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IMF: Visualizing and Montessori Math PART 1
1.
How Visualization Enhances
Montessori Mathematics PART 1 by Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D. JoanCotter@RightStartMath.com Montessori Foundation 30 30 Conference 77 Friday, Nov 2, 2012 Sarasota, Florida 30 370 7 1000 100 10 1 7 7 7 3 3 3 PowerPoint Presentation RightStartMath.com >Resources © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
2.
Counting Model In Montessori,
counting is pervasive: • Number Rods • Spindle Boxes • Decimal materials • Snake Game • Dot Game • Stamp Game • Multiplication Board • Bead Frame © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
3.
Verbal Counting Model
From a child's perspective © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
4.
Verbal Counting Model
From a child's perspective Because we’re so familiar with 1, 2, 3, we’ll use letters. A=1 B=2 C=3 D=4 E = 5, and so forth © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
5.
Verbal Counting Model
From a child's perspective F +E © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
6.
Verbal Counting Model
From a child's perspective F +E A © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
7.
Verbal Counting Model
From a child's perspective F +E A B © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
8.
Verbal Counting Model
From a child's perspective F +E A B C © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
9.
Verbal Counting Model
From a child's perspective F +E A B C D E F © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
10.
Verbal Counting Model
From a child's perspective F +E A B C D E F A © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
11.
Verbal Counting Model
From a child's perspective F +E A B C D E F A B © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
12.
Verbal Counting Model
From a child's perspective F +E A B C D E F A B C D E © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
13.
Verbal Counting Model
From a child's perspective F +E A B C D E F A B C D E What is the sum? (It must be a letter.) © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
14.
Verbal Counting Model
From a child's perspective F +E K A B C D E F G H I J K © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
15.
Verbal Counting Model
From a child's perspective Now memorize the facts!! G +D © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
16.
Verbal Counting Model
From a child's perspective Now memorize the facts!! H + G F +D © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
17.
Verbal Counting Model
From a child's perspective Now memorize the facts!! H + G F +D D +C © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
18.
Verbal Counting Model
From a child's perspective Now memorize the facts!! H + G F +D D C +C +G © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
19.
Verbal Counting Model
From a child's perspective Now memorize the facts!! H + E G F I + +D D C +C +G © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
20.
Verbal Counting Model
From a child's perspective H –E Subtract with your fingers by counting backward. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
21.
Verbal Counting Model
From a child's perspective J –F Subtract without using your fingers. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
22.
Verbal Counting Model
From a child's perspective Try skip counting by B’s to T: B, D, . . . T. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
23.
Verbal Counting Model
From a child's perspective Try skip counting by B’s to T: B, D, . . . T. What is D × E? © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
24.
Verbal Counting Model
From a child's perspective L is written AB because it is A J and B A’s © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
25.
Verbal Counting Model
From a child's perspective L is written AB because it is A J and B A’s huh? © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
26.
Verbal Counting Model
From a child's perspective L (twelve) is written AB because it is A J and B A’s © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
27.
Verbal Counting Model
From a child's perspective L (twelve) is written AB (12) because it is A J and B A’s © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
28.
Verbal Counting Model
From a child's perspective L (twelve) is written AB (12) because it is A J (one 10) and B A’s © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
29.
Verbal Counting Model
From a child's perspective L (twelve) is written AB (12) because it is A J (one 10) and B A’s (two 1s). © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
30.
Calendar Math
© Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
31.
Calendar Math
August 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
32.
Calendar Math
Calendar Counting August 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
33.
Calendar Math
Calendar Counting August 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
34.
Calendar Math
Calendar Counting August 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
35.
Calendar Math
Septemb Calendar Counting 1234567 August 89101214 1 2 113 11921 15112628 8 122820 67527 9 3 4 5 6 10 11 12 13 14 7 2234 20 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 29 3 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
36.
Calendar Math
Septemb Calendar Counting 1234567 August 89101214 1 113 11921 2 15112628 122820 8 67527 9 3 4 5 6 10 11 12 13 14 7 2234 20 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 29 3 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 This is ordinal counting, not cardinal counting. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
37.
Calendar Math
Partial Calendar August 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
38.
Calendar Math
Partial Calendar August 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Children need the whole month to plan ahead. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
39.
Calendar Math
Septemb Calendar patterning 1234567 August 89101214 1 2 113 11921 15112628 8 122820 67527 9 3 4 5 6 10 11 12 13 14 7 2234 20 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 29 3 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Patterns are rarely based on 7s or proceed row by row. Patterns go on forever; they don’t stop at 31. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
40.
Research on Counting
Karen Wynn’s research © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
41.
Research on Counting
Karen Wynn’s research © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
42.
Research on Counting
Karen Wynn’s research © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
43.
Research on Counting
Karen Wynn’s research © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
44.
Research on Counting
Karen Wynn’s research © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
45.
Research on Counting
Karen Wynn’s research © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
46.
Research on Counting
Karen Wynn’s research © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
47.
Research on Counting
Karen Wynn’s research © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
48.
Research on Counting
Other research © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
49.
Research on Counting
Other research • Australian Aboriginal children from two tribes. Brian Butterworth, University College London, 2008. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
50.
Research on Counting
Other research • Australian Aboriginal children from two tribes. Brian Butterworth, University College London, 2008. • Adult Pirahã from Amazon region. Edward Gibson and Michael Frank, MIT, 2008. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
51.
Research on Counting
Other research • Australian Aboriginal children from two tribes. Brian Butterworth, University College London, 2008. • Adult Pirahã from Amazon region. Edward Gibson and Michael Frank, MIT, 2008. • Adults, ages 18-50, from Boston. Edward Gibson and Michael Frank, MIT, 2008. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
52.
Research on Counting
Other research • Australian Aboriginal children from two tribes. Brian Butterworth, University College London, 2008. • Adult Pirahã from Amazon region. Edward Gibson and Michael Frank, MIT, 2008. • Adults, ages 18-50, from Boston. Edward Gibson and Michael Frank, MIT, 2008. • Baby chicks from Italy. Lucia Regolin, University of Padova, 2009. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
53.
Research on Counting
In Japanese schools: • Children are discouraged from using counting for adding. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
54.
Research on Counting
In Japanese schools: • Children are discouraged from using counting for adding. • They consistently group in 5s. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
55.
Subitizing Quantities (Identifying without
counting) © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
56.
Subitizing Quantities
(Identifying without counting) • Five-month-old infants can subitize to 3. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
57.
Subitizing Quantities
(Identifying without counting) • Five-month-old infants can subitize to 3. • Three-year-olds can subitize to 5. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
58.
Subitizing Quantities
(Identifying without counting) • Five-month-old infants can subitize to 3. • Three-year-olds can subitize to 5. • Four-year-olds can subitize 6 to 10 by using five as a subbase. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
59.
Subitizing Quantities
(Identifying without counting) • Five-month-old infants can subitize to 3. • Three-year-olds can subitize to 5. • Four-year-olds can subitize 6 to 10 by using five as a subbase. • Counting is like sounding out each letter; subitizing is recognizing the quantity. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
60.
Research on Counting
Subitizing • Subitizing “allows the child to grasp the whole and the elements at the same time.”—Benoit © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
61.
Research on Counting
Subitizing • Subitizing “allows the child to grasp the whole and the elements at the same time.”—Benoit • Subitizing seems to be a necessary skill for understanding what the counting process means. —Glasersfeld © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
62.
Research on Counting
Subitizing • Subitizing “allows the child to grasp the whole and the elements at the same time.”—Benoit • Subitizing seems to be a necessary skill for understanding what the counting process means. —Glasersfeld • Children who can subitize perform better in mathematics long term.—Butterworth © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
63.
Research on Counting
Subitizing • Subitizing “allows the child to grasp the whole and the elements at the same time.”—Benoit • Subitizing seems to be a necessary skill for understanding what the counting process means. —Glasersfeld • Children who can subitize perform better in mathematics long term.—Butterworth • Counting-on is a difficult skill for many children. —Journal for Res. in Math Ed. Nov. 2011 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
64.
Research on Counting
Subitizing • Subitizing “allows the child to grasp the whole and the elements at the same time.”—Benoit • Subitizing seems to be a necessary skill for understanding what the counting process means. —Glasersfeld • Children who can subitize perform better in mathematics long term.—Butterworth • Counting-on is a difficult skill for many children. —Journal for Res. in Math Ed. Nov. 2011 • Math anxiety affects counting ability, but not subitizing ability. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
65.
Visualizing Quantities
© Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
66.
Visualizing Quantities “Think in
pictures, because the brain remembers images better than it does anything else.” Ben Pridmore, World Memory Champion, 2009 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
67.
Visualizing Quantities “The role
of physical manipulatives was to help the child form those visual images and thus to eliminate the need for the physical manipulatives.” Ginsberg and others © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
68.
Visualizing Quantities
Japanese criteria for manipulatives • Representative of structure of numbers. • Easily manipulated by children. • Imaginable mentally. Japanese Council of Mathematics Education © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
69.
Visualizing Quantities
Visualizing also needed in: • Reading • Sports • Creativity • Geography • Engineering • Construction © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
70.
Visualizing Quantities
Visualizing also needed in: • Reading • Architecture • Sports • Astronomy • Creativity • Archeology • Geography • Chemistry • Engineering • Physics • Construction • Surgery © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
71.
Visualizing Quantities
Ready: How many? © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
72.
Visualizing Quantities
Ready: How many? © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
73.
Visualizing Quantities
Try again: How many? © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
74.
Visualizing Quantities
Try again: How many? © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
75.
Visualizing Quantities Try to
visualize 8 identical apples without grouping. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
76.
Visualizing Quantities Try to
visualize 8 identical apples without grouping. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
77.
Visualizing Quantities Now try
to visualize 5 as red and 3 as green. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
78.
Visualizing Quantities Now try
to visualize 5 as red and 3 as green. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
79.
Visualizing Quantities
Early Roman numerals 1 I 2 II 3 III 4 IIII 5 V 8 VIII © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
80.
Visualizing Quantities
: Who could read the music? © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
81.
Grouping in Fives
© Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
82.
Grouping in Fives •
Grouping in fives extends subitizing. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
83.
Grouping in Fives
Using fingers Grouping in Fives is a three-period lesson. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
84.
Grouping in Fives
Using fingers Grouping in Fives is a three-period lesson. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
85.
Grouping in Fives
Using fingers Grouping in Fives is a three-period lesson. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
86.
Grouping in Fives
Using fingers Grouping in Fives is a three-period lesson. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
87.
Grouping in Fives
Using fingers Grouping in Fives is a three-period lesson. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
88.
Grouping in Fives
Yellow is the Sun Yellow is the sun. Six is five and one. Why is the sky so blue? Seven is five and two. Salty is the sea. Eight is five and three. Hear the thunder roar. Nine is five and four. Ducks will swim and dive. Ten is five and five. –Joan A. Cotter © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
89.
Grouping in Fives
Recognizing 5 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
90.
Grouping in Fives
Recognizing 5 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
91.
Grouping in Fives
Recognizing 5 5 has a middle; 4 does not. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
92.
Grouping in Fives
Tally sticks © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
93.
Grouping in Fives
Tally sticks © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
94.
Grouping in Fives
Tally sticks © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
95.
Grouping in Fives
Tally sticks © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
96.
Grouping in Fives
Tally sticks © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
97.
Grouping in Fives
Tally sticks © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
98.
Grouping in Fives
Pairing Finger Cards QuickTime™ and a QuickTime™ and a QuickTime™ and a QuickTime™ and a QuickTime™ and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor TIFF (LZW) decompressor TIFF (LZW) decompressor TIFF (LZW) decompressor TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. are needed to see this picture. are needed to see this picture. are needed to see this picture. are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a QuickTime™ and a QuickTime™ and a QuickTime™ and a QuickTime™ and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor TIFF (LZW) decompressor TIFF (LZW) decompressor TIFF (LZW) decompressor TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. are needed to see this picture. are needed to see this picture. are needed to see this picture. are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and aa TIFFQuickTime™and aa QuickTime™ and QuickTime™ and TIFF(LZW) decompressor areTIFF (LZW) decompressor TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed toto seethisa picture. needed(LZW)seedecompressor see this (LZW) and QuickTime™ are needed toseedecompressorpicture. are neededto seethis picture. TIFF to are needed this picture. picture. this © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
99.
Grouping in Fives
Ordering Finger Cards QuickTime™ and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor QuickTime™ and a are needed to see this picture. TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
100.
Grouping in Fives
Matching Number Cards to Finger Cards QuickTime™ and a QuickTime™ and a QuickTime™ and a QuickTime™ and a QuickTime™ and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor TIFF (LZW) decompressor TIFF (LZW) decompressor TIFF (LZW) decompressor TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. are needed to see this picture. are needed to see this picture. are needed to see this picture. are needed to see this picture. 5 1 QuickTime™ and a QuickTime™ and a QuickTime™ and a QuickTime™ and a QuickTime™ and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor TIFF (LZW) decompressor TIFF (LZW) decompressor TIFF (LZW) decompressor TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. are needed to see this picture. are needed to see this picture. are needed to see this picture. are needed to see this picture. 10 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
101.
Grouping in Fives Matching
Finger Cards to Number Cards 9 1 10 4 6 QuickTime™ and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. 2 3 7 8 5 QuickTime™ and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and aa QuickTime™ and a QuickTime™ and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor a QuickTime™ and TIFF (LZW) decompressor QuickTime™ and are needed (LZW)this picture. a TIFF (LZW)decompressor QuickTime™ and are neededtotosee this picture. TIFF tosee decompressor are needed (LZW)decompressor TIFF (LZW)this picture. are needed tosee this picture. TIFF see decompressor are needed to see this picture. are needed to see this picture. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
102.
Grouping in Fives
Finger Card Memory game QuickTime™ and a QuickTime™ and a QuickTime™ and a QuickTime™ and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor TIFF (LZW) decompressor TIFF (LZW) decompressor TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. are needed to see this picture. are needed to see this picture. are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a QuickTime™ and a QuickTime™ and a QuickTime™ and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor TIFF (LZW) decompressor TIFF (LZW) decompressor TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. are needed to see this picture. are needed to see this picture. are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a QuickTime™ and a QuickTime™ and a QuickTime™ and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor TIFF (LZW) decompressor TIFF (LZW) decompressor TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. are needed to see this picture. are needed to see this picture. are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a QuickTime™ and a QuickTime™ and a QuickTime™ and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor TIFF (LZW) decompressor TIFF (LZW) decompressor TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. are needed to see this picture. are needed to see this picture. are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a QuickTime™ and a QuickTime™ and a QuickTime™ and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor TIFF (LZW) decompressor TIFF (LZW) decompressor TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. are needed to see this picture. are needed to see this picture. are needed to see this picture. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
103.
Grouping in Fives
Number Rods © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
104.
Grouping in Fives
Number Rods © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
105.
Grouping in Fives
Number Rods © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
106.
Grouping in Fives
Spindle Box © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
107.
Grouping in Fives
Spindle Box © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
108.
Grouping in Fives
Spindle Box 0 1 2 3 4 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
109.
Grouping in Fives
Spindle Box 5 6 7 8 9 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
110.
Grouping in Fives
Spindle Box 5 6 7 8 9 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
111.
Grouping in Fives
Spindle Box 5 6 7 8 9 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
112.
Grouping in Fives
Spindle Box 5 6 7 8 9 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
113.
Grouping in Fives
Spindle Box 5 6 7 8 9 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
114.
Grouping in Fives
Spindle Box 5 6 7 8 9 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
115.
Grouping in Fives
1000 100 10 1 1000 100 10 1 1000 100 10 1 1000 100 10 1 100 10 1 100 10 1 100 10 1 100 1 Stamp Game © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
116.
Grouping in Fives
1000 100 10 1 1000 100 10 1 1000 100 10 1 1000 100 10 1 100 10 1 100 10 1 100 10 1 100 1 Stamp Game © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
117.
Grouping in Fives
1000 1000 100 100 10 10 1 1 1000 1000 100 100 10 10 1 1 100 100 10 10 1 1 100 100 10 10 1 1 100 100 10 10 1 1 100 100 10 100 100 100 100 Stamp Game © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
118.
Grouping in Fives
1000 1000 100 100 10 1 1 1000 1000 100 100 1 1 10 10 100 100 1 1 10 10 100 100 1 1 10 10 100 100 1 1 10 10 100 100 10 10 100 100 100 100 Stamp Game © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
119.
Grouping in Fives
1000 1000 100 100 10 1 1 1000 1000 100 100 1 1 10 10 100 100 1 1 10 10 1 1 100 100 10 10 1 1 100 100 10 10 100 100 10 10 100 100 Stamp Game 100 100 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
120.
Grouping in Fives
Black and White Bead Stairs “Grouped in fives so the child does not need to count.” A. M. Joosten © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
121.
Grouping in Fives
Entering quantities © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
122.
Grouping in Fives
Entering quantities 3 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
123.
Grouping in Fives
Entering quantities 5 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
124.
Grouping in Fives
Entering quantities 7 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
125.
Grouping in Fives
Entering quantities 10 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
126.
Grouping in Fives
The stairs © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
127.
Grouping in Fives
Adding © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
128.
Grouping in Fives
Adding 4+3= © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
129.
Grouping in Fives
Adding 4+3= © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
130.
Grouping in Fives
Adding 4+3= © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
131.
Grouping in Fives
Adding 4+3= © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
132.
Grouping in Fives
Adding 4+3=7 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
133.
Math Card Games
© Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
134.
Math Card Games •
Provide repetition for learning the facts. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
135.
Math Card Games •
Provide repetition for learning the facts. • Encourage autonomy. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
136.
Math Card Games •
Provide repetition for learning the facts. • Encourage autonomy. • Promote social interaction. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
137.
Math Card Games •
Provide repetition for learning the facts. • Encourage autonomy. • Promote social interaction. • Are enjoyed by the children. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
138.
Go to the
Dump Game Objective: To learn the facts that total 10: 1+9 2+8 3+7 4+6 5+5 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
139.
Go to the
Dump Game Objective: To learn the facts that total 10: 1+9 2+8 3+7 4+6 5+5 Object of the game: To collect the most pairs that equal ten. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
140.
“Math” Way of
Naming Numbers © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
141.
“Math” Way of
Naming Numbers 11 = ten 1 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
142.
“Math” Way of
Naming Numbers 11 = ten 1 12 = ten 2 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
143.
“Math” Way of
Naming Numbers 11 = ten 1 12 = ten 2 13 = ten 3 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
144.
“Math” Way of
Naming Numbers 11 = ten 1 12 = ten 2 13 = ten 3 14 = ten 4 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
145.
“Math” Way of
Naming Numbers 11 = ten 1 12 = ten 2 13 = ten 3 14 = ten 4 .... 19 = ten 9 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
146.
“Math” Way of
Naming Numbers 11 = ten 1 20 = 2-ten 12 = ten 2 13 = ten 3 14 = ten 4 .... 19 = ten 9 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
147.
“Math” Way of
Naming Numbers 11 = ten 1 20 = 2-ten 12 = ten 2 21 = 2-ten 1 13 = ten 3 14 = ten 4 .... 19 = ten 9 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
148.
“Math” Way of
Naming Numbers 11 = ten 1 20 = 2-ten 12 = ten 2 21 = 2-ten 1 13 = ten 3 22 = 2-ten 2 14 = ten 4 .... 19 = ten 9 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
149.
“Math” Way of
Naming Numbers 11 = ten 1 20 = 2-ten 12 = ten 2 21 = 2-ten 1 13 = ten 3 22 = 2-ten 2 14 = ten 4 23 = 2-ten 3 .... 19 = ten 9 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
150.
“Math” Way of
Naming Numbers 11 = ten 1 20 = 2-ten 12 = ten 2 21 = 2-ten 1 13 = ten 3 22 = 2-ten 2 14 = ten 4 23 = 2-ten 3 .... .... 19 = ten 9 .... 99 = 9-ten 9 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
151.
“Math” Way of
Naming Numbers 137 = 1 hundred 3-ten 7 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
152.
“Math” Way of
Naming Numbers 137 = 1 hundred 3-ten 7 or 137 = 1 hundred and 3-ten 7 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
153.
“Math” Way of
Naming Numbers 100 Chinese U.S. Average Highest Number Counted 90 Korean formal [math way] Korean informal [not explicit] 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 4 5 6 Ages (yrs.) Song, M., & Ginsburg, H. (1988). p. 326. The effect of the Korean number system on young children's counting: A natural experiment in numerical bilingualism. International Journal of Psychology, 23, 319-332. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
154.
“Math” Way of
Naming Numbers 100 Chinese U.S. Average Highest Number Counted 90 Korean formal [math way] Korean informal [not explicit] 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 4 5 6 Ages (yrs.) Song, M., & Ginsburg, H. (1988). p. 326. The effect of the Korean number system on young children's counting: A natural experiment in numerical bilingualism. International Journal of Psychology, 23, 319-332. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
155.
“Math” Way of
Naming Numbers 100 Chinese U.S. Average Highest Number Counted 90 Korean formal [math way] Korean informal [not explicit] 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 4 5 6 Ages (yrs.) Song, M., & Ginsburg, H. (1988). p. 326. The effect of the Korean number system on young children's counting: A natural experiment in numerical bilingualism. International Journal of Psychology, 23, 319-332. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
156.
“Math” Way of
Naming Numbers 100 Chinese U.S. Average Highest Number Counted 90 Korean formal [math way] Korean informal [not explicit] 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 4 5 6 Ages (yrs.) Song, M., & Ginsburg, H. (1988). p. 326. The effect of the Korean number system on young children's counting: A natural experiment in numerical bilingualism. International Journal of Psychology, 23, 319-332. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
157.
“Math” Way of
Naming Numbers 100 Chinese U.S. Average Highest Number Counted 90 Korean formal [math way] Korean informal [not explicit] 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 4 5 6 Ages (yrs.) Song, M., & Ginsburg, H. (1988). p. 326. The effect of the Korean number system on young children's counting: A natural experiment in numerical bilingualism. International Journal of Psychology, 23, 319-332. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
158.
Math Way of
Naming Numbers • Only 11 words are needed to count to 100 the math way, 28 in English. (All Indo-European languages are non-standard in number naming.) © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
159.
Math Way of
Naming Numbers • Only 11 words are needed to count to 100 the math way, 28 in English. (All Indo-European languages are non-standard in number naming.) • Asian children learn mathematics using the math way of counting. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
160.
Math Way of
Naming Numbers • Only 11 words are needed to count to 100 the math way, 28 in English. (All Indo-European languages are non-standard in number naming.) • Asian children learn mathematics using the math way of counting. • They understand place value in first grade; only half of U.S. children understand place value at the end of fourth grade. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
161.
Math Way of
Naming Numbers • Only 11 words are needed to count to 100 the math way, 28 in English. (All Indo-European languages are non-standard in number naming.) • Asian children learn mathematics using the math way of counting. • They understand place value in first grade; only half of U.S. children understand place value at the end of fourth grade. • Mathematics is the science of patterns. The patterned math way of counting greatly helps children learn number sense. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
162.
Math Way of
Naming Numbers Compared to reading: © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
163.
Math Way of
Naming Numbers Compared to reading: • Just as reciting the alphabet doesn’t teach reading, counting doesn’t teach arithmetic. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
164.
Math Way of
Naming Numbers Compared to reading: • Just as reciting the alphabet doesn’t teach reading, counting doesn’t teach arithmetic. • Just as we first teach the sound of the letters, we must first teach the name of the quantity (math way). © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
165.
Math Way of
Naming Numbers Compared to reading: • Just as reciting the alphabet doesn’t teach reading, counting doesn’t teach arithmetic. • Just as we first teach the sound of the letters, we must first teach the name of the quantity (math way). • Montessorians need to use the math way of naming numbers for a longer period of time. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
166.
Math Way of
Naming Numbers “Rather, the increased gap between Chinese and U.S. students and that of Chinese Americans and Caucasian Americans may be due primarily to the nature of their initial gap prior to formal schooling, such as counting efficiency and base-ten number sense.” Jian Wang and Emily Lin, 2005 Researchers © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
167.
Math Way of
Naming Numbers Traditional names 4-ten = forty The “ty” means tens. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
168.
Math Way of
Naming Numbers Traditional names 4-ten = forty The “ty” means tens. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
169.
Math Way of
Naming Numbers Traditional names 6-ten = sixty The “ty” means tens. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
170.
Math Way of
Naming Numbers Traditional names 3-ten = thirty “Thir” also used in 1/3, 13 and 30. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
171.
Math Way of
Naming Numbers Traditional names 5-ten = fifty “Fif” also used in 1/5, 15 and 50. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
172.
Math Way of
Naming Numbers Traditional names 2-ten = twenty Two used to be pronounced “twoo.” © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
173.
Math Way of
Naming Numbers Traditional names A word game fireplace place-fire © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
174.
Math Way of
Naming Numbers Traditional names A word game fireplace place-fire newspaper paper-news © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
175.
Math Way of
Naming Numbers Traditional names A word game fireplace place-fire newspaper paper-news box-mail mailbox © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
176.
Math Way of
Naming Numbers Traditional names ten 4 “Teen” also means ten. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
177.
Math Way of
Naming Numbers Traditional names ten 4 teen 4 “Teen” also means ten. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
178.
Math Way of
Naming Numbers Traditional names ten 4 teen 4 fourtee n “Teen” also means ten. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
179.
Math Way of
Naming Numbers Traditional names a one left © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
180.
Math Way of
Naming Numbers Traditional names a one left a left-one © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
181.
Math Way of
Naming Numbers Traditional names a one left a left-one eleven © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
182.
Math Way of
Naming Numbers Traditional names two left Two said as “twoo.” © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
183.
Math Way of
Naming Numbers Traditional names two left twelve Two said as “twoo.” © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
184.
Composing Numbers 3-ten
© Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
185.
Composing Numbers 3-ten
© Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
186.
Composing Numbers 3-ten 30 30
© Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
187.
Composing Numbers 3-ten 30 30
© Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
188.
Composing Numbers 3-ten 30 30
© Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
189.
Composing Numbers 3-ten 7 30 30
© Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
190.
Composing Numbers 3-ten 7 30 30
© Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
191.
Composing Numbers 3-ten 7 30 30
7 7 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
192.
Composing Numbers 3-ten 7 30 37
0 7 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
193.
Composing Numbers
3-ten 7 30 37 0 7 Note the congruence in how we say the number, represent the number, and write the number. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
194.
Composing Numbers 1-ten 10 10
Another example. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
195.
Composing Numbers 1-ten 8 10 10
© Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
196.
Composing Numbers 1-ten 8 10 10
© Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
197.
Composing Numbers 1-ten 8 10 10
8 8 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
198.
Composing Numbers 1-ten 8 18 18
© Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
199.
Composing Numbers 10-ten
© Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
200.
Composing Numbers 10-ten 100 100
© Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
201.
Composing Numbers 10-ten 100 100
© Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
202.
Composing Numbers 10-ten 100 100
© Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
203.
Composing Numbers 1 hundred
© Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
204.
Composing Numbers 1 hundred 100 100
© Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
205.
Composing Numbers 1 hundred 100 100
© Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
206.
Composing Numbers 1 hundred 100 100
© Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
207.
Composing Numbers 1 hundred 100 100
© Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
208.
Composing Numbers 2 hundred
© Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
209.
Composing Numbers 2 hundred
© Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
210.
Composing Numbers 2 hundred 200 200
© Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
211.
Evens and Odds
© Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
212.
Evens and Odds
Evens © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
213.
Evens and Odds
Evens Use two fingers and touch each pair in succession. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
214.
Evens and Odds
Evens Use two fingers and touch each pair in succession. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
215.
Evens and Odds
Evens Use two fingers and touch each pair in succession. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
216.
Evens and Odds
Evens Use two fingers and touch each pair in succession. EVEN! © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
217.
Evens and Odds
Odds Use two fingers and touch each pair in succession. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
218.
Evens and Odds
Odds Use two fingers and touch each pair in succession. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
219.
Evens and Odds
Odds Use two fingers and touch each pair in succession. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
220.
Evens and Odds
Odds Use two fingers and touch each pair in succession. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
221.
Evens and Odds
Odds Use two fingers and touch each pair in succession. ODD! © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
222.
Learning the Facts
© Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
223.
Learning the Facts Limited
success when: • Based on counting. Whether dots, fingers, number lines, or counting words. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
224.
Learning the Facts Limited
success when: • Based on counting. Whether dots, fingers, number lines, or counting words. • Based on rote memory. Whether by flash cards or timed tests. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
225.
Learning the Facts Limited
success when: • Based on counting. Whether dots, fingers, number lines, or counting words. • Based on rote memory. Whether by flash cards or timed tests. • Based on skip counting for multiplication facts. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
226.
Fact Strategies
© Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
227.
Fact Strategies
Complete the Ten 9+5= © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
228.
Fact Strategies
Complete the Ten 9+5= © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
229.
Fact Strategies
Complete the Ten 9+5= © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
230.
Fact Strategies
Complete the Ten 9+5= Take 1 from the 5 and give it to the 9. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
231.
Fact Strategies
Complete the Ten 9+5= Take 1 from the 5 and give it to the 9. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
232.
Fact Strategies
Complete the Ten 9+5= Take 1 from the 5 and give it to the 9. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
233.
Fact Strategies
Complete the Ten 9 + 5 = 14 Take 1 from the 5 and give it to the 9. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
234.
Fact Strategies
Two Fives 8+6= © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
235.
Fact Strategies
Two Fives 8+6= © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
236.
Fact Strategies
Two Fives 8+6= © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
237.
Fact Strategies
Two Fives 8+6= © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
238.
Fact Strategies
Two Fives 8+6= 10 + 4 = 14 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
239.
Fact Strategies
Going Down 15 – 9 = © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
240.
Fact Strategies
Going Down 15 – 9 = © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
241.
Fact Strategies
Going Down 15 – 9 = Subtract 5; then 4. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
242.
Fact Strategies
Going Down 15 – 9 = Subtract 5; then 4. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
243.
Fact Strategies
Going Down 15 – 9 = Subtract 5; then 4. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
244.
Fact Strategies
Going Down 15 – 9 = 6 Subtract 5; then 4. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
245.
Fact Strategies
Subtract from 10 15 – 9 = © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
246.
Fact Strategies
Subtract from 10 15 – 9 = Subtract 9 from 10. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
247.
Fact Strategies
Subtract from 10 15 – 9 = Subtract 9 from 10. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
248.
Fact Strategies
Subtract from 10 15 – 9 = Subtract 9 from 10. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
249.
Fact Strategies
Subtract from 10 15 – 9 = 6 Subtract 9 from 10. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
250.
Fact Strategies
Going Up 15 – 9 = © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
251.
Fact Strategies
Going Up 15 – 9 = Start with 9; go up to 15. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
252.
Fact Strategies
Going Up 15 – 9 = Start with 9; go up to 15. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
253.
Fact Strategies
Going Up 15 – 9 = Start with 9; go up to 15. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
254.
Fact Strategies
Going Up 15 – 9 = Start with 9; go up to 15. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
255.
Fact Strategies
Going Up 15 – 9 = 1+5=6 Start with 9; go up to 15. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
256.
Rows and Columns
Game Objective: To find a total of 15 by adding 2, 3, or 4 cards in a row or in a column. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
257.
Rows and Columns
Game Objective: To find a total of 15 by adding 2, 3, or 4 cards in a row or in a column. Object of the game: To collect the most cards. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
258.
Rows and Columns
Game 8 7 1 9 6 4 3 3 2 2 5 6 6 3 8 8 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
259.
Rows and Columns
Game 8 7 1 9 6 4 3 3 2 2 5 6 6 3 8 8 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
260.
Rows and Columns
Game 8 7 1 9 6 4 3 3 2 2 5 6 6 3 8 8 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
261.
Rows and Columns
Game 1 9 6 4 3 3 6 3 8 8 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
262.
Rows and Columns
Game 7 6 1 9 6 4 3 3 2 1 5 1 6 3 8 8 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
263.
Rows and Columns
Game 7 6 1 9 6 4 3 3 2 1 5 1 6 3 8 8 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
264.
Rows and Columns
Game 7 6 1 9 6 4 3 3 2 1 5 1 6 3 8 8 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
265.
Rows and Columns
Game 1 6 4 3 3 1 5 1 3 8 8 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
266.
Rows and Columns
Game © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
267.
Money Penny
© Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
268.
Money Nickel
© Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
269.
Money Dime
© Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
270.
Money Quarter
© Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
271.
Money Quarter
© Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
272.
Money Quarter
© Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
273.
Money Quarter
© Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
274.
Place Value Two
aspects © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
275.
Place Value
Two aspects Static © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
276.
Place Value
Two aspects Static • Value of a digit is determined by position © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
277.
Place Value
Two aspects Static • Value of a digit is determined by position. • No position may have more than nine. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
278.
Place Value
Two aspects Static • Value of a digit is determined by position. • No position may have more than nine. • As you progress to the left, value at each position is ten times greater than previous position. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
279.
Place Value
Two aspects Static • Value of a digit is determined by position. • No position may have more than nine. • As you progress to the left, value at each position is ten times greater than previous position. (Shown by the Decimal Cards.) © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
280.
Place Value
Two aspects Static • Value of a digit is determined by position. • No position may have more than nine. • As you progress to the left, value at each position is ten times greater than previous position. (Shown by the Decimal Cards.) Dynamic © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
281.
Place Value
Two aspects Static • Value of a digit is determined by position. • No position may have more than nine. • As you progress to the left, value at each position is ten times greater than previous position. (Shown by the Decimal Cards.) Dynamic • 10 ones = 1 ten; 10 tens = 1 hundred; 10 hundreds = 1 thousand, …. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
282.
Place Value
Two aspects Static • Value of a digit is determined by position. • No position may have more than nine. • As you progress to the left, value at each position is ten times greater than previous position. (Shown by the Decimal Cards.) Dynamic • 10 ones = 1 ten; 10 tens = 1 hundred; 10 hundreds = 1 thousand, …. (Represented on the Abacus and other materials.) © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
283.
Exchanging 1000
100 10 1 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
284.
Exchanging
Thousands 1000 100 10 1 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
285.
Exchanging
Hundreds 1000 100 10 1 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
286.
Exchanging
Tens 1000 100 10 1 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
287.
Exchanging
Ones 1000 100 10 1 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
288.
Exchanging
Adding 1000 100 10 1 8 +6 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
289.
Exchanging
Adding 1000 100 10 1 8 +6 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
290.
Exchanging
Adding 1000 100 10 1 8 +6 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
291.
Exchanging
Adding 1000 100 10 1 8 +6 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
292.
Exchanging
Adding 1000 100 10 1 8 +6 14 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
293.
Exchanging
Adding 1000 100 10 1 8 +6 14 Too many ones; trade 10 ones for 1 ten. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
294.
Exchanging
Adding 1000 100 10 1 8 +6 14 Too many ones; trade 10 ones for 1 ten. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
295.
Exchanging
Adding 1000 100 10 1 8 +6 14 Too many ones; trade 10 ones for 1 ten. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
296.
Exchanging
Adding 1000 100 10 1 8 +6 14 Same answer before and after exchanging. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
297.
Bead Frame
1 10 100 1000 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
298.
Bead Frame
1 8 10 +6 100 1000 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
299.
Bead Frame
1 8 10 +6 100 1000 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
300.
Bead Frame
1 8 10 +6 100 1000 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
301.
Bead Frame
1 8 10 +6 100 1000 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
302.
Bead Frame
1 8 10 +6 100 1000 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
303.
Bead Frame
1 8 10 +6 100 1000 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
304.
Bead Frame
1 8 10 +6 100 1000 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
305.
Bead Frame
1 8 10 +6 100 1000 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
306.
Bead Frame
1 8 10 +6 100 1000 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
307.
Bead Frame
1 8 10 +6 100 14 1000 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
308.
1 Bead Frame
10 100 1000 Difficulties for the child © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
309.
1
Bead Frame 10 100 1000 Difficulties for the child • Not visualizable: Beads need to be grouped in fives. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
310.
1
Bead Frame 10 100 1000 Difficulties for the child • Not visualizable: Beads need to be grouped in fives. • When beads are moved right, inconsistent with equation order: Beads need to be moved left. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
311.
1
Bead Frame 10 100 1000 Difficulties for the child • Not visualizable: Beads need to be grouped in fives. • When beads are moved right, inconsistent with equation order: Beads need to be moved left. • Hierarchies of numbers represented sideways: They need to be in vertical columns. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
312.
1
Bead Frame 10 100 1000 Difficulties for the child • Not visualizable: Beads need to be grouped in fives. • When beads are moved right, inconsistent with equation order: Beads need to be moved left. • Hierarchies of numbers represented sideways: They need to be in vertical columns. • Exchanging done before second number is completely added: Addends need to be combined before exchanging. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
313.
1
Bead Frame 10 100 1000 Difficulties for the child • Not visualizable: Beads need to be grouped in fives. • When beads are moved right, inconsistent with equation order: Beads need to be moved left. • Hierarchies of numbers represented sideways: They need to be in vertical columns. • Exchanging done before second number is completely added: Addends need to be combined before exchanging. • Answer is read going up: We read top to bottom. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
314.
1
Bead Frame 10 100 1000 Difficulties for the child • Not visualizable: Beads need to be grouped in fives. • When beads are moved right, inconsistent with equation order: Beads need to be moved left. • Hierarchies of numbers represented sideways: They need to be in vertical columns. • Exchanging before second number is completely added: Addends need to be combined before exchanging. • Answer is read going up: We read top to bottom. • Distracting: Room is visible through the frame. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
315.
Exchanging
Adding 4-digit numbers 1000 100 10 1 3658 + 2738 © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
316.
Exchanging
Adding 4-digit numbers 1000 100 10 1 3658 + 2738 Enter the first number from left to right. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
317.
Exchanging
Adding 4-digit numbers 1000 100 10 1 3658 + 2738 Enter the first number from left to right. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
318.
Exchanging
Adding 4-digit numbers 1000 100 10 1 3658 + 2738 Enter the first number from left to right. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
319.
Exchanging
Adding 4-digit numbers 1000 100 10 1 3658 + 2738 Enter the first number from left to right. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
320.
Exchanging
Adding 4-digit numbers 1000 100 10 1 3658 + 2738 Enter the first number from left to right. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
321.
Exchanging
Adding 4-digit numbers 1000 100 10 1 3658 + 2738 Enter the first number from left to right. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
322.
Exchanging
Adding 4-digit numbers 1000 100 10 1 3658 + 2738 Add starting at the right. Write results after each step. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
323.
Exchanging
Adding 4-digit numbers 1000 100 10 1 3658 + 2738 Add starting at the right. Write results after each step. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
324.
Exchanging
Adding 4-digit numbers 1000 100 10 1 3658 + 2738 Add starting at the right. Write results after each step. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
325.
Exchanging
Adding 4-digit numbers 1000 100 10 1 3658 + 2738 Add starting at the right. Write results after each step. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
326.
Exchanging
Adding 4-digit numbers 1000 100 10 1 3658 + 2738 6 Add starting at the right. Write results after each step. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
327.
Exchanging
Adding 4-digit numbers 1000 100 10 1 1 3658 + 2738 6 Add starting at the right. Write results after each step. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
328.
Exchanging
Adding 4-digit numbers 1000 100 10 1 1 3658 + 2738 6 Add starting at the right. Write results after each step. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
329.
Exchanging
Adding 4-digit numbers 1000 100 10 1 1 3658 + 2738 6 Add starting at the right. Write results after each step. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
330.
Exchanging
Adding 4-digit numbers 1000 100 10 1 1 3658 + 2738 96 Add starting at the right. Write results after each step. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
331.
Exchanging
Adding 4-digit numbers 1000 100 10 1 1 3658 + 2738 96 Add starting at the right. Write results after each step. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
332.
Exchanging
Adding 4-digit numbers 1000 100 10 1 1 3658 + 2738 96 Add starting at the right. Write results after each step. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
333.
Exchanging
Adding 4-digit numbers 1000 100 10 1 1 3658 + 2738 96 Add starting at the right. Write results after each step. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
334.
Exchanging
Adding 4-digit numbers 1000 100 10 1 1 3658 + 2738 96 Add starting at the right. Write results after each step. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
335.
Exchanging
Adding 4-digit numbers 1000 100 10 1 1 3658 + 2738 396 Add starting at the right. Write results after each step. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
336.
Exchanging
Adding 4-digit numbers 1000 100 10 1 1 1 3658 + 2738 396 Add starting at the right. Write results after each step. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
337.
Exchanging
Adding 4-digit numbers 1000 100 10 1 1 1 3658 + 2738 396 Add starting at the right. Write results after each step. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
338.
Exchanging
Adding 4-digit numbers 1000 100 10 1 1 1 3658 + 2738 396 Add starting at the right. Write results after each step. © Joan A. Cotter, Ph.D., 2012
Notas del editor
Show the baby 2 bears.
Show the baby 2 bears.
Show the baby 2 bears.
Show the baby 2 bears.
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