3. CONTENT New data measuring the alarming rise in
juvenile myopia
01. Myopia Crisis
How Airdoc uses AI for Myopia prevention
Using AI for reporting and suggesting
countermeasures
03. Reporting and
Countermeasures
Emerging devices and software solutions04. Other Tech Advances
02.Airdoc Myopia Prediction
4. Optometry results relative to age
Median optometry results shift steadily toward myopia, becoming an important social problem.
6. Myopia development in adolescents (ages 3-18)
Based on real diopter data of adolescents 2006 vs 2016
2006 2016
7. CONTENT New data measuring the alarming rise in
juvenile myopia
01. Myopia Crisis
How Airdoc uses AI for Myopia prevention
Using AI for reporting and suggesting
countermeasures
03. Reporting and
Countermeasures
Emerging devices and software solutions04. Other Tech Advances
02.Airdoc Myopia Prediction
8. AI and Vision Prediction
Using one million continuous optometry records on 140K people, Airdoc developed a vision prediction model suitable for Chinese
adolescents.
Using subject age plus three time-delayed optometry inputs, the model can predict vision changes by year to age 18.
Age:10
1st: OD,-0.10 OS,-0.15
2nd : OD,-0.10 OS,-0.15
3rd : OD,-0.11 OS,-0.16
Optometry three times Prediction Results
Recurrent Neural Networks
Age 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
OD -0.1 -0.139 -0.179 -0.217 -0.256 -0.294 -0.331 -0.367 -0.402
OS -0.15 -0.189 -0.229 -0.268 -0.306 -0.344 -0.381 -0.417 -0.452
9. Data
2,467,949 records
519,499 teenagers
14 years range
Data distribution:
• 70% train,
• 20% validation,
• 10% test
Model Design
RNN-based model
Training Results
Input:
Se1
Age1
Con1
Se3
Age3
Con4
Se2
Age2
Con3
SeN
AgeN
ConN
Output:
SeN+1
AgeN+1
ConN+1
SeN+2
AgeN+2
ConN+2
Se18
Age18
Con18
…
Hyperparameters
tuned based on performance
on validation set.
Learning rate = 0.001
Optimizer = Adam
A B C D
Following years
• Sex
• Age
• Con
AI and Vision Prediction
10. Workflow: Comprehensive eye health examination for adolescents
儿童青少年屈光度发育预测( 3-18岁, per month) 儿童青少年视力变化数据2006 vs 2016
By scanning QR codes,
parents can easily view
students' eye health record
and continuously track their
children's eye health status,
eye disease risk, and vision
change trends.
11. CONTENT New data measuring the alarming rise in
juvenile myopia
01. Myopia Crisis
How Airdoc uses AI for Myopia prevention
Using AI for reporting and suggesting
countermeasures
03. Reporting and
Countermeasures
Emerging devices and software solutions04. Other Tech Advances
02.Airdoc Myopia Prediction
13. 0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
MyopiaIndex
Age
No control Intervention
900
525
MCT Vision Training
Vision Monitor
Countermeasures
Special Lenses
Monitoring Efficacy of Countermeasures
14. CONTENT New data measuring the alarming rise in
juvenile myopia
01. Myopia Crisis
How Airdoc uses AI for Myopia prevention
Using AI for reporting and suggesting
countermeasures
03. Reporting and
Countermeasures
Emerging devices and software solutions04. Other Tech Advances
02.Airdoc Myopia Prediction
20. De Fauw, J., Ledsam, J. R., Romera-Paredes, B., Nikolov, S., Tomasev, N., Blackwell,
S., … Ronneberger, O. (2018). Clinically applicable deep learning for diagnosis and
referral in retinal disease. Nature Medicine, 24(9), 1342–1350.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-018-0107-6
21. De Fauw J, Ledsam JR, Romera-Paredes B, et al. Clinically applicable deep
learning for diagnosis and referral in retinal disease. Nature Medicine.
2018;24(9):1342-1350. doi:10.1038/s41591-018-0107-6
Device independent
representation of the scan
22. Lee, Cecilia S., Doug M. Baughman, and Aaron Y. Lee. 2017.
“Deep Learning Is Effective for Classifying Normal versus Age-
Related Macular Degeneration OCT Images.” Ophthalmology
Retina 1 (4): 322–27.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oret.2016.12.009.
23. De Fauw, Jeffrey, Joseph R. Ledsam, Bernardino Romera-
Paredes, Stanislav Nikolov, Nenad Tomasev, Sam Blackwell,
Harry Askham, et al. 2018. “Clinically Applicable Deep Learning
for Diagnosis and Referral in Retinal Disease.” Nature Medicine
24 (9): 1342–50. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-018-0107-6.
The second challenge relates to differences in medical equipment. A computer that simply does pattern matching cannot tell the difference between a feature that results from physiology (a specific malady or morphological feature) or if the difference is a matter of different resolution of the equipment.
For example:
Significant differences between Topcon OCT 3D images (”device type 1”) and those taken with Heidelberg Spectralis HRA + OCT
Note how the higher contrast in Device 2 makes visible the Posterior hyaloid (a) or the inter-retinal fluid (b)
A simple image analysis can become confused by the higher resolution of Device 2, mistaking the extra features for additional retinal layers.
Assigning a different pipeline at this early stage allows a device-independent representation of the scan, leaving the rest of the pipeline unchanged.
Finally, the third problem is the patient variability. But here too, clever new techniques make it possible to classify the patients themselves with a high degree of accuracy.
One of our friends from University of Washington, Dr. Aaron Lee and his colleagues, demonstrated that it is possible for a DL algorithm to detect the difference between normal versus age-related macular degeneration. Using almost 100,000 images and a 21-layer rectified linear unit activation, they were able to classify images correctly in under 5 millliseconds.
Our friends at Deepmind in the UK have proposed this framework:
Solution: use a deep segmentation network to create a device-independent tissue segmentation map (figure b-c). Then train those device-independent results