CASE STUDY- Chennai, India. Best practice- CBED programme. Chennai INTRODUCTION TO STUDY AREA---- Cochin, Kerala.

1. “URBAN FLOOD RISK REDUCTION
BY RESILIENCY PLANNING”
Presented By, Remya Panicker
Under the guidance of Asst. Prof. Sameer Deshkar
M.Tech 4TH SEM- Urban Planning V.N.I.T,Nagpur

2. CONTENTS
• CASE STUDY- Chennai, India.
• Best practice- CBED programme. Chennai
• INTODUCTION TO STUDY AREA----
•Cochin, Kerala.

3. “Applying a Climate Disaster Resilience Index (CDRI) to
enhance planning decisions in Chennai, India
By: Ramasamy Krishnamurthy (UoM),
Jonas Joerin (Kyoto University), Rajib Shaw (Kyoto University), Yukiko Takeuchi (Kyoto
University)
CASE STUDY:

4. Urban Disaster Risk in Chennai
Study location
The capital of Tamil Nadu ,Chennai is
the fourth largest Metropolitan city in
India .
Tier I city-
Largest city in south(urban population)
It is divided into 4 parts –
North, central, South & West.
The city is known for its Hindu temples.
It is a major trade center, being well
linked by road, rail and air to important
cities besides being a sea port.

5. Causes of Chennai floods-
from literature study :
CHENNAI
FLOOD
FACTORS
Direct factors
Indirect Factors
Increase in
rainfall Topography
Urbanisation
Inadequate
& poor
drainage
systems Disposal of
solid waste
& other
debris
Vehicle
parking
on roads
Due to global
climate change
& urban heat
island effect
•Construction of
transportation networks all
along major water courses
•Increase in concrete spaces-
decrease in open spaces.
Plain terrain
lacking natural
gradient for
free run-off
•Insufficient sewerage capacity
•Heavy siltation along drainage
channels
•Lack of coordination between the
agencies
•People’s
attitude
•Lack of mgt.
measures by
authority
•Increase in
concrete
spaces(3-4%)
•Discrepancies
between
public and
local authority

6. Chennai City (176km2)
Urbanisation :
Current population (2011):
4.68 million,
• Population growth:
1971‐2001:---1.72%/year
2001‐2011:--0.75%/year
Migrant population –accounted to
22% of Chennai’s population
in 2001.
• Population density (avg):
26,597 (p/km2)
•Chennai Metropolitan Area
expected at 9.9 million inhabitants
by 2025.
0
10
20
30
40
50
Chennai
City
Municipalit
y
Town
Panchayat
Growth of population in CMA- 1971-2001
0
2
4
6
8
Other parts
of T.N
Other parts
in India
Other
Countries
Migration to Chennai City 1961-2001
Demographic Stress :
PopulationInLakhs
Year

7. Urban Disaster
Risks in Chennai:
Shocks
Earthquakes-
moderate damage zone-
(seismic zone 3)
Cyclones- Very
heavy rains causing
floods.
Strong winds.
Storm surge.
Floods-
localized,(major
drains, low lying
areas,water,canals)
36 flood hot
spots(2005 floods)
Cooum river
Adyar river
Chennai is a multi
hazard prone area;
Adyar river
Coastal Reach 0.0 – 6.4 km
Central City Reach 6.4 – 9.3 km
Outer City Reach 9.3 – 20.0 km
Coastal Reach 0.0 – 4.2 km
Central City Reach 4.2 – 12.2 km
Outer City Reach 12.2 – 24.7 km

8. Urban Disaster Risks in Chennai:
Shocks
– 2005, 2008 and 2010
flash floods were caused
by cyclone causing
great damage.
– Cyclone is active
mostly during the
months of October to
December.
-Cyclones 1959‐2008 in
north part of Tamil
Nadu State:
-28 cyclones in 50 years

9. Nilam, October, 2012
Key characteristics: -100boats went
missing,4 died,6 missing.
Around 150 Uprooted trees and torrential
rains hampered smooth flow of traffic.
Nisha,November, 2008
Key characteristics:86 died, damage to
road, rail networks.
‐Floods triggered through heavy
storms, cyclone.
Jal, December, 2010
Key characteristics:
‐ Floods triggered through, cyclone.
‐ More than 170 casualties in T.N
Thane, December, 2011
Key characteristics: localised flooding.
-No loss to life. Traffic seriously disrupted.
Recent CYCLONE Events- Shocks
Nilam
Thane
Jal
Nisha
Catastrophic floods experienced in
past-2005,1998,1996,1985,1976

10. Chennai
city limits
Metropolitan
limits
54.25
7.09
5.17
18.48
2.09
0.57
0.47
11.89
City-land use Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Institutional
open space/recreation
agriculture
non-urban
others(vacant,forest,hil
ls,water bodies,low
lying..etc)
21.87
0.37
6.28
3.01
0.19
11.92
2.33
54.03
Land use- Rest of CMA
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Institutional
Open
space/recreation
Agriculture
Non urban
Others
Urban Disaster
Risks in Chennai ‐
Stresses
Source: www.cdmachennai.gov.in
Chennai City (172km2)
Metropolitan- (400km2)

11. Urbanisation :
0
100
200
300
400
500
600 1971
1981
1991
2001
1973-Urban area
1983-Urban area
1993-Urban area
2006-Urban area
Density(personsperurbanized)
Hectare
Distance from city center (Km)
City
core
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
1971
1981
1991
2001
%oftotalhousingstock
Distance from city centre-Km
Land use change-1997-2006

12. Expected water supply gap
for 2026- 3OO MLD-CMA
About 650 small and big water bodies in
and around the city has been reduced to
less than 30. Also, the ground water level
came down up to 10m within 5 years.
Urban infrastructure stress:
Water sector..
The sewage system originally designed for
about 6.5 lakhs population at 114 LPCD of
water supply.---modified during 1989-91
even then it has not reached the required
capacity.
Sewerage sector..
Total waste water outfalls in
water ways accounts to 85%.
Inadequacy of storm-water drainage
system (flat terrain) and lack of
maintenance.
Drainage sector..
The city has only 855 km of
storm drains against 2847
km of urban roads.
The highest per capita solid
waste generation in India is in
Chennai (0.6kg/day).
Solid waste mgt..
Even though there is a proper system of
collection, segregation & disposal of
wastes, The Attitude of people is
appalling causing the pile of solid wastes
in the vicinity of the residential areas
itself.

13. Under- Global COE
programme
CDRI capacity building
programme
Graphical Community disaster resilience framework

14. Climate Disaster Resilience Index in Chennai :
Methodology
“My city is getting ready”
CDRI tool: 5 x 5 matrix
Stage 1: Capacity building of city govt. officials to complete a
CDRI questionnaire to create a overall resilience mapping

15. Table1- Dimensions and variables considered for CDRI analysis

16. CDRI ANALYSIS & RESULTS:
Key Findings :
Overall resilience scores

17. Analysis & Result- Physical Resiliency
Key Findings :
Analysis & Result- Social ResiliencyAnalysis & Result- Economic ResiliencyAnalysis & Result- Institutional
Resiliency
Analysis & Result- Natural
Resiliency

18. Stage 2: Training & action workshop, to design a self-evaluation matrix and
to initiate Climate action planning .
Figure: Sample of CDRI Self assessment matrix to monitor future adaptation activities in city

19. Enhancing the Resilience of Chennai to Climate‐related Disasters
Result
Implementation
of in CAP
Formal
adoption of CAP
Formulation of
actions
Assessment
Climate Action Plan (CAP)
Policy
–CDRI, local
characteristics
and feasibility; focus on
non‐structural measures
(soft adaptation)
–
Draft formulated in
December 2010 in
collaboration with the
Corporation of Chennai
and University of Madras.
– In progress of adoption
by the Corporation of
Chennai
Positive outcome:….Safer Chennai Campaign
-Launched on 19th August 2010 to support Chennai’s
participation at the 2010‐11 “World Disaster
Reduction Campaign: Making Cities Resilient
“from the United Nations
– Provides an opportunity to support and establish
multi‐stakeholder dialogues to decisively
implement actions enhancing the resilience in Chennai.
– The CDRI is an example of a process‐oriented
research approach: from assessment to planning and
implementation.
Stage.3- Initiating
development of the CAP
and implementation
process.

20. Way Forward – Assessing Climate‐related Disaster
Resilience at the Micro‐level
Households located in the vicinity of
rivers and canals have higher damages
from floods!

21. Best practice :
CMA-
Community Based Environment Development Programme
(CBED) 2003
(a) enable the participation of the community at the grassroots level to identify
and prioritize environment-related issues affecting all sections of the
community,
(b) To ensure full stakeholder participation including the elected representatives,
(c) To create a common platform for the community to work together to solve
the local issues which will be unique to the respective areas, in the manner that is
acceptable to all stakeholders,
(d) To help in capacity building at the local level to plan, coordinate and formulate
feasible / bankable project proposals with emphasis on environmental
considerations, multi-sectoral coordination and effective participation of
public and private sectors and
(e) To ensure better maintenance and utilization of the assets created and to develop
spirit of ownership amidst the beneficiaries.
PROGRAMME OBJECTIVES :

22. Programme are,
(a) Improvement to the existing parks / playfield
(b) Improvement to the existing burial / burning grounds
(c) Desilting of lakes / ponds / tanks to augment water supply and improve the
ground water table
(d) Rain water harvesting and tree planting
(e) Construction / renovation of toilets and other environmental improvements in
the government schools
(f) Solid Waste Management
(g) Construction of storm water drains
(h) Construction of common utility buildings and
(i) Any other projects with an objective to improve the local
environment
Environmental projects funded under CBED
Financial assistance :
80% CMDA
10% community
10% local body

23. Temple tanks in Chennai
Source: CPREEC,2008
Number of Temple tanks- 50
Degradation of lake Madhuravayal
Dandishwar temple tank,Velachery

24. A few Tank renovation works under
CBED with CMDA Grant Assistance:

25. Provision
of;
•Drains
•Roads
•Water
lorries
•Parks
•Tanks
renovation
Other works:

26. Introduction to study area :
•The largest agglomeration in Kerala.
• Nerve center of all commercial and economic activities
in the state of Kerala.
•Tier-II city.
City population-2011-6,01,574.
Metropolitan population-2011-2.1 Million.
•The coastal areas densely populated with a density of
6300 persons per sq.km. in the city compared to the
average density of 819 persons per sq.km. in the
State.
•Has a flat terrain and a large expanse of backwaters and
canals with small and large islands scattered in the
backwaters.
•The economy of the area is dependent on the activities
of the Kochi Port.
•A number of industries are located in this district and
the proximity and development potential of Kochi Port
attracts private and public investments in port
related activities.
CoC area-
94.88Km
GCDA area-537.12Km

27. Flood Coastal erosion Storm
surge/Tsunami
inundation
Kochi Area Sq.Km Area% Length
Km
Length-% Area-
sq.km
Area%
51.8 35.8 33.4 69 45.1 31.1

28. Identification of issues:
KEY ISSUES OF WATER SUPPLY :
• Gap between demand and supply –397 mld;(w.r.t
2036 demand)
• Intermittent water supply – limited from ½ an
hour a day to 8 hours. Twice a week only in
certain areas;
• Non-availability of local spot sources due to
salinity;
• Distant perennial sources - makes water supply
costly;
• The availability of water in the 2 rivers may not be
sufficient in the long run; and
• Salinity of the environment causes corrosion of
pipes.
• Lack of Coverage –only 5% of the corporation
area is covered serving only 20,000 people;
• Old and dilapidated Sewage Treatment Plants;
• No Revenue – No monthly billing;
• High water table – septic tanks, two pit latrines, etc.
do not function properly;
• High cost of sewerage –flat terrain makes
natural gravitational flow difficult; the soil is
mainly loose sand and clay, making open
cutting difficult. High water table necessitates
sewage-pumping stations at frequent intervals; and
• Within the urban areas, residential and other
activities are so densely located, that the septic
tank system does not work leading to water and soil
pollution.
KEY ISSUES OF Sewerage:
• Poor waste collection system;
• Poor frequency of waste collection;
• Inefficient collection and disposal at temporary transfer locations;
• Obsolete waste handling and transportation system;
• No scientific and modern waste processing at any stage;
• Water logging due to choking of drains with waste;
• Mosquito menace due to stagnation of water in drains;
• Misery of the poor who are the worst affected due to poor waste Management.
KEY ISSUES OF SWM:
Key Issues Of drainage:
• Inadequate drainage –only
60% of the Kochi
Corporation area is
covered by drainage leading
to frequent flooding of roads;
• Inefficient system – The flat
terrain of the region, high
water table and the nearness to
sea make the tidal water
flow inwards;
• Lack of a comprehensive
drainage Master Plan;
• Barriers to drainage –
Railway lines; and
• Lack of proper co-ordination
– In Kerala, provision of
drainage is carried out by the
concerned local bodies, State
Irrigation
Department, National
Highway, Southern Railways
and the State PWD. Lack of
proper co-ordination among
these agencies leaves gaps in
this sector.
Hydrological factors:
•Ground water level
•Presence of high
impervious cover
•High tide impeding
drainage
•Flat topograpgy-
6m(elevation)
Meteorological
factors:
•Excessive rainfall-
(8months in a year.)
•Cyclonic storms
•Localized rainfall
Human factors:
•Surface sealing
•Inefficiency of drainage
infrastructure
•Disposal of solid waste in
drains
•Encroachment on flood
plains.
Causes of floods in Cochin
canal can be smelled from three blocks away
and are breeding grounds for mosquitoes.
Many of the smaller canals have been
constricted by encroachments, and very little
water flow occurs (except during floods).
Low-Lying Islands I: These are already very
close to sea levels and are vulnerable to sea-
level rise.
Low-Lying Islands II: Some of the islands are
settled, protected from high-tide sea level by
low sea-walls (“bunds”).

29. Inferences
:
•Urban areas being the most complex systems…requires greater
attention in all the 5 dimensions in unison to tackle the flood menace.
•Resiliency development is the new way in URR.
•Community Resiliency planning will help develop better
unique, location based flood risk management plans.
•Problems with major flood management strategies is that they
function in piece meal manner and not address the issue in totality.
•The floods are likely to rise…the question lies in how prepared we are
in coping with it and overcoming it with the least possible losses to
the various players in the urban domain.

30. Reference
s :
E sources:
• www.cmdachennai.gov.in
• www.ekm.kerala.gov.in
• www.corporationofcochin.net
•“Chennai Urban Land Market Assessment”-David E. Dowall and Paavo Monkkonen
•“Urban floods in Bangalore and Chennai: risk management challenges and lessons
for sustainable urban ecology”-Anil K. Gupta* and Sreeja S. Nair
•“Mapping of Landuse/Landcover Changes of Chennai Coast and Issues related to
Coastal Environment Using Remote Sensing and GIS”-
Santhiya.G, Lakshumanan.C, Muthukumar.S, International journal of geomatics and
geosciences ,Volume 1, No 3, 2010.
•“Human Development Report”- By Centre for Development Studies
Thiruvananthapuram. (2005)
•“Possible Vulnerabilities of Cochin, India,to Climate Change Impacts and Response
Strategies to Increase Resilience-Cochin University of Science of Technology, U.S.
Agency for International Development. (June 2003)

31. Thank You