2. homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
solute
solvent
substance in a large amount
substance in a small amount
N2
gas phase
(air)
O2
Ag
solid phase
(alloys)
Au
H2O
liquid phase
(sea water)
NaCl
3. EXP1
iodine in ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH)
does not conduct electricity
(molecular solid)
I2
EXP2
table salt in water (H2O)
does conduct electricity
(ionic solid)
Na+Cl-
8. SOLUTION
percentage concentration
% = g [solute] / g solvent X 100
12 g of sodium chloride are solved in 150 g of water.
Calculate the percentage concentration
8%
9. SOLUTION
solubility of a solute
number of grams of solute that can dissolve
in 100 grams of solvent at a given temperature
36.0 g NaCl can be dissolve in 100 g of water at 293 K
19. NaCl (s) → Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
strong electrolytes are fully dissociated
→
CH3COOH (aq)← H+ (aq) + CH3COO- (aq)
weak electrolytes are not fully dissociated
reversible reaction
(chemical equilibrium)
20. 1.properties of aqueous solutions
2. reactions in aqueous solutions
a) precipitation reactions
b) acid-base reactions (proton transfer)
c) redox reactions (electron transfer)
27. 1.properties of aqueous solutions
2. reactions in aqueous solutions
a) precipitation reactions
b) acid-base reactions (proton transfer)
c) redox reactions (electron transfer)
41. CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l)
H3O+(aq) + CH3COO-(aq)
NH3(aq) + H2O(l)
NH4+(aq)+ OH-(aq)
H2O(l) + H2O(l)
H3O+(aq) + OH-(aq)
water can be either an
acid or a base
AUTO DISSOCIATION
43. CHEMICAL PROPOERTIES
1. Non-metal oxides react with water to form an acid
(acetic anhydrides)
SO3 (g ) + H 2O → H 2SO 4 (aq) sulfuric acid
N 2 O5 (g ) + H 2O → 2HNO3 (aq) nitric acid
+ H+H
CO 2 (g )2O 2O → H 2CO 3 (aq) carbonic acid
+ H 2O
+ H 2O
Cl2O7, SO2, Br2O5
44. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
2. Soluble metal oxides react with water to form a base
(base anhydrides)
CaO(s ) + H 22O→ Ca(OH) 2 (aq) calcium hydroxide
+ HO
Na 2 O(s ) + H 2O → 2NaOH(aq)
+ H 2O
MgO, Al2O3
sodium hydroxide
45. NAMING ACIDS AND BASES
binary acids
prefix hydrothe suffix –ic
to the stem of the nonmetal name followed by the word acid
HCl(g ) hydrogen chloride
HCl(aq) hydrochloric acid
H 2S(g ) hydrogen sulfide
H 2S(aq) hydrosulfuric acid
46. NAMING ACIDS AND BASES
oxo acids acids
contain hydrogen, oxygen, plus another element
main group 5
HNO3
HNO2
nitric acid
nitrous acid
H3PO4
H3PO3
phosphoric acid
phosphorous acid
47. main group 6
H2SO4
H2SO3
sulfuric acid
sulfurous acid
main group 7
HClO4
HClO3
HClO2
HClO
perchloric acid
chloric acid
chlorous acid
hypochlorous acid
51. 1.properties of aqueous solutions
2. reactions in aqueous solutions
a) precipitation reactions
b) acid-base reactions (proton transfer)
c) redox reactions (electron transfer)
52. 1. oxidation
loss of electrons
2. reduction
acceptance of electrons
NUMBER OF ELECTRONS MUST BE CONSERVED
53. Na+Cl-
1. oxidation
Na → Na+ + e
2. reduction
Cl2 + 2 e → 2 Cl-
!!!balance electrons!!!
CaO, Al2O3
54. substance that lost the electrons
reduction agent
substance that gained the electrons
oxidizing agent
oxidizing agent is reduced
reducing agent is oxidized
2 Na + Cl2 → 2 Na+Cl-
55. solid state reaction of potassium with sulfur
to form potassium sulfide
EXAMPLE 2
solid state reaction of iron with oxygen
to form iron(III)oxide
56. OXIDATION NUMBER
ionic compounds ↔ molecular compounds
NaCl
Na+Cl-
HF, H2
?
electrons are fully transferred
covalent bond
charges an atom would have if electrons are
transferred completely
57. H+ + F-
HF
molecular compound
ionic compound
H+
oxidation state +1
F-
oxidation state -1
58. H2O
2 H+ + O2-
molecular compound
ionic compound
H+
oxidation state +1
O2-
oxidation state -2
61. RULE 2
monoatomic ions
oxidation number equals the charge of the ion
group I
M+
group II
M2+
group III
M3+ (Tl: also +1)
group VII (w/ metal)
X-
62. RULE 3
oxidation number of hydrogen
+1 in most compounds
(H2O, HF, HCl, NH3)
-1 binary compounds with metals (hydrides)
(LiH, NaH, CaH2, AlH3)
63. RULE 4
oxidation number of oxygen
-2 in most compounds
(H2O, MgO, Al2O3)
-1 in peroxide ion (O22-) (H2O2, K2O2, CaO2)
-1/2 in superoxide ion (O2-) (LiO2)
64. RULE 5
oxidation numbers of halogens
F: -1 (KF)
Cl, Br, I: -1 (halides) (NaCl, KBr)
Cl, Br, I: positive oxidation numbers if combined
with oxygen (ClO4-)
65. RULE 6
charges of polyatomic molecules must be integers
(NO3-, SO42-)
oxidation numbers do not have to be integers
-1/2 in superoxide ion (O2-)
66.
67. MENUE
1.oxidation states of group I – III metals
2.oxidation state of hydrogen (+1, -1)
3. oxidation states of oxygen (-2, -1, -1/2, +1)
4.oxidation state of halogens
5.remaining atoms
73. 1.combination reactions
A+B→C
two or more compounds combine to form a single product
S8(s) + O2(g) → SO2(g)
1. oxidation numbers
2. balancing charges
74. MENUE
1.oxidation states of group I – III metals
2.oxidation state of hydrogen (+1, -1)
3. oxidation states of oxygen (-2, -1, -1/2, +1)
4.oxidation state of halogens
5.remaining atoms
75. 2. decomposition reactions
C→A+B
breakdown of one compound into two or more compounds
HgO(s) → Hg(l) + O2(g)
KClO3(s) → KCl(s) + O2(g)
1. oxidation numbers
2. balancing charges
76. 3. displacement reactions
A + BC → AC + B
an ion or atom in a compound is replaced by an ion or atom
of another element
3.1. Hydrogen displacement
3.2. Metal displacement
3.3. Halogen displacement
77. group I and some group II metals (Ca, Sr, Ba)
react with water to form hydrogen
Na(s) + H2O(l) → NaOH + H2(g)
less reactive metals form hydrogen and the oxide in
water (group III, transition metals)
Al(s) + H2O(l) → Al2O3(s) + H2(g)
78. even less reactive metals form hydrogen in acids
Zn(s) + HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
EXP12
79. activity series of metals
Li K Ba Ca Na Mg Al Zn Cr Fe Cd Co Ni Sn Pb H Cu Hg Ag Pt Au
displace H from water
displace H from steam
displace H from acids
80. Li K Ba Ca Na Mg Al Zn Cr Fe Cd Co Ni Sn Pb H Cu Hg Ag Pt Au
does not like so much to donate electrons
likes to donate electrons
EXP13
84. 4. disproportionation reactions
an element in one oxidation state is oxidized and reduced
at the same time
H2O2(aq) → 2 H2O(l) + O2(g)
Cl2(g) + 2 OH-(aq) → ClO-(aq) + Cl-(aq) + H2O(l)
87. How many grams of AgNO3 are needed to prepare
250 mL of 0.0125 M AgNO3 solution?
0.531 g AgNO3
88. How many mL of 0.124 M NaOH are required
to react completely with 15.4 mL of 0.108 M H2SO4?
2 NaOH + H2SO4
Na2SO4 + 2H2O
26.8 mL NaOH
89. How many mL of 0.124 M NaOH are required
to react completely with 20.1 mL of 0.2 M HCl?
NaOH + HCl
NaCl + H2O
90. How many grams of iron(II)sulfide have to react with hydrochloric acid
to generate 12 g of hydrogen sulfide?
91. How many moles of BaSO4 will form if 20.0 mL of
0.600 M BaCl2 is mixed with 30.0 mL of 0.500 M MgSO4?
BaCl2 + MgSO4
BaSO4 + MgCl2
This is a limiting reagent problem
0.0120 mol BaSO 4
92. How many ml of a 1.5 M HCl will be used to neutralize
a 0.2 M Ba(OH)2 solution?
How many ml of a 1.5 M HCl will be used to prepare
500 ml of a 0.1 M HCl?
Vdil X M dil
=
Vconcd X M concd