1. Global Markets for Oleochemical Fatty Acids
Report Details:
Published:January 2013
No. of Pages: 326
Price: Single User License – US$5450
REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
This report provides:
•An overview of the global markets for oleochemicals, including natural fatty acids, biodiesel and
methyl esters, glycerine, as well as derivaties such as soaps, dimers, branched fatty acids, and
fatty alcohols.
•Analyses of global market trends, with data from 2008 through 2012, and projections of
compound annual growth rates (CAGRs) through 2017.
•Examination of applications by end market, such as household, personal care, oil field, and
lubricants.
•Discussion of current and potential legislation that will affect the industry.
•Coverage of consumer trends that drive many of the end markets, such as cleaning, beauty, and
food.
•Comprehensive company profiles of major players.
REPORT SCOPE
INTRODUCTION
STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
This BCC Research study is focused on the natural––based fatty acid industry, which is part of the
wider oleochemical industry. The natural based fatty acid industry has been a workhorse in the
chemical industry for a number of years, but it is a brightly burning star today fueled by the green
chemistry agenda. The reason is that the raw material consumed to produce the oleochemicals is
mainly based on material that is renewable, sustainable and readily biodegradable.
This study reviews how the industry has recovered from the economic slowdown of 2008 and
2009, and how it will develop and change over the next five years through 2017. Global value
demand for natural fatty acids, as well as the byproduct glycerin, will grow 9.8% annually from the
current manufacturing value of $7.7 billion in 2011 to $13.5 billion through 2017. This is based on
the expectation that prices of key vegetable oils and animal fats will continue to rise sharply during
the six–year period due to pressure on stocks from not only the fatty acid sector, but also the
self–sufficient energy generation (bio–fuel) and food industries as well as export taxes imposed on
key vegetable oils. In tandem, the demand for the base oleochemicals will largely reflect the gross
domestic product of the developing nations across Asia, South America, Eastern Europe, the
Middle East and Africa. However, the profitability for the operators will be squeezed as raw

2. materials are a substantial portion of the manufacturing costs and there is difficulty in passing
these fully across to the customers.
Derivatives will experience the most growth, while personal and homecare applications will reap
the benefits of the drive towards greener and more biodegradable chemicals. The wax
applications (including candles and crayons) segment is expected to benefit from the lack of
sufficient paraffin volumes to meet demand as a result of petrochemical refineries shifting
production streams to match demand from the motor oil industry. A shift towards alternative waxy
substances will also be driven by the high price of crude oil passing along the whole fossil fuel
supply chain.
This study looks at the basic oleochemical business of fatty acids based on fats and oils and
touches upon the impact of the biodiesel industry on the market. It presents historical demand
data for 2008 and 2011, estimates for 2012 and projections for 2017. It reviews the main markets
for the major acid types from stearic acid, distilled fatty acids, polyunsaturated (including tall oil
fatty acid: TOFA), fractionated fatty acids and monounsaturated oleic acid. It reports on market
sectors, reviews latest technology developments including the patent space, provides a regional
perspective, examines the changing landscape of raw material and reviews the byproduct glycerin
market.
Market shares provided by leading and active merchant players such as Emery Oleochemical,
Arizona Chemicals, Kuala Lumpur Kepong (KLK), IOI, Wilmar International Vantage
Oleochemical, Oleon, Felda, MeadWestVaco, Forchem, Braido, Oxiteno and CremerOleo are
profiled. The report looks at how government incentives and regulations have impacted the
industry especially with respect to self–sufficient energy resources and animal fat classification. It
also assesses the impact of rising raw material prices, tight supply and demand curves for certain
acid chains, the uncertainty of the economy in many of the developed countries around the world
and the impact of the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) accreditation.
REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY
The fatty acid industry provides multiple products that are used in a wide range of industries due to
the functionality it offers as a result of its molecule structure. A typical fatty acid has two reactive
sites; the minor is the double bonds situated along the straight alkyl chain, while the major is a
carboxylic acid group at the start of the chain. Thus, the molecule is a starting material for a
number of reactions changing the functionality and performance dependent on the fatty acid
derivative formed. Fatty acids are excellent hydrophobes and thus are a key material for a
number of very important surfactant groups.
The world economy is still in a fragile state with a number of financial stress points impacting the
more developed regions, oleochemicals will be a vital resource to meet the ingredient needs of a
number of specialty chemical formulators and consumer facing companies.
Oleochemicals service different types of markets, more industrial orientated segments require
ingredients that can achieve or even surpass the performance specification of the application at a
price that is affordable while the more wellbeing and health orientated markets require ingredients
that are not only suitable for human contact, be that externally on the skin or internally such as
orally digested, but are sourced from renewable and natural grown origins. In both cases
ingredients consumed must meet all safety, health and environmental regulations and

3. legalization. Based on these types of demand the more wellbeing sectors will grow faster in value
terms with a CAGR between 12% and 16% from 2012 through 2017 compared to the industrial
segment at between 7% and 10% over the same period.
There are a number of governmental tax break incentives for using biomass to generate energy
and produce fuel products. There are also export tax incentives for major tropical oil plantation
countries to use local companies to develop downstream manufacturing capabilities utilizing
locally sourced materials. Combined these incentives will have a profound effect on the industry
at various points along the value chain. The self–sufficient energy incentives will not only drive up
the cost of raw material for producers, it will tighten the supply especially for tallow based
economies. The export taxes will not only make it prohibitive for foreign companies, especially
those located outside Asia, to source the high in–demand, medium–chain, fatty acid raw material;
it will also mean that local producers gain an unfair monetary advantage over the competition
since derivatives of these fatty acids or refined acids such as fractionated and distilled cuts are
exempt from this export tax.
The exponential growth in certain segments of the oleochemical family led to the devastation of
important ecological systems that cannot be recovered. In addition it resulted in the diversion of
not only vital food ingredients, but the arable land used to grow the crops such was the eagerness
of a number of companies to benefit from the high value demand. The industry is now going to
great lengths to, not only meet the growing needs of the market, but to do this in a way that is
sustainable while minimizing the impact of the food supply chain.
SCOPE AND FORMAT
As the social condition of citizens in the developing nations rises, so too will the demand from
these communities for more premium and westernized products, reflecting the higher standard of
living status.
Oleochemicals, such as fatty acids, will be a vital link in the supply chain as their outstanding
functionality and versatility make them ideal to be used in a multitude of applications. On top of
this the high reactivity of this acid enables the production of a range of derivatives that can be
tailored to meet the needs of a number of end using industries, working with the formulators to
produce the ideal blend of functionality and performance.
The range of derivatives is dependent on the reaction site used. Derivatives can be produced
using the acid functionality such as saponification, esterification, ethoxylation, or amination while
derivatives based on the unsaturation include isomerization, dimerization, epoxidation, and
hydrogenation acids.
Fatty acids and their derivatives have a range of functionality that can be used to support the
move away from the petrochemical based platform that is reliant on the rapidly reducing fossil fuel
industry since all the easy oil has been extracted and the remaining oil is more inaccessible, more
remote and located in more inhospitable environments. While the equivalent renewable bio
refinery type platform has a long way to go to be commercially viable and suitable to replace the
petrochemical platform, oleochemicals will be a major contributor to such development. For
instance the ester derivatives have the functionality of surfactancy, lubricity and solvency, which
deliver the following benefits:

4. •The ability to reduce the surface tension between a polar and an apolar medium, which is
important for cleaning and emulsification.
•The ability to reduce friction, which is needed for lubricant applications.
•The ability to dissolve chemicals, which is key to providing a greener solvent substitution for
cleaning.
This report provides an understanding of how the composition of various fats and oils transform
into the range, quality and types of acids produced and the applications for which those acids can
be used. It explores the various attributes of different acid types and how these cuts compete with
synthetic formed products from the petrochemical route and the major applications outlets.
This study will reveal the developments and research that demonstrate the green credentials of
the oleochemical family and how these credentials are changing the environmental profile of the
chemical using industry. This is helpful to the transformation from that of a major polluter to an
industry working in harmony with its environment to meet the needs of the current generation
without detrimental effects on its surroundings that would impact the generations to come.
The study is divided into a number of sections and covers the following fatty acid types:
•Stearic acid.
•Distilled fatty acids.
•Fractionated fatty acids.
•Polyunsaturated acids including tall oil fatty acids.
•Oleic acids.
The fatty acid oleochemical business is important for the following reasons:
•It is a major source of surfactants, which are starting materials for the detergent, cleaning and
personal care industries.
•The functionality and performance combination enables formulators to deliver tailored solutions to
meet a variety of customers’ needs.
•It is an important cornerstone in the development of a sustainable chemical platform to reduce the
reliance on fossil fuel based chemistry.
•It promotes the development of green chemistry that is environmentally friendly.
•Conversion of solid fats and liquid vegetable oils into a straight chain saturated or unsaturated
carboxylic acid can be used in edible and non edible markets.
METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION SOURCES
The insight and analysis contained within this report are based on information gathered from a
cross section of oleochemical manufacturers, end users and other informed sources. Primary
interview data was combined with secondary information gathered through an extensive review of
published literature such as trade magazines, trade associations, company literature, conference
material, patented technology, social media sites and online databases to produce the baseline
market estimates contained in this report and building on the data collected in the previous review.
With 2008 through to 2011 as the baseline, changes within each application were discussed and
projections for each segment were developed for 2012 through 2017. Key findings were
summarized, as well as tested, confirmed and debated with important contacts in the industry.
BCC Research understands the market drivers and their impact from a historical and analytical
perspective, which enabled the extraction and discussion of major developments and the

5. subsequent impact on the markets.
The analytical methodologies used to generate market estimates are based on a projection of
world economy, world trade and technology developments. All dollar projections presented in this
report are based on 2012 constant dollars.
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Major points covered in Table of Contents of this report include
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter- 1: INTRODUCTION
STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY
CONTRIBUTION OF THE STUDY AND INTENDED AUDIENCE
SCOPE AND FORMAT
METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION SOURCES
ANALYSTS' CREDENTIALS
RELATED BCC RESEARCH EFFORTS
BCC ONLINE SERVICES
DISCLAIMER
Chapter- 2: SUMMARY
REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Table Summary : GLOBAL MARKET FOR NATURAL FATTY ACIDS THROUGH 2017
Figure Summary : GLOBAL MARKET FOR NATURAL FATTY ACIDS, 2008-2017
Chapter- 3: OVERVIEW OF THE INDUSTRY
INTRODUCTION
WHAT ARE OLEOCHEMICALS?
FATTY ACID DERIVATIVES
FUNCTIONALITY AND BUILDING BLOCKS
RAW MATERIALS
FATTY ACIDS AND GLYCERIN
LEGISLATION
TRENDS AND IMPACTS
Chapter- 4: OVERVIEW OF MARKETS AND APPLICATIONS FOR NATURAL FATTY ACIDS
OVERVIEW
IMPACT OF FINANCIAL CRISIS OF 2008 AND 2009
CHANGING NATURE OF OLEOCHEMICAL PRODUCERS
GREEN CHEMISTRY
MANUFACTURING LANDSCAPE
FATTY ACID GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OVERVIEW
APPLICATIONS FOR OLEIC ACID AND ITS SIMPLE DERIVATIVES
ECONOMIC OUTLOOK

6. IMPACT OF GOVERNMENTAL INTERNAL ENERGY SECURITY INCENTIVES
PRODUCT OVERVIEW
FATTY ACID TYPES
PRICING MECHANISM FOR FATTY ACID TYPES
PROJECTION OF PRICES DURING FORECAST PERIOD 2012 THROUGH 2017
DEMAND BY APPLICATION
CAPTIVE COMPARED TO MERCHANT
SURFACTANT ALTERNATIVES BASED ON FERMENTATION TECHNOLOGY
RAW MATERIAL OVERVIEW
SPLIT OF FATS AND OILS CONSUMED IN FATTY ACID
BIODIESEL IMPACT ON RAW MATERIAL AVAILABILITY
ANIMAL RAW MATERIAL
TROPICAL OILS OVERVIEW
SOFT OILS OVERVIEW
CRUDE TALL OIL
TOTAL RAW MATERIAL PICTURE FOR THE FATTY ACID INDUSTRY
GLYCERIN
Chapter- 5: LEGISLATION
INTERNATIONAL GUIDELINES AND LEGISLATION
Chapter- 6: TECHNOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY OF FATTY ACIDS
HISTORY
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF FATTY ACIDS
SOURCES OF FATTY ACIDS
PRODUCTION OF FATTY ACIDS FROM FATS AND OILS
GLYCERIN BACKGROUNDS AND PROCESSES
Chapter- 7: PATENTS AND NEW TECHNOLOGIES, TRENDS IN FATTY ACID TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
HIGHLIGHTS OF RESEARCH PROJECTS AND PROGRAMS
PATENT SEARCHES
Chapter- 8: COMPANY PROFILES
INTRODUCTION
MAJOR GLOBAL NATURAL FATTY ACIDS PLAYERS
COMPANY PROFILES
LIST OF TABLES
Summary Table : GLOBAL MARKET FOR NATURAL FATTY ACIDS THROUGH 2017
Table 1 : AN OVERVIEW OF OLEOCHEMICALS
Table 2 : NATURAL SATURATED FATTY ACIDS WITH CARBON CHAIN LENGTH, CHEMICAL
STRUCTURE AND EXAMPLES OF ORIGIN
Table 3 : NATURAL UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS WITH CARBON CHAIN LENGTH,
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE AND EXAMPLES OF ORIGIN
Table 4 : WORLD PRODUCTION OF OILS AND FATS BY SOURCE, THROUGH 2017
Table 5 : WORLD PRODUCTION OILS AND FATS BY REGION, THROUGH 2017

7. Table 6 : COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES OF NATURAL OILS AND FATS
Table 7 : SELECTED PROPERTIES OF SATURATED FATTY ACIDS
Table 8 : SELECTED PROPERTIES OF UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS
Table 9 : PROPERTIES OF GLYCERIN
Table 10 : EXAMPLE OF PROPERTIES TOFA
Table 11 : SELECTION OF MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS WITH AN IMPACT IN THE FATTY
ACIDS AND DERIVATIVES INDUSTRY
Table 12 : CAPACITY CHANGE ANNOUNCEMENTS
Table 13 : SNAPSHOT OF BASE FATTY ACID CAPACITY BY REGION, 2011
Table 14 : BASE FATTY ACID CONSUMPTION, THROUGH 2017
Table 15 : TYPICAL APPLICATIONS FOR OLEIC ACID AND ITS SIMPLE DERIVATIVES
Table 16 : REAL DOMESTIC PRODUCT GROWTH RATES, 2008-2017
Table 17 : SPLIT OF FATTY ACID TYPES ACROSS REGIONS IN TERMS OF CONSUMPTION,
2011
Table 18 : EXAMPLES OF DISTILLED FATTY ACIDS
Table 19 : EXAMPLES OF POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS
Table 20 : DFA AND PUFA MANUFACTURING SALES, THROUGH 2017
Table 21 : EXAMPLES OF FRACTIONATED FATTY ACIDS
Table 22 : FFA MANUFACTURING SALES, THROUGH 2017
Table 23 : EXAMPLES OF STEARIC FATTY ACIDS
Table 24 : STEARIC ACID MANUFACTURING SALES, THROUGH 2017
Table 25 : EXAMPLES OF OLEIC FATTY ACIDS
Table 26 : OLEIC ACID MANUFACTURING SALES, THROUGH 2017
Table 27 : AVERAGE PRICE FOR DIFFERENT FATTY ACID TYPES, 2008-2011
Table 28 : AVERAGE PRICE FOR DIFFERENT FATTY ACID TYPES THROUGH 2017
Table 29 : APPLICATION VALUE OF FATTY ACIDS: MANUFACTURING LEVEL THROUGH
2017
Table 30 : ANIMAL MANUFACTURING SALES, THROUGH 2017
Table 31 : COSMETICS AND TOILETRIES MANUFACTURING SALES THROUGH 2017
Table 32 : HOME, INDUSTRIAL AND INSTITUTIONAL MANUFACTURING SALES, THROUGH
2017
Table 33 : EMULSION POLYMERIZATION MANUFACTURING SALES, THROUGH 2017
Table 34 : LUBRICANT MANUFACTURING SALES, THROUGH 2017
Table 35 : ORE PROCESSING MANUFACTURING SALES, THROUGH 2017
Table 36 : RESINS MANUFACTURING SALES, THROUGH 2017
Table 37 : TEXTILE SOFTENERS (FABRIC SOFTENERS) MANUFACTURING SALES,
THROUGH 2017
Table 38 : RUBBER PROCESSING MANUFACTURING SALES, THROUGH 2017
Table 39 : CANDLES, CRAYONS, WAXES MANUFACTURING SALES, THROUGH 2017
Table 40 : COMPARISON OF MINERAL OIL VS. FATTY ACID ESTERS FOR LUBRICANT
APPLICATIONS
Table 41 : TYPICAL DIMER AND ISOSTEARIC ACIDS YIELD

8. Table 42 : COMMON TYPES OF FATTY ACID HYDROPHOBES
Table 43 : DERIVATIVES MANUFACTURING SALES, THROUGH 2017
Table 44 : OTHERS MANUFACTURING SALES, THROUGH 2017
Table 45 : PERCENTAGE OF RAW MATERIAL BASED FATTY ACID CONSUMED, 2008-2017
Table 46 : CHOICE OF MATERIAL FOR SELECTIVE FATTY ACIDS
Table 47 : TROPICAL OILS PRODUCTION, THROUGH 2012
Table 48 : ANIMAL FATS CONSUMED IN FATTY ACID PRODUCTION, THROUGH 2017
Table 49 : ANIMAL FAT FATTY ACID MANUFACTURING SALES, THROUGH 2017
Table 50 : TROPICAL OILS CONSUMED IN FATTY ACID PRODUCTION, THROUGH 2017
Table 51 : TROPICAL OILS FATTY ACID MANUFACTURING SALES, THROUGH 2017
Table 52 : SOFT OILS CONSUMED IN FATTY ACID PRODUCTION, THROUGH 2017
Table 53 : SOFT OILS FATTY ACID MANUFACTURING SALES, THROUGH 2017
Table 54 : CRUDE TALL OILS CONSUMED IN FATTY ACID PRODUCTION, THROUGH 2017
Table 55 : CRUDE TALL OIL FATTY ACID MANUFACTURING SALES, THROUGH 2017
Table 56 : RAW MATERIAL CONSUMPTION IN FATTY ACID PRODUCTION, THROUGH 2017
Table 57 : RAW MATERIAL FATTY ACID MANUFACTURING SALES, THROUGH 2017
Table 58 : AVERAGE PRODUCTION OF GLYCERIN BASED ON FATS AND OILS
COMPOSITION
Table 59 : AMOUNT OF GLYCERIN LIBERATED BY VARIOUS FATS AND OILS
Table 60 : AMOUNT OF GLYCERIN LIBERATED RELATIVE TO FATTY ACID YIELD
Table 61 : GLYCERIN PRODUCTION FROM NATURAL FATTY ACIDS, THROUGH 2017
Table 62 : GLYCERIN PRODUCTION BASED ON NATURAL FATTY ACID, 2011
Table 63 : GLYCERIN PRODUCTION BASED ON NATURAL FATTY ACID, 2017
Table 64 : GLOBAL BIODIESEL PRODUCTION, THROUGH 2011
Table 65 : MAJOR ESTABLISHED GLYCERIN APPLICATIONS
Table 66 : AVERAGE GLYCERIN PRICE PER METRIC TONNE, THROUGH 2012
Table 67 : GLYCERIN MANUFACTURING SALES BASED ON NATURAL FATTY ACID
PRODUCTION, THROUGH 2017
Table 68 : ABPR RISK CATEGORIES
Table 69 : EXAMPLES OF SATURATED FATTY ACIDS AND TWO EXAMPLES OF
UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS
Table 70 : EXAMPLES OF UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS
Table 71 : U.S. PENDING NATURAL FATTY ACID PATENTS LISTED ALPHABETICALLY BY
COMPANY NAME AND YEAR
Table 72 : EXAMPLES OF NATURAL FATTY ACID PATENTS LISTED ALPHABETICALLY ON
COMPANY NAME AND YEAR
LIST OF FIGURES
Summary Figure : GLOBAL MARKET FOR NATURAL FATTY ACIDS, 2008-2017
Figure 1 : BASIC OVERVIEW OF THE OLEOCHEMICAL INDUSTRY
Figure 2 : SATURATED FATTY ACID
Figure 3 : UNSATURATED FATTY ACID
Figure 4 : GLYCERIN MOLECULE

9. Figure 5 : ESTER MOLECULE: THE “R” IS THE VARIABLE, COMMONLY AN ACID “REST”
GROUP
Figure 6 : ETHANAMIDE, AN EXAMPLE OF AN AMIDE MOLECULE
Figure 7 : AMINES
Figure 8 : SULFONATE
Figure 9 : ESTIMATED WORLD PRODUCTION OF FATS AND OILS BY SOURCE, 2017
Figure 10 : ESTIMATED VEGETABLE/ANIMAL FATS AND OILS, 2010 AND 2017
Figure 11 : ESTIMATED PERCENTAGE OF USAGE OF OILS AND FATS, 2000 AND 2012
Figure 12 : SPLITTING COLUMN
Figure 13 : RSPO ENTRY PAGE FOR PLAYERS IN THE PALM OIL PRODUCTION SUPPLY
CHAIN
Figure 14 : SNAPSHOT OF BASE FATTY ACID CAPACITY, BY REGION, 2011
Figure 15 : BASE FATTY ACID CONSUMPTION, 2008-2017
Figure 16 : REAL DOMESTIC PRODUCT GROWTH RATES, 2008-2017
Figure 17 : DFA AND PUFA MANUFACTURING SALES, 2008–2017
Figure 18 : FFA MANUFACTURING SALES, 2008–2017
Figure 19 : STEARIC ACID MANUFACTURING SALES, 2008–2017
Figure 20 : OLEIC ACID MANUFACTURING SALES, 2008–2017
Figure 21 : APPLICATION VALUE OF FATTY ACIDS: MANUFACTURING LEVEL, 2008-2017
Figure 22 : ANIMAL FEED MANUFACTURING SALES, 2008–2017
Figure 23 : COSMETICS AND TOILETRIES MANUFACTURING SALES 2008–2017
Figure 24 : HOME, INDUSTRIAL AND INSTITUTIONAL MANUFACTURING SALES, 2008–2017
Figure 25 : EMULSION POLYMERIZATION MANUFACTURING SALES 2008–2017
Figure 26 : LUBRICANT MANUFACTURING SALES, 2008–2017
Figure 27 : ORE PROCESSING MANUFACTURING SALES, 2008-2017
Figure 28 : RESINS MANUFACTURING SALES, 2008–2017
Figure 29 : TEXTILE SOFTENERS (FABRIC SOFTENERS) MANUFACTURING SALES
2008–2017
Figure 30 : RUBBER PROCESSING MANUFACTURING SALES, 2008–2017
Figure 31 : CANDLES, CRAYONS, WAXES MANUFACTURING SALES, 2008–2017
Figure 32 : MAJOR FATTY ACID DERIVATIVES
Figure 33 : DERIVATIVES MANUFACTURING SALES, 2008-2017
Figure 34 : OTHERS MANUFACTURING SALES, 2008-2017
Figure 35 : PERCENTAGE OF RAW MATERIAL BASED FATTY ACID CONSUMED, 2008-2017
Figure 36 : SPLIT ACROSS TROPICAL OILS, 2008-2017
Figure 37 : TROPICAL OILS PRODUCTION, 2008-2012
Figure 38 : ANIMAL FATS CONSUMED IN FATTY ACID PRODUCTION, 2008-2017
Figure 39 : ANIMAL FAT FATTY ACID MANUFACTURING SALES, 2008-2017
Figure 40 : TROPICAL OILS CONSUMED IN FATTY ACID PRODUCTION, 2008-2017
Figure 41 : TROPICAL OILS FATTY ACID MANUFACTURING SALES, 2008-2017
Figure 42 : SOFT OILS CONSUMED IN FATTY ACID PRODUCTION, 2008-2017
Figure 43 : SOFT OILS FATTY ACID MANUFACTURING SALES, 2008-2017

10. Figure 44 : CRUDE TALL OILS CONSUMED IN FATTY ACID PRODUCTION, 2008-2017
Figure 45 : CRUDE TALL OIL FATTY ACID MANUFACTURING SALES, 2008-2017
Figure 46 : TYPICAL HYDROLYSIS OF TALLOW
Figure 47 : GLOBAL BIODIESEL PRODUCTION, 2008-2011
Figure 48 : AVERAGE GLYCERIN PRICE PER METRIC TONNE, 2005-2012
Figure 49 : GLYCERIN MANUFACTURING SALES BASED ON NATURAL FATTY ACID
PRODUCTION, 2011-2017
Figure 50 : EXAMPLE OF GHS LABELLING
Figure 51 : EXAMPLE OF GHS LABELLING
Figure 52 : THE PRINCIPLE MODEL OF HISTORIC OIL LAMP HAS ALWAYS REMAINED THE
SAME
Figure 53 : VISUALIZATION CIS AND TRANS
Figure 54 : A TRIGLYCERIDE MOLECULE (C₆₃H_{12 2}O₆)
Figure 55 : SIMPLE VISUALIZATION OF SOAP BOILING PROCESS
Figure 56 : SIMPLE VISUALIZATION OF TWITCHELL PROCESS
Figure 57 : SIMPLE VISUALIZATION OF AUTOCLAVE OR IN-BATCH SPLITTING
Figure 58 : SIMPLE VISUALIZATION OF (COLGATE-EMERY) SPLITTING PROCESS
Figure 59 : FATTY ACID AND GLYCERIN PRODUCING REACTIONS
Figure 60 : SIMPLE VISUALIZATION OF DISTILLATION PROCESS
Figure 61 : SIMPLE VISUALIZATION OF HYDROGENATION PROCESS
Figure 62 : SIMPLE VISUALIZATION OF A COMMON ESTERIFICATION PROCESS
Figure 63 : SIMPLE VISUALIZATION OF TRANSESTERIFICATION PROCESS
Figure 64 : CURRENT SHARES OF GLOBAL MAJOR PLAYERS, 2012
Figure 65 : ESTIMATED FUTURE SHARES OF GLOBAL MAJOR PLAYERS
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