This document discusses several perspectives on organizational change and an organization's relationship with its environment. It describes theories such as contingency theory, which states an organization's structure should fit its environment to be effective. It also discusses resource dependence theory, which argues organizations aim to minimize dependence on others for resources and influence resource availability. Additionally, it covers perspectives such as population ecology, institutional theory, and evolutionary theory in relation to how organizations adapt and change over time in response to internal and external forces.

1. Perspective of organizational change

2. Environment dependent organization perspective The organizational environment is the set of forces surrounding an organization thathave the potential to affect the way it operates and its access to s The environment consists of specific and general forces. Specific forces directly affect an organization’s ability to obtain resources. General forces shape the specific environment and affect the ability of all organizations in a particular environment to obtain scarce resources.

3. 6 - 3 The Organizational Environment International Forces Demographic / Cultural Forces Political Forces Customers Distributors Organization Suppliers Unions Government Competitors Environmental Forces Technological Forces Economic Forces Specific Forces General Forces

4. Contingency perspective Contingency theory states that in order tomanage its environment effectively, an organization should design its structure to fit with its environment. A poor fit between structure and environment leads to failure, a close fit leads to success

5. Managing in a Changing Global Environment Sources of Environmental Uncertainty: complexity, dynamism, and richness As the environment becomes more complex, less stable, and poorer, the level of uncertainty increases.

6. High Moderate Low High Moderate Low High Moderate Low Managing in a Changing Global Environment The Effect of Uncertainty on Differentiation and Integration in Three Industries Degree of uncertainty Plastics Food-processing ContainerVariable industry industry industry Environmental variable Uncertainty (complexity,dynamism, richness) Structural variables Departmental differentiation Cross-functional integration

7. Resource dependence perspective Resource dependence theory argues that the goal of an organization is to: Minimize its dependence on other organizations for the supply of scarce resources AND To find ways of influencing these organizations to make resources available Organizations develop various strategies to manage their resource dependencies and control their access to scarce resources

8. Population-ecology perspective Population perspective advocate studying a population of multitude of an organisation rather than focusing on only one organisation population refer to organisations in a particular Sector that occupy an ecological niche in the environment which in turn provide resources for the organization

9. Institutional perspective Institutional theory focuses on the deeper and more resilient aspects of social structure. It considers the processes by which structures, including schemas, rules, norms, and routines, become established as authoritative guidelines for social behavior. Scott (1995) indicates that, in order to survive, organizations must conform to the rules and belief systems prevailing in the environment

10. Evolutionary perspective This theory says that organisational evolution occur through the interaction of internal convergent forces for stability and external change for change as mediated by executive leadership and one must recognise these forces to understand organisational evolution,

11. Adaptation perspective This perspective emphasises voluntarism and views the phenomenon of organisational as occuring in the following way. organisation scan for the relevent organizational environment, formulate strategic response to environmental change and attempt to adapt to changing environmental contexts in order to ensure organisational survival

12. Process oriented perspective Process oriented change perspective address organization’s changing cultural and human system using technology.

13. Pattern in the change process Lewin model of change process is one of the most powerful models on human systems in this model, lewin has provided three stages to bring about change in any system-unfreezing, changing and refreezing

14. Alternative perspective

15. Spiritual perspective According to this perspective individual, organization As well as the society as a whole looks forward to non material, spiritual quality while seeking transformation Core, non- economic beliefs , values and an empowering culture