2. Objectives of the Chapter
To understand
Definition of Leadership
Traits of Effective Leaders
Leadership Skills
Leadership Theories
Leadership Styles
Roles and Activities
of Managers
Determinants of
Leadership
Task of a Supervisor
Effective Supervisory
Practices
3. Chapter-12 3
Definition of Leadership
A leader is one who sets vision, goals and
motivates people and obtains their commitment to
achieve the goals and realize the vision.
4. Chapter-12 4
Traits of effective leadership
Some researchers believed cognitive and
psychological factors like intelligence, ambition,
aggressiveness are common traits in leaders
Others believed height, large body structure
and personal attractiveness are important
Initiative, desire to lead, integrity, self-
confidence, analytical ability, charisma, creativity
etc are some of the common traits of a leader
5. Chapter-12 5
Leaders are born not made
Leaders can be developed
Leadership behavior Vs. Traits:
6. Chapter-12 6
Leadership Skills
Robert Katz, identified three skills
Technical skills
Human skills
Conceptual skills
Technical skills:
A person’s knowledge and ability to make
effective use of any process or technique
7. Chapter-12 7
Human skills:
Human skills also involve developing positive
interpersonal; relationships, solving people’s
problems and gaining acceptance of other
employees.
Conceptual skills:
It refers to the ability to analyze complex
situation, interpret available information.
Leadership Skills Contd…
8. Chapter-12 8
Leadership Skills Contd…
Organizational Levels
Top
Middle
Supervisor
Conceptual
Human
Technical
Knowledge & Skills required
9. Chapter-12 9
Leadership Theories
Trait Theories
Early researchers studied the personality
traits and concluded that leaders are born
and not made.
Example: Napoleon
10. Chapter-12 10
“Great person” theory leadership traits
can be acquired with training and
experience.
Example: Anil Ambani
Leadership Theories
11. Chapter-12 11
Behavioral Theories
Researcher tried to identify the behavior
that were unique to leader & which
distinguished them from non leaders.
Four behavioral theories
The Ohio state studies
University of Michigan studies
The managerial grid
Scandinavian studies
12. Chapter-12 12
In 1945-study conducted at Ohio
state university.
They defined two dimensions
Initiating structure –
Individual’s ability to define his as
well as subordinate’s tasks and
get them accomplished in time.
The Ohio State Studies
13. Chapter-12 13
Consideration - Extent, to which a leader
cares for his subordinates, respects their
ideas and feelings and establishes work
relation by mutual trust and respect.
The researchers concluded that a “high-
high” type of leadership yielded best results.
The Ohio State Studies contd…
14. Chapter-12 14
Research carried out at Survey research
center, university of Michigan.
Leadership behavior could be categorized
along 2 dimensions.
Employee-oriented leaders achieve higher
job satisfaction and higher group productivity.
Production–oriented leaders achieve lower
job satisfaction and lower group productivity.
University of Michigan Studies
15. Chapter-12 15
Blake and Mouton’s Managerial Grid
Blake and Mouton developed a two
dimensional matrix model of leadership styles.
The model consist of nine rows and column.
The rows represent the leader's concern for
production, while the column represent concern
for people.
16. Chapter-12 16
9,9
Team
Management
5, 5
Middle of
the Road
Management
1, 9
Country Club
Management
1, 1
Impoverished
Management
9, 1
Authority
Compliance
Concernforpeople
High
Low High
Low
Blake and Mouton’s
Managerial Grid Contd…
17. Chapter-12 17
Behavioral theories were developed (1945 &
1965).
Research result in emergence of new
dimension called development oriented
behavior.
Development oriented leaders experimented
with new ideas and practices and embrace
changes
The subordinate of development oriented
leaders also showed higher level of job
satisfaction
Scandinavian Studies
18. Chapter-12 18
Contingency Approaches
Contingency theories of leadership postulate
that leaders have to change their style
depending on situation they face.
Fiedler’s contingency model
Hersey and Blanchard’s situational theory
Leader member exchange theory
Leadership- participation model
Path – goal theory
19. Chapter-12 19
Leader–member relationships: The extent to
which a leader is accepted by his subordinates
Degree of task structure: Degree to which the
task on hand can be performed efficiently.
The Leader’s Position: It refer to the power or
formal authority that the leader is bestowed within
the organization.
Fiedler’s
Contingency Model
20. Chapter-12 20
Hersey and Blanchard’s
Situational Theory
It is other wise called Life cycle” model.
Maturity level of the subordinate plays a major
role in influencing the leadership style of the
superior
All employees will not have the same level of
competence and commitment to do the assigned
tasks.
21. Chapter-12 21
It is other wise called Life cycle” model.
Four styles:
Low in his ability to perform as well as
willingness to perform - telling style
Low in ability but high in willingness to perform
- selling style
Capable of performing but not willing to
perform - participating style
Capable and is also willing to carry out the task
- delegating style
Hersey and Blanchard’s
Situational Theory Contd…
22. Chapter-12 22
Leader – Member Exchange Theory George Green –leaders establish a special
relationship with a small group of subordinates,
usually early in their interaction.
The small group is referred to as the in-group
and the rest are called out – group.
In–group members receive high performance
ratings and receive rewards and promotions
quickly.
Leaders favor people who have attitudes and
personality similar to their own.
23. Chapter-12 23
Leadership Participation Model
Victor Vroom & Philip Yetton
They established the relationship between
leadership behavior and decision making style
Problem attributes:
It is categorized into two classes
Decision-quality
Employee-acceptance
24. Chapter-12 24
Decision-quality dimension include cost
considerations, information availability and nature
of problem structure.
Employee-acceptance can have dimensions
like need for commitment, their prior approval,
congruence of their goals with that of the
organization, and conflict among the employees.
Leadership Participation Model contd…
25. Chapter-12 25
Leadership Participation Model contd…
Leadership Styles: 5 styles of leadership
Autocratic I – leader takes a decision on
his own
Autocratic II - leader obtains relevant
information from subordinates & then
attempts to find a solution
Consultative I – leader explains problem
& invites ideas, he takes final decision
26. Chapter-12 26
Consultative II - leader meets a group of
subordinates, discuses the problem & listens to
their ideas , final decision may or may not be
according to subordinates
Group II - after sharing the problem with the
subordinates, the leader initiates a group
discussion till a consensus is reached. The
leader accepts the solution offered by his
subordinates
Leadership Participation Model contd…
27. Chapter-12 27
Path Goal Theory
Path goal theory is contingency model of
leadership developed by Robert House.
According to this theory leader should provide
required support & guidance to his followers.
28. Chapter-12 28
Path Goal Theory contd…
Directive leadership:
Leader clearly tells his subordinates what is
expected gives schedules and instructs ‘how’
Supportive leadership:
The leader attempts to address the needs and
problems
29. Chapter-12 29
Participative leadership –
Discusses problems & seeks suggestions
Achievement–oriented leadership: Attempts
to develop his subordinates
Path Goal Theory contd…
30. Chapter-12 30
LEADERSHIP STYLES
Autocratic leadership: The leaders attain all
the authority and decision making power
Consultative leadership: The leaders
encourage employees to participate in decision
making
Laissez faire: Leader completely delegates
the responsibilities and decision making power
to the subordinates
31. Chapter-12 31
Leadership Styles contd…
Bureaucratic leadership: Leaders set
certain rigid rules and regulations and
procedures
Manipulative leadership: They believe that
the employees should be manipulated to get
them to behave in the way the leader wants
them to behave
Expert leadership: A person with high level
of knowledge and abilities leads the group
32. Chapter-12 32
Likert Suggested Four Systems Of Management
System 1 management – “exploitative-
authoritative” style- it represents dictatorial
leadership behavior. All the decisions are made
by managers and their i little employee
participation
Likert’s Four Systems of Management
33. Chapter-12 33
System 2 management – “benevolent-
authoritative” style:
Though the managers behave in a patronizing
manner, they have confidence and trust in their
subordinates. They permit upward communication
to a certain degree and ask for participation from
subordinates.
Likert’s Four Systems of
Management contd..
34. Chapter-12 34
System 3 management – “consultative”
style:
Managers in this system do not have completed
confidence and trust in their subordinates.
Though they seek advice from subordinates,
they retain the right to take the final decision.
Likert’s Four Systems of
Management contd…
35. Chapter-12 35
System 4 management – “participative
leadership” style: In this system, managers
trust their subordinates completely and have
confidence in their abilities. They always ask the
opinions of their subordinates and make use of
their ideas.
Likert’s Four Systems of
Management contd…
36. Chapter-12 36
Roles and activities of
managers
Interpersonal role:
There are three roles:
Figurehead role
Leader role
Liaison role
37. Chapter-12 37
Informational role:
There are three roles:
Monitor
Disseminator
Spokesperson
Roles and activities of
managers contd…
40. Chapter-12 40
Determinants of leadership
Quality of subordinates: a effective
leader always build strong team consist of
people who are independent & self motivated.
The nature of situation: According to
situation's viewpoint, different individuals are
effective in different situation..
41. Chapter-12 41
Task of supervisor
First line supervisor:
Supervise work being done
Develop work schedule
Communication with worker
Making decision of day to day operation
Second or third line supervisor perform
more or less same activity. They may
resolve the problems referred to them by
there subordinates.
42. Chapter-12 42
Effective Supervisory Practice:
Research conducted by the university of Michigan
indicated the following four supervisory practices were
effective:
Devote more time to planning & supporting function
Avoid close supervision
Concern foe employees
Promote group cohesiveness
Task of Supervisor contd…
43. Summary of the Chapter
To understand
Definition of Leadership
Traits of Effective Leaders
Leadership Skills
Leadership Theories
Leadership Styles
Roles and Activities of Managers
Determinants of Leadership
Task of a Supervisor
Effective Supervisory Practices