Dynamic carpooling/car sharing: Carpooling applications link driv ers and passengers in real-time, thus enabling dy namic carpooling. Driv ers wishing
to prof it f rom their journey s can f ind people situated on the same route v ia a smartphone app and v ice v ersa. Passengers can also directly debit his or
her f are to app, eliminating the need f or any money exchange. The costs of trav el would ty pically be capped.
GPS-based tracking and route information of public transport: Adv anced v ehicle tracking solutions enhances operations and optimises public
transportation and ridership. These solutions of f er real-time GPS tracking f rom mobile dev ices thus increasing the reliability of public transportation.
Smart parking: A smart parking lev erages parking sensors, cameras, smart parking solution, etc. to prov ide ef f icient management of on street and of f
street parking spaces.
Smart toll: Smart toll lev erages technology like number plate detection, RFID, etc. to charge toll f ees to user account so that v ehicles do not hav e to
wait at toll gates on local, national and state highway .
Triangulation method. In developed countries a high proportion of cars contain one or more mobile phones. The phones
periodically transmit their presence information to the mobile phone netw ork, even w hen no voice connection is established.
In the mid-2000s, attempts w ere made to use mobile phones as anonymous traffic probes. As a car moves, so does the
signal of any mobile phones that are inside the vehicle. By measuring and analysing netw ork data using triangulation,
pattern matching or cell-sector statistics (in an anonymous format), the data w as converted into traffic flow information. With
more congestion, there are more cars, more phones, and thus, more probes. In metropolitan areas, the distance betw een
antennas is shorter and in theory accuracy increases. An advantage of this method is that no infrastructure needs to be built

along the road; only the mobile phone netw ork is leveraged. But in practice the triangulation method can be complicated,
especially in areas w here the same mobile phone tow ers serve tw o or more parallel routes (such as a motorw ay (freew ay)
w ith a frontage road, a motorw ay (freew ay) and a commuter rail line, tw o or more parallel streets, or a street that is also a
bus line). By the early 2010s, the popularity of the triangulation method w as declining
Connectedcars/Internetof things (IoT) Connectedcars provide seamlessconnectivitybetween
differentelectronicsystemssuchasinfotainment,control systems,safetyfeaturesandnavigation
featuresthroughinternetwithinthe caras well aswithoutside systemsmore knownasInternetof
Things(IoT) technology.Inthe nearfuture,mobileorwearable deviceswouldbe communicatingwith
the electronicsystemsof the carthroughthe internet.ThisconceptisknownasV2Xconnectivity
(VehicletoVehicleorV2V and VehicletoInfrastructure orV2I).It wouldbe imperative todesignsuch
systemswithaninbuiltsecurityforsafetyof userdatathroughoutitsaccessand processing.Connected
cars technologywouldencourage collaborationsbetweenmanufacturersof electronicdevicesusedin
cars, mobile devices,wearabledevices,ITsystemsintegratorsaswell asISPs.The potential ishuge and
offersinterestingpossibilitiesasinternetconnectedcarsare ona rise.