air Pollution
Marine Pollution
ThoriumMining
Air Pollution
Agri. Pollution
Water Pollution

9. U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon is
flanked by students of the New
Explorations into Science, Mathematics
and Technology School in New York as
they hold signs, signaling that the world’s
population has reached 7 billion.
Cheers, Fears Across World
(on Oct. 24, 2011)

10. GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
 Causes of Long-Term
Climate Change
 Atmospheric aerosols
 Large quantities of aerosols can
block insulation and lower
temperature
 Result from volcanic eruptions or
asteroid impacts
 Anthropogenic impacts
10

11. What are Aerosols? Simply it is one of the
pollutant.
Aerosols are “solid or liquid particles dispersed (suspended )
in a gaseous medium.” In the case of atmospheric aerosols,
the dispersion medium is the atmosphere.
Atmospheric particulate matter – also known as particulate
matter (PM) or particulates – are microscopic solid or liquid matter
suspended in the Earth's atmosphere. The term aerosol commonly
refers to the particulate/air mixture, as opposed to the particulate
matter alone Types of Aerosols:
Natural;
Soil Dust, Sea Salt, volcanic
Dust, Organic particles,
Oceanic sulphates.
Man Made;
Industrial Sulphates, soot
(Black Carbon), Organic
Particles.

12. Natural sources of aerosols
Desert aerosols
Mineral dust
Volcanic aerosols Marine aerosols

13. Anthropogenic sources of aerosols

14. Aerosols
Radiative
Effects
Radiation
& Climate
Remote
Sensing
Agriculture Health

15. Why are they Important?
Aerosols affects the climate directly by scattering and
absorbing the incoming solar radiation and outgoing infrared
radiation in the atmosphere.
Aerosols alter the formation and precipitation efficiency
of liquid water, ice and clouds, thereby causing an indirect
radiative forcing associated with changes in cloud
properties.
Aerosols act as small atmospheric reactors for
heterogeneous chemistry. For example, the strong
ozone hole (depletion) observed over antarctica would
not take place without aerosols to provide surfaces for
heterogeneous reactions.
Aerosols are the primary cause of visibility
degradation in polluted areas, and sometimes even
leads to transportation accidents.

16. Sources of aerosols
Natural (70%)
• Wind blown dust
• Sea-spray
• Volcanic Effluvia
• Forest Fires
• Pollens and
vegetation
• Meteoric debris
• Reaction products
of gaseous
emissions from
forests/ oceans
Anthropogenic(30%)
• Industrial and
Mining
• Transport
• Biomass and Fossil
fuel burning; shifting
cultivation
• Urbanization
• Reaction products
from gaseous
effluvia of human
activities

18. Health Effects
Aerosols are a major component of urban smog and several
recent epidemiological studies have shown that aerosols in
urban areas have a significant negative impact on human
health.
Recent reports shows:
Mortality rate associated with elevated levels of
particulate air pollution.
Correlation between the number of particles in the
ambient air and the number of visits for respiratory
complains to Hospitals.
Excess infant mortality to be associated with the level
of fine particles in the days before death.

19. chematics of human body with pathways of exposure to nanoparticles, affected
rgans, and

20. Normal lung from a healthy
rural resident
Effect of air pollution on the
lung of a Sydney city resident
Effects of air pollutants on human
lungs

22. (Bulk-to-particle conversion)

23. Particles are classified
by their penetration

26. Sky Colour
• Historical Overview (cont.)
– If scattering is due to atmospheric particulate,
there would be more variation of sky colour with
humidity or haze conditions than is observed
– The molecules of oxygen and nitrogen in the air are
sufficient to account for the scattering
• Molecules are able to scatter light because the
electromagnetic field of the light waves induces
electric dipole moments in the molecules

29. Different sky conditions due to pollution
Clear Moderately
polluted
Highly
polluted
Beijing with gray
sky (polluted
atmosphere)
Beijing with
blue sky (clean
atmosphere)

30. Haze-Fog (smog) during winter (26-12-2015)-issued
YELLOW & ORANGE alerts

31. EXTINCTION COEFFICIENT AS A PM2.5 SURROGATE
PM2.5 = 7.6 g/m3
PM2.5 = 21.7 g/m3
PM2.5 = 65.3 g/m3
Glacier National Park images are adapted from Malm, An Introduction to
Visibility (1999) http://webcam.srs.fs.fed.us/intropdf.htm

32. MODIS satellite retrieved PM2.5 during 2005-2010
Aerosol ‘HOTSPOT’ regions
Source: NASA - MODIS

33. Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action.
It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-
related health effects. Theories include the following:
4. PM causes inflammation
of lung tissue, resulting in
the release of chemicals
that impact heart function;
5. PM causes changes in
blood chemistry that
results in clots that can
cause heart attacks.
1. PM leads to lung irritation
which leads to increase
permeability in lung tissue;
2. PM increases susceptibility to
viral and bacterial pathogens
leading to pneumonia in
vulnerable persons who are
unable to clear these infections;
3. PM aggravates the severity
of chronic lung diseases
causing rapid loss of airway
function;
HOW DOES PM CAUSE HEALTH EFFECTS?

34. Outdoor Restaurants and
Pubs with Smokers

35. A Cigar

36. Normal lung from a healthy rural
resident
Effect of air pollution on the
lung of a Sydney city resident

37. INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF A LEAF
 A leaf consists of following
layers.
 Cuticle
 Upper epidermis
 Palisade mesophyll
 Spongy mesophyll
 Lower epidermis
 Pores also known as
stoma /stomata

38. Stomata open and close at
different times of the day
When it is light the
plant needs CO2 for
photosynthesis so the
stoma open
At night
(darkness) they
close

39. WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF STOMA
/STOMATA ?
 Stomata allow carbon
dioxide and oxygen and
water vapor diffuse into
and out of the leaf by
opening and closing .

40. Simplified scheme of O3 transfer, plant uptake and cell response.

41. Chandigarh
(20-57)
Delhi
(13-42) Kanpur
(16-54)
Varanasi
(10-76)Mt.Abu
(24-52)
Ahmadabad
(10-50)
Bhubaneswar
(37-45)
Berhanpur
(26-36)
Pune
(8-30) Anantapur
(8-65)
Gadanki
(10-50)
Tranquebar
(10-32)
Cochin
(6-22)
Agra
(13-38)
Surface ozone concentrations
(ppb) in different cities of India
Bhatia et al ,J. of . Sci & Ind. Res
71 (2012) 97-112

42. Estimated Economic Loss (year 2005) due to ozone damage
Commodities
Production
(million tone)
Loss
(million tone)
Fraction loss
(%)
Economic
damage
(billion USD)
Soyabean 8.6 0.23 (±0.16) 2.7 (±1.9) 0.06 (±0.12)
Cotton 3.3 0.1 (±0.10) 5.3 (±3.1) 0.07 (±0.04)
Wheat 71 3.5 (±0.8) 5.0 (±1.2) 0.62 (±0.15)
Rice 95.1 2.1(±0.8) 2.1(±0.9) 0.54 (±23)
Total Economic Loss : 1.29 (± 0.47) billion USD2005
Sachin D. Ghude, V. Ramanathan and , G. Beig et al ,Volume 41, 16 August
2014,Pages 5685–5691 . Geophysical Research Letters

43. BLACK CARBON IN THE ATMOSPHERE
Impacts and Effects of Black Carbon: These little particles
have the ability to change climate and affect human and
environmental health.
-Albedo Effect
-Global Warming
-Melting Snow/Ice
-Pollution/Visibility
-Human Health
Black Carbon smoke billowing out of a factory in Hampshire, England

44. BLACK CARBON IN THE ATMOSPHERE
Impacts and Effects of Black Carbon:
-Albedo Effect
-Global Warming
-Melting Snow/Ice
-Pollution/Visibility
-Human Health

45. GLOBAL WARMING
Most Aerosols = High Albedo
-Shiny (like a mirror)
-Reflects and scatters sunlight
-Cooling effect
Black Carbon Aerosol = Low Albedo
-Dark and dull
-Absorbs sunlight
-Warming effect
Black Carbon in the Atmosphere: Absorbs sunlight and generates heat, warming
the air.

46. MELTING ICE AND SNOW
Black Soot deposited on Tibetan Glaciers
Black carbon contributes to ice and
glacier melting when it is deposited
from the atmosphere onto snow
and ice surfaces. Black carbon
deposited on snow/ice lowers the
albedo of the snow/ice and can
speed melting when deposited in
sufficient quantities. Here is an
image of black soot deposited on
glaciers in Tibet. It has been
estimated that black carbon is
responsible for up to 40% of glacier
melting.

47. MELTING ICE AND SNOW
The two most sensitive areas for black carbon:
Arctic
Melting ice sheets in the
Arctic.
Himalayas
Researchers trek high into
the Himalayas to collect ice
cores that contain soot
deposition.

48. Indoor pollution and health
effectsNanoparticles are generated through common indoor
activities, such as: cooking, smoking, cleaning, and
combustion (e.g. candles, fireplaces). Examples of indoor
nanoparticles are: textile fibers, skin particles, spores, dust
mites droppings, chemicals, smoke from candles, cooking,
and cigarettes.
Indoor air
pollution from
(a) heating, (b)
cooking , (c)
candle
smoke. (d) TEM
of soot particle
from indoors
pollution

49. Measured concentrations of nanoparticles resulting from
various common indoor household activities

51. (a) Measured environmental tobacco smoke particles concentration
versus nanoparticle diameter. Nanoparticles are generated upon smoking
one cigarette. (b) Pathology of lung showing centrilobular emphysema
characteristic of smoking. The cut surface shows multiple cavities heavily
lined by black carbon deposits.

52. Exposure through respiratory system
 Inhalation of nanoparticles leads to deposition of
nanoparticles in respiratory tract and lungs.
 Caused lung-related disease. E.g. asthma, bronchitis, lung
cancer, pneumonia etc.
 Translocation of nanomaterials therefore could lead to brain.

53. Exposure through Ingestion
 Exposure of nanomaterials into gastrointestinal tract can occur
after uptake of daily food, drinks and medicines.
 Nanoparticles absorbed by any means can cause cytotoxicity
effects.
 Cytotoxicity means that nanoparticles prevent cell division,
hinder cell proliferation, damage DNA and biological system
and lead to cell death by biological process called apoptosis.

54. As a combustion product, tobacco smoke is composed of nanoparticles with
size ranging from around 10 nm up to 700 nm, with a maximum located
around 150 nm. The environmental tobacco smoke has a very complex
composition, with more than 100,000 chemical components and
compounds .
Health effects
cigarette smoke is associated with an increased risk of chronic
respiratory illness, including lung cancer, nasal cancer, and
cardiovascular disease, as well as other malignant tumors,
such as pancreatic cancer and genetic alterations .
Children exposed to cigarette smoke show an increased risk of
sudden infant death syndrome, middle ear disease, lower
respiratory tract illnesses, and exacerbated asthma. Cigarette
smokers are more likely than nonsmokers to develop many
conditions including cancers and vascular diseases.

55. So, if you again, breathe in ... and out, how many particles
ended up in your lung? Well, on average you inhale some
100 billion particles every day! . We actually exhale many
of them again. But the smallest particles tend to follow the
air stream all the way down to the most vulnerable parts of
the lungs, and
stay there. We know, from epidemiology, that airborne
particles cause several diseases in the respiratory tract.
Toxicity: The degree to which a substance (a toxin or poison) can harm
humans or animals. Acute toxicity involves harmful effects in an organism
through a single or short-term exposure.

56. •Diesel is more polluting than Petrol.
•Diesel pollutes through hydrocarbons,, nitrogen oxides, and sulphur oxides
,SPM. 95-100% pollution comes from this.
•Particles of less than 1 micron in size emitted by diesel is coated with
highly Carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH.)
THE DANGERS OF DIESEL USAGE
JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING,VOLUME 2013, ARTICLE ID 589382, 9 PAGES
Diesel engines are blessed with high
thermal efficiency and hence
widely used in.
These emissions are very
harmful to human beings and
also responsible for acid rain
and photochemical
contamination and hence
subject to strict environmental
legislation.

57. 57
The nano-particles (UFP's) are dangerously "oxidative", that
the concentrations of the nano-particles seem to be lodging
in the cellular "mitochondria" (the mechanism of the cells
where energy formation happens), and inducing major
damage. The engine exhaust does indeed form nano-
particles. They know that there are engine exhausts emitting
particulates in the atmosphere; they know that there are
wood burning, coal burning, gas burning fires.
Engine
Exhaust

59. Figure shows the Raman spectrum of exhaust gas

61. 61

62. There is a
fundamental lack of
information on how
(all the methods that)
nanoparticles form
and grow to sizes that
can serve as cloud
condensation nuclei
(CCN) and affect the
earth’s climate.
Cloud Condensation
Nano-particles are
participating in cloud
formation.

63. Aerosols not only intercepted sunlight, but might also
affect climate by helping to create clouds.
Research early in the century had shown that clouds
can only form where there are enough "cloud
condensation nuclei" (CCNs), tiny particles that give a
surface for the water droplets to condense around.
THE SCIENCE OF CLOUD SEEDING

64. How is Artificial Rain Produced?
The process involves three stages:
• The first stage is agitation, i.e., using chemicals to stimulate the
air mass upwind of the target area to rise and form rain clouds.
The chemicals used during this stage are CaCl2, CaC2, CaO , a
compound of salt and urea, or a compound of urea and NH4NO3.
These compounds are capable of absorbing water vapour from
the air mass, thus stimulating the condensation process.
• The second stage is called building-up stage. Here the cloud
mass is built up using chemicals such as kitchen salt, the T.1
formula, urea, NH4NO3, dry ice, and occasionally also calcium
chloride to increase nuclei which also increase the density of the
clouds.
• In the third stage of bombardment chemicals such as super-
cool agents: Rain-making chemicals silver iodide and dry ice are
added to super-cooled clouds, i.e., those at altitudes above 18,000
metres, to stimulate the formation of ice crystals in the cloud or
cloud cluster which builds up large beads of water (Nuclei) and
makes them fall down as raindrops.
• Several other ideas are also involved in rain making.
Venkateswara Rao (2010)

67. BIOAEROSOLS (SWINE FLU)

68.  Bioaerosols are integral part of our ecological system and play an
important role in its balance
 Viruses, bacteria, fungi etc. are collectively called airborne biological
contaminants or Bioaerosols
 Outdoor control of Bioaerosols is usually not possible but indoors, it is
achievable
 Most of the Bioaerosols host on humans and moist places, which
provide habitable conditions.
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL HEALTH EFFECTS
 Bioaerosols induce into human body by inhalation or by deposition on wounds
 A possible reason of sick building syndrome (SBS) is the presence of Bioaerosols in the
building.
 Despite the defense mechanism of the body these Bioaerosols could cause damage to the
body
 The infections caused due to the Bioaerosols include:
 Legionnaire’s disease
 Humidifier fever
 Cold
 Influenza

69.  Viruses: Common cold, Influenza, Measles, Bronchitis
Rheumatic fever, Otitis media, Carditis, Diphtheria
Whooping cough, Tuberculosis, Meningitis and Q – fever
 Fungi: Histoplasmosis, Cocciodomycosis and Blastomycosis
 Antigens: Allergic diseases of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP)
Allergic asthma, Rhynitis and Pergillosis
HEALTH EFFECTS OF BIOAEROSOLS
 Molds can also produce myotoxins, that are nearly cytotoxic and
interfere with vital cellular processes such as protein, RNA and DNA
synthesis.
 Mold toxins increase the susceptibility of the exposed person to
infectious diseases, reduce the ability of their defense system to fight
against other contaminants and can also increase susceptibility to
cancer.
TOXICITY

70.  Major sources of bacteria and viruses are humans and pets - sneezing,
coughing, dander and saliva
 Fungi, many bacteria, protozoa, algae and green plants (pollen) are
present outdoors that are induced indoors by natural or mechanical
ventilation
 Moist surfaces of leather, wood, carpets, soaps, cloth fabric, some
pastes and adhesives are examples of amplification sites
 Breeding sites for fungi and bacteria are humidifiers, air conditioning
systems, cooling towers, air distributing systems and areas of water
damage
SOURCES OF BIOAEROSOLS

71. The Swine Flu, specifically Swine influenza A
(H1N1), is a respiratory disease of pigs.
Historically swine flu has not typically infected
humans and those few who were infected had
been exposed directly to an infected pig. In
recent days, however the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC) has determined
that the Swine influenza virus is ontagious and is
spreading from human-to-human.
Swine Flu
The particle size of viruses ranges from 0.05 to less than 0.005 microns but
typically attached to larger particles when airborne. These particles are typically
around 1 micron in size. Influenza viruses typically become airborne via droplet
nuclei. Droplet nuclei are microscopic particles < 5 μm in size that are the leftover
particles of evaporated droplets and are produced when a person coughs,
sneezes, shouts, or sings. These particles can remain suspended in the air for
prolonged periods of time and can be carried great distances on air currents.

72. CIRCULATING INFLUENZA STRAINS AND
PANDEMICS IN THE 20TH CENTURY
1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
H1N1
H2N2
H3N2
1918: “Spanish Flu” 1957: “Asian Flu” 1968: “Hong Kong Flu”
20-40 million deaths 1-4 million deaths 1-4 million deaths

73. Viral Re-assortment
Reassortment in pigs
Reassortment in
humans
Pandemic Influenza Virus

74. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Human Influenza
Type of infection Upper and lower respiratory
Fever Yes
Headache Yes
Cough Yes
Respiratory symptoms Varies; sore throat to difficulty
breathing
Gastrointestinal
symptoms
Uncommon, except children,
elderly
Recovery 2-7 days

75. Droplet precautions:
Surgical Masks
Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)
N-95 FILTERING MASKS

76. Air Purifiers / filters / mask used for inhalation of clean air

78. Significant method of transmission is via surface contact. Transmission can occur
as a result of person-to-person contact, such as a handshake or via fomites.
Transmission via fomites occur when a person becomes infected by touching a
surface, such as a door knob, with the flu virus on it and then touching their mouth
or nose. We know that some viruses can live for several hours on fomites.
Methods of Transmission

79. Composition of the Earth Atmosphere
Major Gases
Nitrogen 78.08 %
Oxygen 20.94 %
Argon 0.93 %
Trace Gases
Species Mixing ratio Source
Water Vapour 10,000 to 2 ppmv (variable) Natural
Methane 1.7 ppmv Biogenic
Nitrous oxide 310 ppbv Biogenic
Carbon monoxide 50-500 ppbv Anthropogenic
Ozone 10 ppbv to 10 ppmv Photochemical
Halocarbons Few hundred pptv Anthropogenic
(CFCs)
ppmv parts per million by volume
ppbv parts per billion by volume
pptv parts per trillion by volume

80. Primary: Pollutants that are
emitted from natural events and
human activities are called
primary pollutants
Ex. SO2 and CO2,
Secondary: The pollutants that are
produced in the atmosphere when
certain chemical reactions take
place among the primary pollutants
are called secondary pollutants
Ex. Photochemical pollutants
(ozone), acid rain, smog, PAN,
sulfuric acid, nitric acid,
carbonic acid, etc.
Types of Pollutants

81. WHAT IS OZONE?
O3 = Ozone is composed of 3 oxygen
atoms
Ozone (O3) is a highly-reactive from of
oxygen.
Unlike oxygen (O2), ozone has a strong
scent and is blue in color.
Ozone exists within both the tropospheric
and stratospheric zones of the Earth’s
atmosphere
In the troposphere, ground level ozone is a
major air pollutant and primary constituent
of photochemical smog
In the stratosphere, the ozone layer is an
essential protector of life on earth as it
absorbs harmful UV radiation before it
reaches the earth.

83. Ozone protects us from the UV-C
and UV-B
radiation of the sun (light with
wavelength of less than 320 nm),
which damages the biomolecules
 The photolysis of NO2.
NO2 + hν (λ<420nm) → NO + O(3P)
O(3P) is a ground state
oxygen atom and will
simply be indicated by
O.
O + O2 + M → O3 + M
Chemistry of Tropospheric
Ozone

84. As a strong oxidant, ozone causes several types of symptoms including
chlorosis and necrosis.
Ozone symptoms usually occur between the veins on
the upper leaf surface of older and middle-aged leaves

85. Protected for ozone Without ozone protection

86. OVER EXPOSURE
 Suppress immune system
 Accelerate aging of skin due high exposure
 Cause an outbreak of rash in fair skinned people due to photo
allergy – can be severe
dermis.multimedica.de/.../ en/13007/image.htm

87. Patient suffered from
severe form of rosacea
Patient after ozone therapy
before ozone therapy Chronic pigment purpura
(before treatment)
Chronic pigment purpura
(after ozone therapy)
Ozone Therapy in the Dermatology
In the dermatology "the universality" of ozone therapy is
explained by physico-chemical properties of medical ozone and
a wide range of its therapeutic effects: bactericidal, viricidal,
fungicidal, anti-inflammatory, stimulating, immunomodulating.

88. Air Quality Index
values
Air Quality
Descriptor Health Effects
0 to 50 Good No health effects are expected.
51 to 100* Moderate Unusually sensitive individuals
may experience respiratory
effects from prolonged outdoor
exertion if you are unusually
sensitive to ozone.
101 to 150 Unhealthy for
Sensitive Groups
Member of sensitive group may
experience respiratory
symptoms (coughing, pains
when taking a deep breath).
151 to 200 Unhealthy Member of sensitive group have
higher chance of experiencing
respiratory symptoms
(aggravated cough or pain), and
reduces lung function.
201 to 300 Very Unhealthy Members of sensitive groups
experience increasingly severe
respiratory symptoms and
impaired breathing.
Ozone – Air Quality Index (AQI) and Health concerns

89. CO2 CONTRIBUTED MOST TO GLOBAL
WARMING OVER PAST CENTURY
Methane
23%
Nitrous
Oxide
7%
Carbon
Dioxide
70%
CONTRIBUTION OF DIFFERENT GREENHOUSE
GASES TOWARDS GLOBAL WARMING
Source: Dr S. D. ATTRI, IMD

90. Aerosols Measurement Techniques
In-situ Remote
HVS
QCM
Aethalometer
Aerosol Spectrometer
Active Passive
Lidar
Sun photometers
Satellites

91. Northwest 4km.
West ~ 2 km
Southeast ~ 2.5km
East ~ 3.5km
Sampling site,
Anantapur
Brick making units
Biomass burning
N H 205
Stone crushing units
Stone crushing units
very dry continental region
boundary of a semi-arid
rain shadow region
 14.620 N 77.650 E, 331m asl
91

92. NOx
O3
CO
SO2
THC
GAS ANALYZERS
Nephelometer
Sunphotometer
High Volume
Sampler
High volume Sampler
Seven Channel Aethalometer
Aethalometer
Quartz Crysal
Mycrobalance Impactor
MWR
9228th Jul - 1st Aug 2014 AOGS - 2014

93. GPS SONDE
Doppler SODAR
SONIC ANEMOMETER
Net Radiometer
Automatic
Weather
Station
Mini Boundary
Layer Mast
9328th Jul - 1st Aug 2014 AOGS - 2014

94. AUTOMOBILE MONITORING

96. Don’t underestimate the impact of small tiny particles

97. Use less paper, cut less
trees

98. Together, we make our planet a best place for
the better existence
We can work together to use
clean energy and take good
care of our planet ‘Earth’