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WEBBING SLING
WEBBING SLING
         (LIFFTING BELT/DUPLEX STROPS)
INDEX
-INTRODUCTION
-ROUND-WEEBING SLING
-COLOUR CODE FOR WEBBING SLINGS
-MARKINGS-TAG
-SLING TAG
-SLING CERTIFICATE
-SLINGS MATERIAL
-TYPES WEBBING SLINGS
-PACKING-PROTECTIVE
-CHART
-INSPECTION
-STORAGE/HOUSKEPPING
-SAFE USE OF ROUND/ WEBBING SLING
-OPERATING PRACTICES
INTRODUCTION
FLAT and ROUND- WEBBING SLING
Learn the basic of webbing sling, including the nomenclature, how it is constructed, and how
diameter and lay measurements are made.
How to choose the right webbing sling for your needs, how to extend sling service life, the
importance inspection, and how to properly store and handle webbing sling.
•   Colour coded to identify WLL
•   Can be manufactured using various materials eg.
            Polyester
            Nylon
            Polypropylene
            Kevlar
•   Usually polyester (resists acids…damaged by alkalis)
•   The webbing is produced in various widths .May be single double (simplex, duplex ) or triple
    thickness. Ultimate strength and flexibility is governed by the number of layers of webbing
    stitched together.




•   May have “d” links attached or other end fittings attached
•   7:1 safety factor
ROUND- WEBBING SLING

Round slings consist of an unspun hank of polyester protected by a sheath or cover.

Due to the construction of a round sling, the load bearing element of the sling is
contained within the core.

The length of a round sling is measured at its circumference.

Provided that a round sling outer sheath or cover is in good condition -
no cuts, tears or friction burns

It can be reasonably assumed that the inner core is undamaged and
the sling is satisfactory for use.

Roundslings are almost always used like this:-
WLL reduced by 20% in choke hitch.
E.g. 2t WLL for vertical use
SWL reduced to 1.6t in this hitch.
COLOUR CODE FOR WEBBING SLINGS

                                            Purple
1 stripe = 1Te SWL


                                            Green
2 stripes = 2Te SWL


                                            Yellow
3 stripes = 3Te SWL


                                            Grey
4 stripes = 4Te SWL


*Number of black stripes indicates SWL.
(The colour is depend on the manufacture)
MARKINGS-TAG
Markings or code to
Shows ;-
 Name or trademark of manufacturer
 SAFE WORKING LOAD
 Rated capacities for the type of hitch
 Type of material
 Identification number

LABEL COLOURS CODE

   Green - Polyamide (Nylon) Alkali Resistant


        Blue – Polyester Acid Resistant

  Red/Brown – Polypropylene Resists Acid &
        Alkalis damaged by solvents.
MARKINGS-TAG
ROUND SLINGS

        Stripes show WLL for straight lift   Sleeves provide protection on
                e.g. 3 stripes = 3t          sharp edged loads




       Label gives more detailed information for WLL of
       sling in different configurations
SLING TAG
Identification number & date tag on webbing sling




    WRONG MARKING
SLING -CERTIFICATE

Employers should hold the sling Certificate of
Conformity and where produced a Test
Certificate.
    - Not just because the law so requires it -
but because it may be vital evidence in the
event of a failure of that equipment while in
service.
The certificate is documentary evidence of the
legal SWL of the sling.
SLINGS MATERIAL

 SUBSTANCE                                                            ORGANIC
                                                                      SOLVENTS
   Net rope           ACIDS ALKALIS                               (XYLENE, TOLUENE, TRIC,
                                                                   PETROL, WHITE SPIRIT)
                                                                                              OILS
   material                                                                 ETC.

                                                                    Susceptible to           Susceptible to
   Natural fibres     Very susceptible    Very susceptible to
                                                                   attack- becomes              attack
  (Manilla & Sisal)      to attack              attack
                                                                       embrittled
                       Susceptible to      *Highly resistant to   *Highly resistant to
       Nylon                                                                                *Highly resistant
                          attack                 attack                 attack
                                                                                               *Virtually
     Polyester        *Highly resistant   Susceptible to attack
                                                                  *Virtually unaffected       unaffected
     (Terylene)           to attack

                                                                     Susceptible to
                      *Highly resistant    *Highly resistant to
   Polyethylene                                                   attack, particularly if    *Not affected
                          to attack              attack
                                                                     solvent is hot.

                                                                   Attacked by some
                      *Highly resistant    *Highly resistant to         solvents             *Not affected
   Polypropylene
                          to attack              attack             e.g. Xylene and
                                                                        Toulene



*May be suitable under the above mentioned conditions
TYPES WEBBING SLINGS
TYPES WEBBING SLINGS
TYPES WEBBING SLINGS
TYPES WEBBING SLINGS




 2 LEGGEED WEBBING SLING
TYPES WEBBING SLINGS

SINGLE    2 LEGGED   4 LEGGED
TYPES WEBBING SLINGS

               Choke hitch they must be
               downrated by 20% when
               used in choke hitch.

               Basket hitch the WLL is twice
               the vertical WLL.

               Manufacturers supply charts
               to indicate the considerable
               variation in WLL which web
               slings are subject
PACKING-PROTECTIVE

FLAT WEB SLINGS
• When using web slings extreme care should be taken to
  prevent damage to the sling due to sharp edges on loads.
  On supported loads the requirement to use packing is more
  pronounced than with chain.
• Protective sleeves are available from suppliers which will
  reduce the damage from loads with sharp abrasive edges.
  E.g. Secutex



                       Packing on sharp
                            edges
CHART WEBBING SLINGS
CHART WEBBING SLINGS
WEBBING SLINGS INSPECTION




            8 lines per 25 mm
INSPECTION
ABRASION
Localised abrasions is the result of movement of the sling over sharp edges,
this will significantly reduce the strength of the sling and justify removal from
Service.
FRICTION BURNS
A webbing sling that has been 'heated' will display hard, brittle, shiny
patches at the points where the high temperatures occurred and fused the
fibres together.
Damage usually occurs across the whole width of the sling and can be
detected by folding the sling during inspection. These hard patches are sling
weak points and are sufficient evidence to withdraw the slings from service.
Friction is the most common cause of 'heat' damage to webbing slings.
Ensure that a sling under tension is not allowed to 'skid' along load
surfaces.
Ensure that the sling is not subjected to 'point' loading such as pulling onto
a sharp corner. This produces very high pressure at the 'point' and can result
in heat fusion in the sling material.
INSPECTION
CUTS
 Cuts in webbing slings usually result from contact with unprotected
sharp edges.
 Cut damage is similar to that of „friction burns‟ except that the cut may
be clean, or matted and soft in appearance.
 Inspect for cut damage in the same way as for friction burns.
 Any cuts in the edge of the webbing will significantly reduce sling
strength and justify removal from service.
WEAR
Damage from wear arises only in local areas of the sling. It is caused by:
 Dragging along the ground / deck.
 The „bight‟ being made in the same place for too many lifts.
 Wear damage from a scuffed surface will appear in patches. If scuffing
is severe whole threads may be broken.
CHAFFING
The degree of chaffing will vary. Even minor chaffing will result in some
loss of strength. Substantial chaffing, especially when it is localised, will be
justification for removal from service
INSPECTION
•   Web slings should be examined along           Sewing thread abrasion
    their length for surface chafe, cuts in the
    webbing, cuts or chafe damage to the
    selvedges and any damage to the
    stitching, eyes or end fittings.
•   The effect of chafe on the surface is
    variable. Any substantial
    chafe, particularly localised, should be
    viewed critically.
•   Local abrasion, as distinct from general
    wear may be caused by the sling
    passing over sharp edges and will result
    in a serious loss of strength.
•   Heat damage may show as hard spots
    and could be generated
    byfriction, particularly at the bight when
    choke hitch is used.




                                                      Abrasive Damage
INSPECTION




                                               CUT
 BROKEN THREAD                                 S
      Load bearing core         Cuts, particularly at the selvedge
                                will result in a serious loss of
                                strength.
Outer cover
                                A sling so affected should be taken
                                    out
                                of service immediately.


      CUTS IN THE OUTER COVER
INSPECTION




Damage at the triangle
INSPECTION

CHEMICAL ATTACK
• Chemical attack is
  indicated by local
  weakening or softening
  of the material in the
  webbing so that surface
  fibres can be rubbed
  off, as a powder in
  extreme cases.

•   Chemical
    attack/contamination
    may show as
    discolouration and is a
    clear indication of
    damage to the sling.
INSPECTION




FRAYED SLING EDGE    OUTER COVER DAMAGE
INSPECTION
STORAGE




      DISCARD IT




Always inspect slings prior to use.
STORAGE
STORAGE- HOUSEKEPPING
SAFE USE OF WEBBING SLING

Webbing slings should not be used for general lifts.

Use only under strict control whenever delicate, fragile, or specialist
lifts are required.

So Consider:

    Will the sling damage the load?
    Will the load damage the sling?
    Is it hot?
    Are there chemicals about?
    Do you need adjustment?
    How will the sling be Attached?
    What does the load weigh?
SAFE USE OF ROUND/WEBBING SLING
SUMMARY – DO’S
•  Stand back & “size up” the task
•  Check lifting points are strong enough for the job.
•  Obtain the weight of the load and check the SWL of the accessories.
•  Select the correct accessory i.e. length, construction, strength & suitability.
•  Check the C/G of the load
•  Inspect the condition of the accessories- before use- check for: chafe/cuts/seam damage
•  Observe the mode factor, ensure that the sling is of adequate strength-certificate
•  Check the loads are slung correctly.
•  Stand clear of the load
•  Take the strain before lifting the load.
•  Check accessory and lifting point attachments on suspended loads.
•  Give clear & unambiguous signals/instructions to the crane operator.
•  Stand where you can be seen by the crane operator when giving signals.
•  Use a tag line to control long/awkward loads being lifted
•  Avoid shock loading.
•  Protect a webbing sling when passing it round a surface might cause damage to the fabric.
•  On supported loads use packing where sharp edges are present.
•  Ensure that lifting hooks or devices have smooth edges that will not damage the eyes of the
   slings
•  If slings are to be used in chemically abnormal atmospheres or in constant high temperatures
   then seek confirmation of advice before used (A nylon (polyamide) sling can lose up to 15%
   of its SWL when wet.)
SAFE USE OF ROUND/WEBBING SLING
SUMMARY DON’TS
• Drag accessories along the ground – carry them or use mechanical aids.
• Drag accessories from underneath a load it could pull the load over and damage
  the gear – use bearers
• Pull the sling from under the load if the load is resting on the sling.
• Use unauthorised lifting accessories, always ensure they have test certificates and
  as appropriate, a 6 monthly, the SWL is not known - marked
• Guess the weight of the load.
• Shorten any accessory by twisting or knotting.
• Ride on the load or in the accessories.
• Walk/work underneath any load.
• Leave accessories lying around on the ground – pick them up.
• Leave damaged or condemned accessories where they could be used by others.
• Place hands or feet near the bight of any accessory.
• Use a sling with a load without unprotected sharp edges
• Permit the opening of the soft eye in excess of 120 degrees
• Use a sling with a damage eye, has damage outer sheath (round), any damage
• Allow the eye of a webbing sung to be opened by more than 20º
• Use choked lift without protecting sling eye (allow angle of choke to form naturally)
• Lift when the sling is twisted
OPERATING PRACTICES


•   Keep the included angle as small as possible.
•   Keep the eye opening angle within 200 by using shackles – if not the
    eye of the sling could be burst open.


        Large included angle

                                             Sharp edged load




                Sling will be cut here
OPERATING PRACTICES




DON’T CHOKE          OK
OPERATING PRACTICES




Webbing slings must not be left exposed to the elements !
OPERATING PRACTICES




WRONG INSTALLATION CAUSE DEFECT
OPERATING PRACTICES




WHAT HAPPEN HERE ????
OPERATING PRACTICES




WHAT HAPPEN HERE ????
OPERATING PRACTICES




WHAT HAPPEN HERE ????
OPERATING PRACTICES




WHAT HAPPEN HERE ????
OPERATING PRACTICES




WHAT HAPPEN HERE ????
OPERATING PRACTICES

                Just what I need to get
                 the engine out of my
                      old motor !
OPERATING PRACTICES

Question:
What is wrong with this picture?
OPERATING PRACTICES

Answer:
Always use a shackle – do not attach the sling to the main hook
                                         •   When using web slings
                                             care should be exercised
                                             when connecting the upper
                                             ends to a crane hook – the
                                             eye opening angle should
                                             not exceed 200

                                         •   Shackles should be used to
                                             connect the upper legs to
                                             prevent destruction of the
                                             sling(s).

                                         •   If web slings have to be
                                             joined together then
                                             shackles should be used –
                                             they must never be joined
                                             together by tying knots in
                                             them.
OPERATING PRACTICES

Question:
What is wrong with this picture?




                                   RESUL
                                   T
OPERATING PRACTICES
Answer:
Sharp edges should always be packed to prevent damage
OPERATING PRACTICES




GOOD PRACTICE
Webbing Sling

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Webbing Sling

  • 2. WEBBING SLING (LIFFTING BELT/DUPLEX STROPS) INDEX -INTRODUCTION -ROUND-WEEBING SLING -COLOUR CODE FOR WEBBING SLINGS -MARKINGS-TAG -SLING TAG -SLING CERTIFICATE -SLINGS MATERIAL -TYPES WEBBING SLINGS -PACKING-PROTECTIVE -CHART -INSPECTION -STORAGE/HOUSKEPPING -SAFE USE OF ROUND/ WEBBING SLING -OPERATING PRACTICES
  • 3. INTRODUCTION FLAT and ROUND- WEBBING SLING Learn the basic of webbing sling, including the nomenclature, how it is constructed, and how diameter and lay measurements are made. How to choose the right webbing sling for your needs, how to extend sling service life, the importance inspection, and how to properly store and handle webbing sling. • Colour coded to identify WLL • Can be manufactured using various materials eg. Polyester Nylon Polypropylene Kevlar • Usually polyester (resists acids…damaged by alkalis) • The webbing is produced in various widths .May be single double (simplex, duplex ) or triple thickness. Ultimate strength and flexibility is governed by the number of layers of webbing stitched together. • May have “d” links attached or other end fittings attached • 7:1 safety factor
  • 4. ROUND- WEBBING SLING Round slings consist of an unspun hank of polyester protected by a sheath or cover. Due to the construction of a round sling, the load bearing element of the sling is contained within the core. The length of a round sling is measured at its circumference. Provided that a round sling outer sheath or cover is in good condition - no cuts, tears or friction burns It can be reasonably assumed that the inner core is undamaged and the sling is satisfactory for use. Roundslings are almost always used like this:- WLL reduced by 20% in choke hitch. E.g. 2t WLL for vertical use SWL reduced to 1.6t in this hitch.
  • 5. COLOUR CODE FOR WEBBING SLINGS Purple 1 stripe = 1Te SWL Green 2 stripes = 2Te SWL Yellow 3 stripes = 3Te SWL Grey 4 stripes = 4Te SWL *Number of black stripes indicates SWL. (The colour is depend on the manufacture)
  • 6. MARKINGS-TAG Markings or code to Shows ;-  Name or trademark of manufacturer  SAFE WORKING LOAD  Rated capacities for the type of hitch  Type of material  Identification number LABEL COLOURS CODE Green - Polyamide (Nylon) Alkali Resistant Blue – Polyester Acid Resistant Red/Brown – Polypropylene Resists Acid & Alkalis damaged by solvents.
  • 7. MARKINGS-TAG ROUND SLINGS Stripes show WLL for straight lift Sleeves provide protection on e.g. 3 stripes = 3t sharp edged loads Label gives more detailed information for WLL of sling in different configurations
  • 8. SLING TAG Identification number & date tag on webbing sling WRONG MARKING
  • 9. SLING -CERTIFICATE Employers should hold the sling Certificate of Conformity and where produced a Test Certificate. - Not just because the law so requires it - but because it may be vital evidence in the event of a failure of that equipment while in service. The certificate is documentary evidence of the legal SWL of the sling.
  • 10. SLINGS MATERIAL SUBSTANCE ORGANIC SOLVENTS Net rope ACIDS ALKALIS (XYLENE, TOLUENE, TRIC, PETROL, WHITE SPIRIT) OILS material ETC. Susceptible to Susceptible to Natural fibres Very susceptible Very susceptible to attack- becomes attack (Manilla & Sisal) to attack attack embrittled Susceptible to *Highly resistant to *Highly resistant to Nylon *Highly resistant attack attack attack *Virtually Polyester *Highly resistant Susceptible to attack *Virtually unaffected unaffected (Terylene) to attack Susceptible to *Highly resistant *Highly resistant to Polyethylene attack, particularly if *Not affected to attack attack solvent is hot. Attacked by some *Highly resistant *Highly resistant to solvents *Not affected Polypropylene to attack attack e.g. Xylene and Toulene *May be suitable under the above mentioned conditions
  • 14. TYPES WEBBING SLINGS 2 LEGGEED WEBBING SLING
  • 15. TYPES WEBBING SLINGS SINGLE 2 LEGGED 4 LEGGED
  • 16. TYPES WEBBING SLINGS Choke hitch they must be downrated by 20% when used in choke hitch. Basket hitch the WLL is twice the vertical WLL. Manufacturers supply charts to indicate the considerable variation in WLL which web slings are subject
  • 17. PACKING-PROTECTIVE FLAT WEB SLINGS • When using web slings extreme care should be taken to prevent damage to the sling due to sharp edges on loads. On supported loads the requirement to use packing is more pronounced than with chain. • Protective sleeves are available from suppliers which will reduce the damage from loads with sharp abrasive edges. E.g. Secutex Packing on sharp edges
  • 20. WEBBING SLINGS INSPECTION 8 lines per 25 mm
  • 21. INSPECTION ABRASION Localised abrasions is the result of movement of the sling over sharp edges, this will significantly reduce the strength of the sling and justify removal from Service. FRICTION BURNS A webbing sling that has been 'heated' will display hard, brittle, shiny patches at the points where the high temperatures occurred and fused the fibres together. Damage usually occurs across the whole width of the sling and can be detected by folding the sling during inspection. These hard patches are sling weak points and are sufficient evidence to withdraw the slings from service. Friction is the most common cause of 'heat' damage to webbing slings. Ensure that a sling under tension is not allowed to 'skid' along load surfaces. Ensure that the sling is not subjected to 'point' loading such as pulling onto a sharp corner. This produces very high pressure at the 'point' and can result in heat fusion in the sling material.
  • 22. INSPECTION CUTS  Cuts in webbing slings usually result from contact with unprotected sharp edges.  Cut damage is similar to that of „friction burns‟ except that the cut may be clean, or matted and soft in appearance.  Inspect for cut damage in the same way as for friction burns.  Any cuts in the edge of the webbing will significantly reduce sling strength and justify removal from service. WEAR Damage from wear arises only in local areas of the sling. It is caused by:  Dragging along the ground / deck.  The „bight‟ being made in the same place for too many lifts.  Wear damage from a scuffed surface will appear in patches. If scuffing is severe whole threads may be broken. CHAFFING The degree of chaffing will vary. Even minor chaffing will result in some loss of strength. Substantial chaffing, especially when it is localised, will be justification for removal from service
  • 23. INSPECTION • Web slings should be examined along Sewing thread abrasion their length for surface chafe, cuts in the webbing, cuts or chafe damage to the selvedges and any damage to the stitching, eyes or end fittings. • The effect of chafe on the surface is variable. Any substantial chafe, particularly localised, should be viewed critically. • Local abrasion, as distinct from general wear may be caused by the sling passing over sharp edges and will result in a serious loss of strength. • Heat damage may show as hard spots and could be generated byfriction, particularly at the bight when choke hitch is used. Abrasive Damage
  • 24. INSPECTION CUT BROKEN THREAD S Load bearing core Cuts, particularly at the selvedge will result in a serious loss of strength. Outer cover A sling so affected should be taken out of service immediately. CUTS IN THE OUTER COVER
  • 26. INSPECTION CHEMICAL ATTACK • Chemical attack is indicated by local weakening or softening of the material in the webbing so that surface fibres can be rubbed off, as a powder in extreme cases. • Chemical attack/contamination may show as discolouration and is a clear indication of damage to the sling.
  • 27. INSPECTION FRAYED SLING EDGE OUTER COVER DAMAGE
  • 29. STORAGE DISCARD IT Always inspect slings prior to use.
  • 32. SAFE USE OF WEBBING SLING Webbing slings should not be used for general lifts. Use only under strict control whenever delicate, fragile, or specialist lifts are required. So Consider: Will the sling damage the load? Will the load damage the sling? Is it hot? Are there chemicals about? Do you need adjustment? How will the sling be Attached? What does the load weigh?
  • 33. SAFE USE OF ROUND/WEBBING SLING SUMMARY – DO’S • Stand back & “size up” the task • Check lifting points are strong enough for the job. • Obtain the weight of the load and check the SWL of the accessories. • Select the correct accessory i.e. length, construction, strength & suitability. • Check the C/G of the load • Inspect the condition of the accessories- before use- check for: chafe/cuts/seam damage • Observe the mode factor, ensure that the sling is of adequate strength-certificate • Check the loads are slung correctly. • Stand clear of the load • Take the strain before lifting the load. • Check accessory and lifting point attachments on suspended loads. • Give clear & unambiguous signals/instructions to the crane operator. • Stand where you can be seen by the crane operator when giving signals. • Use a tag line to control long/awkward loads being lifted • Avoid shock loading. • Protect a webbing sling when passing it round a surface might cause damage to the fabric. • On supported loads use packing where sharp edges are present. • Ensure that lifting hooks or devices have smooth edges that will not damage the eyes of the slings • If slings are to be used in chemically abnormal atmospheres or in constant high temperatures then seek confirmation of advice before used (A nylon (polyamide) sling can lose up to 15% of its SWL when wet.)
  • 34. SAFE USE OF ROUND/WEBBING SLING SUMMARY DON’TS • Drag accessories along the ground – carry them or use mechanical aids. • Drag accessories from underneath a load it could pull the load over and damage the gear – use bearers • Pull the sling from under the load if the load is resting on the sling. • Use unauthorised lifting accessories, always ensure they have test certificates and as appropriate, a 6 monthly, the SWL is not known - marked • Guess the weight of the load. • Shorten any accessory by twisting or knotting. • Ride on the load or in the accessories. • Walk/work underneath any load. • Leave accessories lying around on the ground – pick them up. • Leave damaged or condemned accessories where they could be used by others. • Place hands or feet near the bight of any accessory. • Use a sling with a load without unprotected sharp edges • Permit the opening of the soft eye in excess of 120 degrees • Use a sling with a damage eye, has damage outer sheath (round), any damage • Allow the eye of a webbing sung to be opened by more than 20º • Use choked lift without protecting sling eye (allow angle of choke to form naturally) • Lift when the sling is twisted
  • 35. OPERATING PRACTICES • Keep the included angle as small as possible. • Keep the eye opening angle within 200 by using shackles – if not the eye of the sling could be burst open. Large included angle Sharp edged load Sling will be cut here
  • 37. OPERATING PRACTICES Webbing slings must not be left exposed to the elements !
  • 44. OPERATING PRACTICES Just what I need to get the engine out of my old motor !
  • 45. OPERATING PRACTICES Question: What is wrong with this picture?
  • 46. OPERATING PRACTICES Answer: Always use a shackle – do not attach the sling to the main hook • When using web slings care should be exercised when connecting the upper ends to a crane hook – the eye opening angle should not exceed 200 • Shackles should be used to connect the upper legs to prevent destruction of the sling(s). • If web slings have to be joined together then shackles should be used – they must never be joined together by tying knots in them.
  • 47. OPERATING PRACTICES Question: What is wrong with this picture? RESUL T
  • 48. OPERATING PRACTICES Answer: Sharp edges should always be packed to prevent damage