Explain how the paired-samples t test evaluates individual differences and the independent- samples t test evaluates group differences. Solution Use a paired samples t-test when you\'re testing the same people twice, such as when you give the same person a pre-test (Time 1), then a post-test (Time 2), and you compare his/her scores at two different times (to see if there\'s a significant difference between the scores at Time 1 vs. the scores at Time 2). Use an independent samples t-test when you\'re testing different people\'s scores (such as men vs. women) to see if there\'s a significant difference between their scores. It doesn\'t have to do with whether the sampling is random. I hope that helps!.