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An electronic device that
stores, retrieves,
and processes data, and can
be
programmed with
instructions. A
computer is composed of
hardware and
software, and can exist in a
variety of
sizes and configurations.
Introduction
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Characteristics of Computer
Speed
Storage
Accuracy
Versatility
Diligence
Reliability
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First Generation Computers
Vacuum Tubes : 1941 - 1954
Based on vacuum tube technology.
Were the fastest computing devices of
their times (computation time was in
Milli-Seconds).
Were very large, and required a lot of
space for installation.
Since thousands of vacuum tubes
were used, they generated a large
amount of heat. Therefore, air
conditioning was essential.
Were non-profitable and very slow
equipments.
They lack in versatility and speed.
They were very expensive to operate
and used a large amount of electricity.
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Second Generation Computers
Transistor based : 1955-1964
Based on transistor technology.
Second Generation Computers were
smaller as compared to the First
Generation of Computers.
The computational time of Second
generation computers was reduced to
microseconds from milliseconds.
Were more reliable and less prone to
hardware failure. Hence, such
computers required less frequent
maintenance.
Were more portable and generated less
amount of heat.
Assembly language was used to
program Second generation
computers. Hence, programming
became more time-efficient and less
cumbersome.
Second generation computers still
require air conditioning.
Manual assembly of individual
components into a functional unit was
still required.
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Third Generation Computers
Integrated Circuit : 1964-1971
Third Generation Computers were based on
integrated circuit (IC) technology.
Third Generation Computers were able to reduce
computational time from microseconds to
nanoseconds
Third Generation Computers devices consumed
less power and generated less heat. In some
cases, air conditioning was still required.
The size of Third Generation Computers was
smaller as compared to previous computers
Since hardware of the Third Generation Computers
rarely failed, the maintenance cost for it was quite
low.
Extensive use of high-level language became
possible in Third Generation Computers.
Manual assembling of individual components was
not required for Third Generation Computers, so it
reduced the large requirement of labor & cost.
However, for the manufacture of IC chips, highly
sophisticated technologies were required
Commercial production became easier and
cheaper.
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Fourth Generation Computers
(VLSIC)Microprocessor:1971-1991
Fourth generation computers are very small.
Fourth Generation computers are the
cheapest among all other computer
generations.
Fourth generation computers are portable and
quite reliable.
Fourth generation computers do not require
air conditioning since they generate negligible
amount of heat.
Minimum maintenance is required for Fourth
generation computers since hardware failure
is negligible for them.
The production cost of Fourth generation
computers is very low
GUI and pointing devices enables users to
learn to use the computer quickly.
Interconnections of computers leads to better
communication and resource sharing.
Fourth generation computers are very
powerful than previous generations and can
easily do more calculation or can run more
programs at a time and for more hours.
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parallel processing, which
replaces von Neumann’s single
central processing unit design
with a system harnessing the
power of many CPUs to work
as one.
the technology of
superconductors which is
another great advantage,
allows the flow of the electricity
with very less or even no
resistance, greatly improving
the information flow speed.
Fifth Generation Computers
Artificial Intelligence : 1991 and beyond
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Classification of Computers
I. ACCORDING TO FUNCTION
ANALOG COMPUTER:
Are those computers in which data
varies continuously i.e. the
movement of data is continuous.
REPRESENTED BY: series of waves
USED FOR :
• Measuring temperature, pressure, etc
• Communication
• Broadcast transmission
EXAMPLE
Automobile Speedometer, Voltmeter, etc
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DIGITAL COMPUTER
Are those computers in which data
flows in discrete form.
REPRESENTED BY: pulses, two series
i.e. 0s & 1s
USED FOR :
• Mathematical calculations
• Compare values
• Storing the result
EXAMPLE
Digital watch, Education system,
business purpose
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HYBRID COMPUTERS
They are combination of both analog
computer and digital computer
MEASURES: both continuous and
discrete form of data
EXAMPLE :
STD/PCO phone, where one
communicate with a person using
analog computer & the rate as charges
and pulse rate is measured in forms of
digit.
Measuring heart beat or ECG system in
ICU in a hospital
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IN DIGITAL COMPUTER, CLASSIFICATION CAN BE DONE ON
THE BASIS OF PURPOSE
GENERAL PURPOSE
COMPUTER
These are designed to
perform the variety of jobs or
applications for this reason; they
are less efficient than special
purpose computers.
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These are designed to meet
the needs of some special
application. They are
designed to perform a single
job. So they execute a task
quickly and more efficiently.
Program and instructions are
stored permanently in them.
SPECIAL PURPOSE COMPUTER
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Super Computer
Mainframe Computer
Mini Computer
Micro Computer
II. ACCORDING TO SIZE
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SUPER-COMPUTER
As the name "super
computer" specifies
that these are most
powerful computers
even than mainframe.
Actually, when we
optimize a mainframe
computer then we get
super computer.
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MAINFRAME COMPUTER
It as a very powerful and large
computer. You can get idea of its
power as it can handle
processing of many users at a
time.
Terminals are used to connect a
user to this computer and users
submit there task through
mainframe. Terminal is a device
which has keyboard and a
screen. By using terminal users
put inputs into the computer and
get the output through screen.
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These are powerful
computer. These
computers come into
existence in 1960s at that
time mainframe computer
was very costly. Mini
computers were available
in cheap prices, so users
start using it.
MINI-COMPUTER
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MICRO-COMPUTER
These computers use a
microprocessor chip and this
chip is used instead of CPU
means that this microprocessor
chip works as a CPU.
These computers are also
called personal computers. Two
major types of these computers
are laptop or Desktop
computers. Only one user uses
these computers at time that's
why they are also known as
personal computers.
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Application of Computer
•In Tourism
•In Banks
•In Industry
•In Transportation
•In Education
•In Entertainment
21. Capabilities of Computer
For academic purpose at BVIMR only 21
1. The computer processes information very fast.
2. The computer stores large amount of data and
information.
3. The computer gives accurate results.
4. The computer enables one to restore or bring back any
of its works.
5. Quick Results.
6. The computer can do two things at the same time.
7. The computer can be improved and upgraded.
22. Limitations Of Computer
For academic purpose at BVIMR only 22
1. Cannot work on its own.
2. It cannot generate information on
its own.
3. The computer cannot distinguish
between correct data and wrong
data.
4. The computer cannot correct wrong
instruction.
