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DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY
ALLAHABAD SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE
SAM HIGGINBOTTOM INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE TECHNOLOGY &
SCIENCES
[Formerly-Allahabad Agricultural Institute]
(Deemed-to-be-University)
ALLAHABAD- 211007, U.P., INDIA
SUBMMITED BY,
RAKESH KR. MEENA
SUBMITTED TO,
DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY
TOPIC
Role of biological control agent in
crop protection
 Biological control is a method of suppressing or
controlling the population of undesirable insects,
other animals or plants by the introduction,
encouragement, or artificial increase of their natural
enemies. (Weeden et al. 2007).
 Characteristics:
1. Climatic adaptability
2. Synchrony with host (prey) life cycle
3. High reproductive potential
4. Efficient search ability
5. Short handling time
6. Survival at low host (prey) density
There are three main techniques of
biological control:-
1. Classical
2. Augmentative
3. Conservation.
Classical-
Importing foreign natural enemies to combat the
introduced pests.
Example:
Vadalia beetle applied against cottony cusion scale.
Augmentation:-
It is a tactics of biological control where,the effort is
made to increase the natural enemy population either
by propagation and release or by enviromental
manipulation.
1. Inundative - Parasitoids Cotesia are applied
against sugar cane borer.
2. Inoculative - Parasitic wasp Encarsia formosa
are applied against
glasshouse whitefly
Conservation:- Conservation is defined the actions to
preserve an increase the natural enemies
by enviromental manipulation.
Agents of biological control
1. Macro agent-
Invertebrates Vertibrates
Insect Birds
Arachinds Mammals
2. Micro agent :-
1. Bacteria
2. Viruses
3. Fungi
4. Nematode
5. Protozoa
Tricogramma chilonis on corcyra
cephalonica
Rodolia Eating Icerya
Some important insects and their
natural enemies
Insect pest Natural enemies
Pod borer Parasitoids: Trichogramma
chilonis (egg), Tetrastichus
spp. (egg), Campoletis
chlorideae (larval), Bracon
spp. (larval) etc.
Predators: Chrysoperla
carnea, coccinellids, praying
mantis, pentatomid bug
(Cantheconidae furcellata).
• Braconid parasitoid wasp eggs & Lime Butterfly
Predatory Polistes wasp looking for
bollworms or other caterpillars on a
cotton plant
Insect pest Natural Enemies
Aphids and White fly Parasitoids: Aphidius
colemani, Aphelinus spp. etc.
Predators: green lacewings
Chrysoperla carnea, predatory
coccinellids (Stethorus
punctillum), spiders, wasps
etc.
Tobacco caterpillar Parasitoids: Trichogramma
chilonis (egg), Chelonus
blackburni (egg-larval,
Campoletis chlorideae (larval)
Predators: Chrysoperla
carnea, coccinellids.
Lady beetle feeding on aphid
This parasitic wasp lays eggs inside the
bodies of aphids
Insect pest Natural enemies
Leafhoppers Predators: Lady beetle, ants
Distina albino, Chrysoperla
spp., mirid bug (Dicyphus
hesperus).
Spider mites and yellow
mites
Predators: Anthocorid bug
(Orius spp.) green lacewing
(Mallada basalis)
Fungal pathogen: Beauveria
bassiana (entomo pathogen)
Vertebrates:
 Birds (class Aves) -- Some birds, such as swifts,
warblers, vireos, and flycatchers are almost
exclusively insect predators.
 Moles, bats (class Mammalia) - Soil-dwelling
mammals are predators on white grubs and the
pupal stages of many flies and moths. Bats (order
Chiroptera) feed exclusively on small, flying
insects. The little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus) may
forage up to 30 miles away from home and eat
more than half its weight in insects every night.
Micro agent
1. Fungus:-
Natural populations of insects are commonly
attacked by fungal pathogens, fungi are slow to kill
their hosts. The fungal mycelium usually invades
all body tissues and may eventually cause
suffocation by blocking the tracheal system.
Fungus Host insect
Verticillium lecanii Aphid. White flies
Metarrhizium anisopliae Leaf hopper, beetle
Beauveria bassiana on host
2. Bacteria
 Members of the genus Bacillus are especially
important as biological control agents. Some of
these bacteria cause turbidity of body fluids
(e.g., Bacillus popillae). Other species form toxic
protein crystals in conjunction with spore formation
(e.g., Bacillus thuringiensis).
 Each strain has slightly different host specificity:
Pathogen Brand Name Host Range
Bacillus
thuringiensisvar.
kurstaki
Biobit, Javelin,
Thuricide, Dipel
Lepidopteran
larvae
Bacillus
thuringiensisvar.
israelensis
Teknar, Bactimos,
Vectobac
Dipteran larvae
Bacillus
thuringiensisvar.
tenebrionis
Trident II, M-Trak Coleopteran larvae
Bacillus popillae
Doom, Japidemic,
Milky Spore
Disease
Scarab beetle
larvae
3. Virus
The use of entomopathic viruses for insect control
is still in its infancy. Many of these pathogens
appear to have good potential as biocontrol agents
because they are relatively host-specific.
1. NPV or CPV:- They usually attack larvae of
Lepidoptera or Hymenoptera (sawflies).
2. Granulosis virus :- They usually attack codling
moth (Cydia pomonella).
4. Nematode
 There are over 300 species of nematodes (in 19
families) that are known to attack insects. Most of
the research in biological control, however, has
focused on only two genera, Steinernema and
Heterorhabditis.
 Examples:-Steinernema feltiae or Heterorhabditis
heliothidis applied against soil dwelling larvae.
Entomopathogenic
nematodes emerging from a
root weevil larva they killed.
5. Protozoa
 Most species of entomopathic protozoa cause
chronic infections that weaken, but do not kill their
host. For this reason, there is little interest in these
organisms as biocontrol agents.
 One notable exception is Nosema locustae, a
microsporidian that has been mass-produced and
marketed for control of grasshoppers under the
trade name "Hopper Stopper.
Role of biological control agent in crop protection

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Role of biological control agent in crop protection

  • 1. DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY ALLAHABAD SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE SAM HIGGINBOTTOM INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES [Formerly-Allahabad Agricultural Institute] (Deemed-to-be-University) ALLAHABAD- 211007, U.P., INDIA SUBMMITED BY, RAKESH KR. MEENA SUBMITTED TO, DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY
  • 2. TOPIC Role of biological control agent in crop protection
  • 3.  Biological control is a method of suppressing or controlling the population of undesirable insects, other animals or plants by the introduction, encouragement, or artificial increase of their natural enemies. (Weeden et al. 2007).  Characteristics: 1. Climatic adaptability 2. Synchrony with host (prey) life cycle
  • 4. 3. High reproductive potential 4. Efficient search ability 5. Short handling time 6. Survival at low host (prey) density There are three main techniques of biological control:- 1. Classical 2. Augmentative 3. Conservation.
  • 5. Classical- Importing foreign natural enemies to combat the introduced pests. Example: Vadalia beetle applied against cottony cusion scale.
  • 6. Augmentation:- It is a tactics of biological control where,the effort is made to increase the natural enemy population either by propagation and release or by enviromental manipulation. 1. Inundative - Parasitoids Cotesia are applied against sugar cane borer. 2. Inoculative - Parasitic wasp Encarsia formosa are applied against glasshouse whitefly
  • 7. Conservation:- Conservation is defined the actions to preserve an increase the natural enemies by enviromental manipulation. Agents of biological control 1. Macro agent- Invertebrates Vertibrates Insect Birds Arachinds Mammals
  • 8. 2. Micro agent :- 1. Bacteria 2. Viruses 3. Fungi 4. Nematode 5. Protozoa
  • 9. Tricogramma chilonis on corcyra cephalonica Rodolia Eating Icerya
  • 10. Some important insects and their natural enemies Insect pest Natural enemies Pod borer Parasitoids: Trichogramma chilonis (egg), Tetrastichus spp. (egg), Campoletis chlorideae (larval), Bracon spp. (larval) etc. Predators: Chrysoperla carnea, coccinellids, praying mantis, pentatomid bug (Cantheconidae furcellata).
  • 11. • Braconid parasitoid wasp eggs & Lime Butterfly Predatory Polistes wasp looking for bollworms or other caterpillars on a cotton plant
  • 12. Insect pest Natural Enemies Aphids and White fly Parasitoids: Aphidius colemani, Aphelinus spp. etc. Predators: green lacewings Chrysoperla carnea, predatory coccinellids (Stethorus punctillum), spiders, wasps etc. Tobacco caterpillar Parasitoids: Trichogramma chilonis (egg), Chelonus blackburni (egg-larval, Campoletis chlorideae (larval) Predators: Chrysoperla carnea, coccinellids.
  • 13. Lady beetle feeding on aphid This parasitic wasp lays eggs inside the bodies of aphids
  • 14. Insect pest Natural enemies Leafhoppers Predators: Lady beetle, ants Distina albino, Chrysoperla spp., mirid bug (Dicyphus hesperus). Spider mites and yellow mites Predators: Anthocorid bug (Orius spp.) green lacewing (Mallada basalis) Fungal pathogen: Beauveria bassiana (entomo pathogen)
  • 15. Vertebrates:  Birds (class Aves) -- Some birds, such as swifts, warblers, vireos, and flycatchers are almost exclusively insect predators.  Moles, bats (class Mammalia) - Soil-dwelling mammals are predators on white grubs and the pupal stages of many flies and moths. Bats (order Chiroptera) feed exclusively on small, flying insects. The little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus) may forage up to 30 miles away from home and eat more than half its weight in insects every night.
  • 16. Micro agent 1. Fungus:- Natural populations of insects are commonly attacked by fungal pathogens, fungi are slow to kill their hosts. The fungal mycelium usually invades all body tissues and may eventually cause suffocation by blocking the tracheal system. Fungus Host insect Verticillium lecanii Aphid. White flies Metarrhizium anisopliae Leaf hopper, beetle
  • 18. 2. Bacteria  Members of the genus Bacillus are especially important as biological control agents. Some of these bacteria cause turbidity of body fluids (e.g., Bacillus popillae). Other species form toxic protein crystals in conjunction with spore formation (e.g., Bacillus thuringiensis).  Each strain has slightly different host specificity:
  • 19. Pathogen Brand Name Host Range Bacillus thuringiensisvar. kurstaki Biobit, Javelin, Thuricide, Dipel Lepidopteran larvae Bacillus thuringiensisvar. israelensis Teknar, Bactimos, Vectobac Dipteran larvae Bacillus thuringiensisvar. tenebrionis Trident II, M-Trak Coleopteran larvae Bacillus popillae Doom, Japidemic, Milky Spore Disease Scarab beetle larvae
  • 20. 3. Virus The use of entomopathic viruses for insect control is still in its infancy. Many of these pathogens appear to have good potential as biocontrol agents because they are relatively host-specific. 1. NPV or CPV:- They usually attack larvae of Lepidoptera or Hymenoptera (sawflies). 2. Granulosis virus :- They usually attack codling moth (Cydia pomonella).
  • 21. 4. Nematode  There are over 300 species of nematodes (in 19 families) that are known to attack insects. Most of the research in biological control, however, has focused on only two genera, Steinernema and Heterorhabditis.  Examples:-Steinernema feltiae or Heterorhabditis heliothidis applied against soil dwelling larvae.
  • 22. Entomopathogenic nematodes emerging from a root weevil larva they killed.
  • 23. 5. Protozoa  Most species of entomopathic protozoa cause chronic infections that weaken, but do not kill their host. For this reason, there is little interest in these organisms as biocontrol agents.  One notable exception is Nosema locustae, a microsporidian that has been mass-produced and marketed for control of grasshoppers under the trade name "Hopper Stopper.