2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
Role of biological control agent in crop protection
1. DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY
ALLAHABAD SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE
SAM HIGGINBOTTOM INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE TECHNOLOGY &
SCIENCES
[Formerly-Allahabad Agricultural Institute]
(Deemed-to-be-University)
ALLAHABAD- 211007, U.P., INDIA
SUBMMITED BY,
RAKESH KR. MEENA
SUBMITTED TO,
DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY
3. Biological control is a method of suppressing or
controlling the population of undesirable insects,
other animals or plants by the introduction,
encouragement, or artificial increase of their natural
enemies. (Weeden et al. 2007).
Characteristics:
1. Climatic adaptability
2. Synchrony with host (prey) life cycle
4. 3. High reproductive potential
4. Efficient search ability
5. Short handling time
6. Survival at low host (prey) density
There are three main techniques of
biological control:-
1. Classical
2. Augmentative
3. Conservation.
6. Augmentation:-
It is a tactics of biological control where,the effort is
made to increase the natural enemy population either
by propagation and release or by enviromental
manipulation.
1. Inundative - Parasitoids Cotesia are applied
against sugar cane borer.
2. Inoculative - Parasitic wasp Encarsia formosa
are applied against
glasshouse whitefly
7. Conservation:- Conservation is defined the actions to
preserve an increase the natural enemies
by enviromental manipulation.
Agents of biological control
1. Macro agent-
Invertebrates Vertibrates
Insect Birds
Arachinds Mammals
10. Some important insects and their
natural enemies
Insect pest Natural enemies
Pod borer Parasitoids: Trichogramma
chilonis (egg), Tetrastichus
spp. (egg), Campoletis
chlorideae (larval), Bracon
spp. (larval) etc.
Predators: Chrysoperla
carnea, coccinellids, praying
mantis, pentatomid bug
(Cantheconidae furcellata).
11. • Braconid parasitoid wasp eggs & Lime Butterfly
Predatory Polistes wasp looking for
bollworms or other caterpillars on a
cotton plant
12. Insect pest Natural Enemies
Aphids and White fly Parasitoids: Aphidius
colemani, Aphelinus spp. etc.
Predators: green lacewings
Chrysoperla carnea, predatory
coccinellids (Stethorus
punctillum), spiders, wasps
etc.
Tobacco caterpillar Parasitoids: Trichogramma
chilonis (egg), Chelonus
blackburni (egg-larval,
Campoletis chlorideae (larval)
Predators: Chrysoperla
carnea, coccinellids.
13. Lady beetle feeding on aphid
This parasitic wasp lays eggs inside the
bodies of aphids
14. Insect pest Natural enemies
Leafhoppers Predators: Lady beetle, ants
Distina albino, Chrysoperla
spp., mirid bug (Dicyphus
hesperus).
Spider mites and yellow
mites
Predators: Anthocorid bug
(Orius spp.) green lacewing
(Mallada basalis)
Fungal pathogen: Beauveria
bassiana (entomo pathogen)
15. Vertebrates:
Birds (class Aves) -- Some birds, such as swifts,
warblers, vireos, and flycatchers are almost
exclusively insect predators.
Moles, bats (class Mammalia) - Soil-dwelling
mammals are predators on white grubs and the
pupal stages of many flies and moths. Bats (order
Chiroptera) feed exclusively on small, flying
insects. The little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus) may
forage up to 30 miles away from home and eat
more than half its weight in insects every night.
16. Micro agent
1. Fungus:-
Natural populations of insects are commonly
attacked by fungal pathogens, fungi are slow to kill
their hosts. The fungal mycelium usually invades
all body tissues and may eventually cause
suffocation by blocking the tracheal system.
Fungus Host insect
Verticillium lecanii Aphid. White flies
Metarrhizium anisopliae Leaf hopper, beetle
18. 2. Bacteria
Members of the genus Bacillus are especially
important as biological control agents. Some of
these bacteria cause turbidity of body fluids
(e.g., Bacillus popillae). Other species form toxic
protein crystals in conjunction with spore formation
(e.g., Bacillus thuringiensis).
Each strain has slightly different host specificity:
20. 3. Virus
The use of entomopathic viruses for insect control
is still in its infancy. Many of these pathogens
appear to have good potential as biocontrol agents
because they are relatively host-specific.
1. NPV or CPV:- They usually attack larvae of
Lepidoptera or Hymenoptera (sawflies).
2. Granulosis virus :- They usually attack codling
moth (Cydia pomonella).
21. 4. Nematode
There are over 300 species of nematodes (in 19
families) that are known to attack insects. Most of
the research in biological control, however, has
focused on only two genera, Steinernema and
Heterorhabditis.
Examples:-Steinernema feltiae or Heterorhabditis
heliothidis applied against soil dwelling larvae.
23. 5. Protozoa
Most species of entomopathic protozoa cause
chronic infections that weaken, but do not kill their
host. For this reason, there is little interest in these
organisms as biocontrol agents.
One notable exception is Nosema locustae, a
microsporidian that has been mass-produced and
marketed for control of grasshoppers under the
trade name "Hopper Stopper.