4. Law is … 10-12-2008 SIKS Course - Knowledge Modelling
5. Law is … 10-12-2008 SIKS Course - Knowledge Modelling
6. Law is … 10-12-2008 SIKS Course - Knowledge Modelling
7. Law is … rather peculiar It is illegal to die in the Houses of Parliament It is an act of treason to place a postage stamp bearing the British king or queen’s image upside-down It is illegal for a woman to be topless in Liverpool except as a clerk in a tropical fish store Eating mince pies on Christmas Day is banned If someone knocks on your door in Scotland and requires the use of your toilet, you are required to let them enter In the UK a pregnant woman can legally relieve herself anywhere she wants, including in a policeman’s helmet It is legal to murder a Scotsman within the ancient city walls of York, but only if he is carrying a bow and arrow 10-12-2008 SIKS Course - Knowledge Modelling
8. The Court What happens in court? Dispute between two parties Dialectic Exchange of arguments Presenting a selection of the facts in a way convenient to the case of a client. … is this about the truth? 10-12-2008 SIKS Course - Knowledge Modelling
9. The Judge: Case Law How does a judge come to a decision? Weighing the arguments Assessing and interpreting the facts Legal interpretation Causal analysis Comparing to similar cases Comparing to written law (legislation) What is the effect of the decision? Precedent for new cases: Law is self-reflexive An actual change in the “real world” 10-12-2008 SIKS Course - Knowledge Modelling
10. The Government: Legislation Conflicting interests Every citizen should know the lawclarity, readability Every person and organisation should abide by the laweffectiveness, ability to uphold Versus Political compromiseIntentionally cryptic and vague language Legal professionAbstract, theoretical constructs, mystique 10-12-2008 SIKS Course - Knowledge Modelling
11. Law is … ambiguous and imprecise 10-12-2008 SIKS Course - Knowledge Modelling
12. Law is … inconsistent Outcome of a case does not always follow ‘logically’ from premises Freedom of judge to decide Internal inconsistencies Built-in conflict resolution 10-12-2008 SIKS Course - Knowledge Modelling
13. Law is ... tricky Experts don’t want to be pinned down Not about truth Opaque Ambiguous and imprecise Inconsistent … and there’s lots and lots of it 10-12-2008 SIKS Course - Knowledge Modelling
14. Law is … relevant Relevant Complex knowledge management issues Well structured, man made We’re all subject to it European Union Multilingual Harmonisation 10-12-2008 SIKS Course - Knowledge Modelling
17. … Different Requirements Formal representation of legal theory Dialectic, defeasible, non-monotonic No real concern for tractability, completeness … any practical use? Representation of the law itself Expert system perspective Tractability & completeness important Open world Traceability to sources 10-12-2008 SIKS Course - Knowledge Modelling
22. MetaLex (A. Boer, R. Winkels, R. Hoekstra) Interchange format Legal and legislative resources References between sources Europe LexDania, Norme in Rete, chXML, etc. Africa AkomaNtoso (Fabio Vitali) XML Schema CEN Workshophttp://www.metalex.eu 10-12-2008 SIKS Course - Knowledge Modelling
25. Features Exchange Common meaningful elements Identification (URI’s) Presentation XHTML, PDF, … Multiple Languages Version Management and Maintenance Extensibility Search and Filtering 10-12-2008 SIKS Course - Knowledge Modelling
26. Versions TextVersion elements Language Locale dependent schema xml:lang tags Time 10-12-2008 SIKS Course - Knowledge Modelling
28. Extensibility Agnostic wrt. other XML standards Search and Filtering Search at meaningful XML element level Identification & Citation All elements have a URI Citation of parts of documents 10-12-2008 SIKS Course - Knowledge Modelling
29. More semantics Metadata as inline RDF References and Citations RDFa attributes -> RDF triples Transformation to RDF/OWL GRDDL 10-12-2008 SIKS Course - Knowledge Modelling
32. Knowledge Types in Law Modelling Perspective Legal Abstract ModelBreuker (1990) World Knowledge (Causal, Definitional) Normative Knowledge Responsibility Knowledge Meta-Legal Knowledge Functional Ontology of LawValente (1995) Law as system that acts in and on society 10-12-2008 SIKS Course - Knowledge Modelling
34. Incremental Approach Core Ontology Bridges the gap between ‘common sense’ reality and the legal system Norms Specify regulations that hold on reality Norms ≠ Definitions Conflicting norms inconsistent reality? 10-12-2008 SIKS Course - Knowledge Modelling
35. Bridging the Gap LKIF Core Ontology (Hoekstra et al., 2008) Basic legal concepts Shared by all legal domains Grounding in common sense Roles Special legal inference Knowledge acquisition support Prevent loss in translation Semantic annotation 10-12-2008 SIKS Course - Knowledge Modelling
44. Structural Correspondence Legal Assessment (van de Ven et al., 2008) Protégé OWL Judge plugin Tasks Specify case Match against set of norms Conflict resolution Standard DL reasoner (Pellet) + something extra 10-12-2008 SIKS Course - Knowledge Modelling
45. Simple norms: University Library 1a) Students registered at this university are allowed to check out a book from this library 1b) Students registered at other universities are allowed to check out a book from this library provided that they are enrolled in at least one course given at this university. 1c) Students who have checked out more than five books are not allowed to check out another book. Lexspecialishierarchy:Art1c ⊑ Art1a, Art1c ⊑ Art1b 10-12-2008 SIKS Course - Knowledge Modelling
47. Article 1a 1a) Students registered at this university are allowed to check out a book from this library. Art1a_GC ⊑ Generic_Case ⊑ ∃allowed_by.art1a ≡ Registered_Student⊓ ∃checks_out.Library_Book Art1a_Permission ⊑ Permission ⊑ ∀allows.Art1a_GC ≡ {art1a} 10-12-2008 SIKS Course - Knowledge Modelling
48. Article 1c 1c) Students who have checked out more than five books are not allowed to check out another book. Art1c_GC_F ⊑Generic_Case ⊑∃disallowed_by.{art1c} ≡ Registered_Student⊓≥ 6 checks_out.Library_Book Art1c_GC_P ⊑Generic_Case ⊑∃allowed_by.{art1c} ≡ Registered_Student⊓∃checks_out.Library_Book ≤ 5 checks_out.Library_Book Art1c_Prohibition ⊑ Prohibition ⊑ ∀disallows.Art1c_GC_F ⊓ ∀allows.Art1c_GC_P ≡ {art1c} 10-12-2008 SIKS Course - Knowledge Modelling
50. Temporal Validity Versions and Applicability of Concept Definitions (Klarman, Hoekstra, Bron, 2008) How to deal with versions? Different classification of domain objects Reasoning results in different outcome Impact may be significant 10-12-2008 SIKS Course - Knowledge Modelling
51. Temporal Validity (1) Definitions hold independently, at the same time Complex determination of validity of definitions Applicability & Activity 10-12-2008 SIKS Course - Knowledge Modelling
55. Requirements General purpose representation formalism Incremental versioning New version of a concept should have minimal impact Co-existence of multiple (incompatible) versions Ability to switch between versions Reasoning on both versioned and version-independent concepts Validity depends on multiple intervals 10-12-2008 SIKS Course - Knowledge Modelling
56. Representation A dynamic concept is a concept whose meaning changes over time Each new concept variant is introduced as a defined class, subsumed by the dynamic concept class. Concept variants are valid within some combination of intervals. A DL reasoner classifies individuals as class members, based on the choice of a current interval. 10-12-2008 SIKS Course - Knowledge Modelling
